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Introduction
The oil engines and gas engines are called Internal
Combustion Engines. In IC engines fuels burn
i id the
inside th engine
i andd the
th products
p d t off combustion
b ti
form the working fluid that generates mechanical
power.
Whereas, in Gas Turbines the combustion occurs
in another chamber and hot working fluid
containing thermal energy is admitted in turbine.
Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine
which uses diesel as fuel
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Engine Classification
IC engines can be classified on the basis of different design
setups and operating conditions:
Basic engine design: Reciprocating, rotary (wankel)
Working cycle: Otto cycle (SI engine ), and diesel
cycle (CI engine)
Number of strokes: four stroke and two stroke
(both SI and CI engines)
Fuel supply and mixture preparation: carbureted
types, fuel supplied through carburetors and injection
types (fuel injected to inlet pots or inlet manifold and
f l injected
fuel i j d into
i the
h cylinder
li d just
j before
b f ignition)
i ii )
Method of Ignition: In SI engines battery or
magneto ignition
Method of cooling: Water cooled or air cooled
Cylinder arrangement: Inline,V, radial, opposed
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Operating Principles
In diesel engines, air is compressed separately and
mixed with the fuel at the time of combustion in
the engine cylinder.
In such an arrangement fuel can be injected into the
cylinder which contains compressed air at a higher
temperature than the self-ignition temperature of
the fuel.
Such engines work on heavy liquid fuels. These
engines are called compression-ignition engines and
they work on a ideal cycle known as Diesel cycle
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Piston-Cylinder geometry of a
reciprocating engine
B=bore
S=stroke
R=connecting rod length
a=crank offset
S=piston position
θ= crank angle
Vc = clearance volume
Vd =displacement volume
TDC= top dead centre
BDC=bottom dead centre
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3 4 Isentropic Expansion
3-4 Actual diesel cycle
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Qnet , 23 U 23 P2 (V3 V2 )
Qnet , 23 Qin mCv (T3 T2 ) mR ( T3 T2 )
Qin mC p (T3 T2 )
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Thermal … cont’d
Apply the first law closed system to process 4-1, V = constant
Qnet , 41 U 41
Qnet , 41 Qout mCv ( T1 T4 )
Qout mCv ( T1 T4 ) mCv ( T4 T1 )
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Thermal … cont’d
What is T3/T2 ?
C ( T T1 )
th , Diesel 1 v 4 PV PV
C p ( T3 T2 ) 3 3
2 2 where P3 P2
T3 T2
1 T1 ( T4 / T1 1)
1 T3 V3
rc
k T2 ( T3 / T2 1) T2 V2
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Thermal … cont’d
PV PV
4 4
1 1 where V4 V1
T4 T1
What is T4/T1 ?
T4 P4
T1 P1
Recall processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic, so
1 1 PV 4 4 PV
k k k k
PV 2 2 and PV 3 3
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1 T1 (T4 / T1 1)
th , Diesel 1
k T2 (T3 / T2 1)
1 T1 rck 1
Diesel 1 k 1
1 1 rck 1
1
k T2 (rc 1)
r k rc 1
1 rck 1
1
r k 1 k (rc 1)
Note the term in the square bracket is always larger than unity
so for the same compression ratio, r, the Diesel cycle has a
lower thermal efficiency than the Otto cycle
Also note: diesel needs higher r compared to ignite
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Engine … cont’d
The basic performance parameters are:
Power and Mechanical efficiencyy
Volumetric efficiency and Fuel-air ratio
Mean effective pressure and torque
Specific output
Specific fuel consumption
Thermal efficiency and heat balance
Exhaust smoke and other emissions
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b p 2 N T
Where, N= Engine speed, RPM
T= Torque, N-m
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Mechanical Efficiency
The total power developed by combustion of fuel in
the combustion chamber is, however, more than the bp
and is called indicated power (ip)
The difference between the ip and bp is the indication
of the power lost in the mechanical components of the
engine and forms the basis of Mechanical efficiency
bp
Mechanical efficiency(m )
ip
The difference between ip and bp is called friction
power (fp)
ip = fp + bp
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Volumetric Efficiency
Ideally, a mass of air equal to the density of atmospheric air
times the displacement volume of the cylinder should be
ingested for each cycle. However, because of the short cycle
time available and the flow restrictions presented by the air
cleaner, carburetor (if any), intake manifold, and intake valve(s),
less than this ideal amount of air enters the cylinder.
