Final Revision AQA GCSE International Chemistry

(1) A chemical cell produces a potential differenceuntil the

reactants are used up

(2) Fuel cells produce electricity through the

reaction of a fuel with oxygen

(3) Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells use hydrogen as their

fuel, and are useful in cars and spacecraft.

(4) Water is the only waste product from a

hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell, so they cause less
pollution when in use

advantages and disadvantages of the combustion

of hydrogen with the use of hydrogen fuel cells

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

(1) Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of

compounds

(2)Hydrocarbons, which are molecules made up of

hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

(3) The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be

separated into fractions each of which contains
molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms by evaporating
the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of
different temperaturesThis process is called distillation

(4) The main processes in continuous fractional

distillation is happening in a fractionating column.

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(5) Trends in properties of hydrocarbons

• boiling points increase with increase in carbon
atoms
• viscosity increase with increase in carbon atoms
• flammability. decrease with increase in carbon
atoms

Most fuels, including coal, contain carbon and/or hydrogen

and may also contain some sulfur. The gases released into
the atmosphere when a fuel burns may include carbon
dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and
oxides of nitrogen. Solid particles (particulates) may also be
released. Solid particles may contain soot (carbon) and
unburnt fuels.Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause
acid rain, an increase in carbon dioxide may result in climate
change, and solid particles cause global dimming.Students
should be able to relate products of combustion to the
elements present in compounds in the fuel and to the extent
of combustion (whether complete or incomplete).
No details of how the oxides of nitrogen are formed are
required, other than the fact that they are formed at high
temperatures

The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy.

During combustion, the carbon and hydrogen in the
fuels are oxidised

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(6) Ethanol can be made by reacting ethene with steam

Phosphoric acidis used as a catalyst to increase rate of the reaction

(7) Ethanol can also be made byfermenting sugar

Enzymes in yeast are natural catalysts for this
reaction, and this is a batch process. Unlike ethene,
sugar is a (renewable/non renewable) resource.

(8) Biofuels, including biodiesel and ethanolare produced

from plant and are possible alternatives to
hydrocarbon fuels.

(9) benefits and disadvantages of biofuels

• Use of renewable resources
• their impacts on land use
• their carbon footprint.

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(10) Hydrocarbons can be broken down to produce

smaller, more useful molecules. This process is
called cracking , this process involves heating the
hydrocarbons to vaporise them. The vapours are
either passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with
steam and heated to a very high temperature so
that thermal decomposition reactions then occur.

(11) The products of cracking include alkanes and

unsaturated hydrocarbons called alkenesThe general
formula for the homologous series of alkenes is
CnH2n

The general formaula of alkanes is CnH2n+2

(12 ) How to Test for the presence of a double bond in

an unknown hydrocarbon ?
Presence of unsaturated hydrocarbon or double bond or Alkenes cause change with bromine water, turning it
from orange to colourless.

(13) Alkenes react with bromine water, turning it from

orange to colourless

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(14) Alkenes can be used to make polymers such

as poly(propenefrom propene. In polymerisation reactions,
many small molecules called monomers) join together to
form very large molecules called polymers

(15) Draw the product polymer and write its name

The properties of polymers depend on what they

are made from and the conditions under which they
are made. For example, low-density (LD) and high-
density (HD) poly(ethene) are produced using
different catalysts and reaction conditions

(16) The properties of polymers depend on what

they are made from and the conditions under which
they are made. For example, low-density (........)
and high-density (........) poly(ethene) are produced
using different ........ ........ and ........ .........

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Thermosoftening polymers consist of individual,

tangled polymer chains.
Thermosetting polymers consist of polymer chains
with cross-links between them so that they do not
melt when they are heated

(17) (........................) polymers consist of

individual, tangled polymer chains.
........ ........ ........consist of polymer chains with
cross-links between them so that they do not
........when they are heated.

Polymers have many useful applications and new uses are

being developed. Examples include:
1. new packaging materials
2. waterproof coatings for fabrics
3. dental polymers
4. wound dressings
5. hydrogels
6. smart materials (including shape memory polymers).

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Final Revision AQA GCSE International Chemistry

(18) Examples of uses of Polymers are

........
........
........
........
........
........
(19) Many polymers are not biodegradable ie they are not
broken down by microbes. This can lead to
problems with waste disposal in landfill sites

Plastic bags are being made from polymers and cornstarch

so that they break down more easily. Biodegradable plastics
made from cornstarch have been developed

(20) Plastic Biodegradable bags are made from polymers

and cornstarch so that they breakdown more easily

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Final Revision AQA GCSE International Chemistry

(21) Alcohols contain the functional group –OH. Methanol,

ethanol and propanol are the first three members of a

homologous series of alcohols.

Alcohols:
• dissolve in water to form a neutral
• react with sodium to produce hydrogen
• burn in air
• are used as fuels and solvents, and ethanol is the
main alcohol in alcoholic drinks.

(22) Alcohols:
• dissolve in water to form a(neutral/acidic/alkaline )
solution (choose the right answer)
• react with sodium to produce ................,
• burn in air
• are used as ................, and ................,, and
.................

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Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid,

(a carboxylic acid) either by chemical oxidising
agents or by microbial action. Ethanoic acid is the
main acid in vinegar.

(23) Ethanol can be oxidised to ................,,

(a carboxylic acid) either by ................, ................,
agents or by ................, ................,this product is
the main acid in vinegar.

(24) Ethanoic acid is a member of the homologous

series of carboxylic acids, which have the functional
group ................,
Carboxylic acids:
• dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions
• react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
• react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to
produce esters
• do not ionise completely when dissolved in water and so
are weak acids
• aqueous solutions of weak acids have a higher pH value
than aqueous solutions of strong acids with the
same concentration.
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Final Revision AQA GCSE International Chemistry

(24) Carboxylic acids:

• dissolve in water to produce
(neutral/acidic/alkaline ) solutions (choose the right
answer)
• react with carbonates to produce ................,
• react with alcohols in the presence of an acid
catalyst to produce ................,
• (ionise / do not ionise ) completely when dissolved
in water Choose the right answer
and so are (weak/strong)................, acids
• aqueous solutions of weak acids have a
(higher/lower) pH value than aqueous solutions of
strong acids with the same concentration.

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(25) Esters have the functional group )................

Esters are volatile compounds with distinctive smells and are used as flavourings and perfumes.

(26) Esters are volatile compounds with distinctive

smells and are used as flavourings and perfumes

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Final Revision AQA GCSE International Chemistry

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Final Revision AQA GCSE International Chemistry

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