Advanced Grammar in Use Ria Sl tf A BIB Martin Hewings (%) PERS SHRM Set FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.Giving reasons: as, because, because of, of for and with As, because, seeing that/as, since . We can begin neti oe these words to give a reason for a particular situation; As it was getting late, I decided ae 20 pene er We must be near the beach, because I can hear 7 Since he was going to be living in Sweden for some time, he thought he should reg something about the country. We could go and visit Sue, seeing t Notice that: Wi Icis also common and acceptable for because to begin a sen * Because everything looked different, [had no idea where to 80. i i To give reasons in spoken English, we most often use because (often spoken as ‘eq 0 commonly used to express the same meaning. Compare: Q — * Because my mother’s arrived, | won't be able to meet you on Thursday after all. © © My mother’s arrived, so I won't be able to meet you on Thursday after all. @ With this meaning, since is rather formal: © I didn’t go out because I was feeling awful. (‘since’ is unlikely in an informal co Seeing that is used in informal English. Some people also use seeing as in informal © He just had to apologise, seeing that/as he knew he'd made a mistake. hat we have to drive past ber house anyway, tence, as it For, in that, inasmuch as We also give reasons with these phrases in formal or literary written English: © We must begin planning now, for the future may bring unexpected changes, © The film is unusual in that there are only four actors in it. © Clara and Ihave quite an easy life, inasmuch as neither of us has to work too earn quite a lot of money. Because of, due to, owing to These prepositions can also be used to give a reason for something. Because of noun or noun phrase: g © We won't be able to come because of the weather. © The Prime Minister returned home because of growing unrest in the cour ‘Compare: ‘© We were delayed because there was an accident. (not ...because of there * We were delayed because of an accident. (not ...because an accident.) Due to and owing to also mean ‘because of: ; * She was unable to run owing to/due to a leg injury. (= because of a leg inj © We have less money to spend owing to/due to budget cuts. (= because of | ost people avoid using owing to after the verb be: © The company’s success is largely due to the new director, (not ...owing to. For and with We can use for and with to introduce reasons. For has a similar m © She was looking all the better for (= because of) her stay in ho With this meaning, for is common in most styles of English, ( similar meaning to ‘because there is/are’: * With so many people ill (= because so many me meeting. Beers are dl Notice we can use with, but not for, atthe beginning of a As: time = F With a sorewdkiver) >EXERCISES Complete the sentence frames with am it srder, as in 1. (A) ‘em from (i) and an item from (ii) in an appropriate che couldn't decide which to ch, she walked carefully Oe: a he is now 17 years old Thad no idea how it worked q e f he can learn to drive “Hello, again,’ was an odd thing to say the prices at home were sky high they were going to have a party the streets were covered in ice they had to buy the machine abroad they had never met before they had been married for ten years 8 Thad to ask for help ©) Since all. the. cakes locked goed she couldn't decide which to choose. 1 i She walked carefully because, é As : ‘i é i Because =a é - Since... seeing that... Complete these sentences using due to or owing to + one of these phrases. If both due to and owing to are possible, write them both. (C) anankle injury a mechanical failure —_natural-eauses the dry weather _the postal strike 1 Her death was due to natural causes. 2 The crash was most likely 3. We didn’t receive your letter... 4 The high price of vegetables is. 5. He was unable to compete in the match... Now complete these sentences using because or because of + one of these phrases. (C) the strong wind my computer isn’t working _ flooding on the road Thave other commitments her illness 6 Ican’t meet you tomorrow... 7 The boat couldn’t put to sea 8 She couldn’t complete the work... 9 We couldn’t get to his house... 10 Ican’t print out the letter... Rewrite the sentences using for or with instead of because (of). (D) 2 1 Because the meeting’s at 2.00, I won't be able to see you. With the mecting= (being) ate 2.00, | won't have time to see yov. ; : 2 She couldn’t hear John talking beans of aly is Bae Because prices were falling, they couldn't sell their house. 4 When Re got to the top of the hill we couldn't see anything because of the 5. Because of the snow, I might not be able to get to the airport. ol 6 T've been left to do all the work, because Ron and Bill are on hol ve