Volumetric efficiency of an engine is an indication of the
measure of the degree to which the engine fills its swept
volume
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of air inducted into the
engine cylinder during the suction stroke to the mass of the air
corresponding to the swept volume of the engine at
atmospheric pressure and temperature.
It also shows the degree of completeness with which the
cylinder is re-charged with fresh combustible mixture
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Volumetric…. Cont’d
Volumetric efficiency,
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Mean … cont’d
mep is a good parameter to compare engines for
design or outputs because it is independent of
engine
i size
i and/or
d/ speed d
If torque is used for comparison, a larger engine
looks better
If power is used for comparison, the engine with
higher speed looks better
Classified in to two:
o Indicated mean effective pressure (imep)
o Brake mean effective pressure (bmep)
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Mean … cont’d
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Mean … cont’d
Brake Mean Effective Pressure (bmep)
The external shaft work per unit displacement
volume
l d
done by
b the
h engine
It is the average pressure that results in the same
amount of indicated or brake work produced by
the engine
N
Pb bmep
b * LA
60
where, N= number of working strokes per revolution
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bmep … cont’d
In a more general way
60 pb
b m ep ( kkp a )
LAnK
Where: n shows number of working strokes per revolution
or minute
Thus, n=N/2 for 4-stroke and N for 2-stroke
K=number of cylinder
For two-stroke, there are N working strokes for N
revolutions
For four-stroke, there are N/2 working strokes for N
revolutions of the engine
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Mean … cont’d
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m f
b f (kg
bsfc k hr
k / kw h )
pb
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sfc … cont’d
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Bsfc … cont’d
bsfc is minimum at a slightly lean condition, increasing
with both rich and leaner mixture
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Bsfc … cont’d
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Combustion Efficiency
The time available for the combustion process of an
engine cycle is very brief, and not all fuel molecules
may find an oxygen molecule with which to combine,
or the local temperature may not favor a reaction.
Consequently, a small fraction of fuel does not react
and exits with the exhaust flow. A combustion
efficiency is defined to account for the fraction of
f l which
fuel hi h bburns.
Combustion efficiency typically has values in the range
0.95 to 0.98 when an engine is operating properly.
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Thermal Efficiency
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pb
b *100%
m f * L V C
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pi
i *100%
m f * L V C
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Emissions … cont’d
Specific emission:
Emission index:
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Fuel … cont’d
The injection is CI engine is by a nozzle with large
pressure differential across the nozzle orifice
Th cylinder
The li d pressure at injection
i j i iis typically
i ll iin the
h
range of 50 to 100 atm
Fuel injection pressure in the range of 200 to 1700atm
are used depending on the engine size and type of
combustion system employed
These large pressure differences across the injector
nozzle
l are required
i d so that
h theh iinjected
j d liquid
li id fuel
f l jjet
will enter the chamber at sufficiently high velocity to:
Atomize into small sized droplets
Traverse the combustion chamber in the limited time
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Components … cont’d
Distributor system
The fuel is metered at a central point i.e., the pump that
pressurizes, meters and times the injection.
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Components … cont’d
Injection Nozzle
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General … cont’d
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Heat … cont’d
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Heat … cont’d
The energy supplied to Diesel engine in the form of fuel
input is usually broken into:
A
A. Indicated power
B. Heat Rejected to Cooling Water
mcw (T 1 T 2 )
C. Heat Carried Away by Exhaust Gases
meg (T 4 T 3)
D. Heat Unaccounted for (Heat Lost Due to Friction,
Radiation etc.)
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Heat … cont’d
Item Head units Percent Typical
kcal or kJ values
Heat in fuel supplied 100% 100%
(a) Heat absorbed by I.H.P. 30%
(b) Heat rejected to cooling 30%
water
(c) Heat carried away by 26%
exhaust ggases
(d) Heat unaccounted for 10%
(by difference)
Total 100% 100%
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Diesel … cont’d
2. During operation the lubrication system should work
effectively and requisite pressure and temperature maintained.
The engine oil should be of the correct specifications and should
be in a fit. Condition to lubricate the different parts. A watch may
be kept on the consumption of lubricating oil as this gives an
indication of the true internal condition of the engine.
3. The engine should he periodically run even when not required to
be used and should not be allowed to stand idle for more
than 7 days.
4. Air litter, oil filters and fuel filters should be periodically
serviced
i d or replaced l d as recommended d d by
b the
h manufacturers
f
or if found in an unsatisfactory condition upon inspection.
5. Periodical checking of engine compression and firing pressures
and also exhaust temperatures should be made.
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