Industrial Waste Pollution Control CFCs Used in Refrigeration, Attacks

refrigeration plastic foam stratospheric

Natural Air Pollutants: and production, ozone layer;
 Windblown dust production of metal greenhouse gas
 Volcanic ash and dust porous forms, fabricating
 Smoke & ash from forest fire degassing
 Pollens & other allergens agent
Nitrogen High Metal Irritating gas
◦ Natural oxide temperature fabrication; affecting lungs;
 Ozone from lightning & ozone layer combustion; heavy vegetation
 Esters & terpenes from vegetation metal chemicals damage
 Gases and odors from biological activities cleaning,
 Natural radioactovity fertilizer,
explosives,
Man-Made Pollutants nitric acid
 Particulates Sulfur Fuel Primary Sensory and
 Carbon monoxide dioxide combustion metals; pulp respiratory
 VOCs (coal, oil), and paper irritation,
 SOX, NOX smelting, vegetation
casting, damage,
Classification according to origin & state of matter manufacture corrosion,
 Origin of paper by possible adverse
◦ Primary: emitted to the atmosphere from process sulfite process effect on health
◦ Secondary: formed in atmosphere as result of
chemical reaction
 Particulate matter/pollutants
 State of matter
◦ Solid/liquid whose effective diameter is larger
 Gaseous: true gases such as SO2, NO, ozone, CO, etc
than a molecule but smaller than approx 100
vapors such as gasoline, paint, solvent
um.
 Particulates: finely divided solids or liquids, such as
dust fumes & smokes; liquids such as
◦ Aerosols - particles dispersed in gaseous medium
droplets in aerosols
 Dust: from pulverization or mechanical disintegration of
Gaseous pollutants
matter into particles of matter by means such as grinding,
◦ Inorganic
crushing, drilling
 Sulfur gases: SO2, SO3, H2S
particle size: 1 um to 200um
 Oxides of carbon: CO, CO2
e.g. fly ash, rock dust, flour
 Nitrogen gases: nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, NO2
 Smoke: derived from burning of organic
 Halogen and halides: HF, HCL, Cl2, F, SiF4
materials
 Photochemical products: ozone, oxidants
particle size < 0.01 um – 1 um
 Cyanides: HCN
remain in suspension for long time
 Ammonium compounds: NH3
◦ Fumes: from processes such as sublimation,
 chloroflourocarbons
condensation or combustion, gen, at high
item; size <0.1 um to 1 um; settles very
 Organic
slowly
◦ Hydrocarbons: paraffines,, olefins, aromatics
◦ Mist/fog: from condensation of water or other
◦ Aliphatic oxygenated cpds: aldehydes, ketones
vapors, giving suspension of liquid
◦ Organic acids
droplets; particle sizes between 2 – 200 um
◦ Alcohols: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol
◦ Drizzle/rain: droplets > 200 um
◦ Organic halides
◦ Organic sulfides: dimethyl sulfide
Table 25-12. Control techniques
◦ Organic hydroperoxides
Industry Process of Air Control
Table 25-11 (Perry’s handbook)
operation contaminants techniques
Air From In typical Cause these emitted
pollutants manufacturing industries damaging
sources such effects
as these
Coal Materials Particulates Local exhaust Source-Control Problem Strategy
preparation handling: (dust) system and  Strategy
plants conveyors, Blowing cyclones 1. Elimination of the operation entirely or part
elevators, particulates Wetting, 2. Modification of the operation
chutes plastic spray 3. Relocation of the operation
Storing coals in covering 4. Application of the appropriate control technology
piles 5. Combinations thereof
Municipal Single chamber Particulates, Afterburner,
 Factors in control-equipment selection
and incinerators smoke, combustion
◦ Environmental factors
industrial volatile, CO, controls
 Equipment location
incinerators Sox, Nh3,
 Available space
organic acids,
 Ambient condition
aldehydes,
 Availability of adequate utilities
NOx, dioxins
 Maximum allowable emissions
Steel mills Blast furnace: CO, fumes, Good  Contributions of air-pollution control system to
charging, smoke, maintenance, wastewater and land pollution
pouring particulates seal leaks,  Contributions of the air-pollution control system
(dust) cyclone, to plant noise levels
scrubber,
baghouse ◦ Engineering factors
 Contaminant characteristics
 Effects of air pollutants  physical and chemical properties; chemical
◦ Materials reactivity; toxicity
 discoloration; corrosion; soiling of goods; impairment  Gas-stream characteristics
of visibility  Volume flow rate, temperature, pressure,
◦ Vegetation humidity
 Death, stunted growth, reduced cop yield,  Design and performance characteristics of particular
degradation of color system
 Pressure drop, power requirement,
◦ Animals operating cycles
 Ingestion of feed contaminated by air pollution
◦ Humans ◦ Economic factors
 Health problems  Capital cost (equipment, installation)
 installation cost (utilities, maintenance)
 Source control of gaseous emissions  emission fees
◦ Absorption ◦ Comparing control-equipment alternatives
 Packed columns, plate columns,  Preliminary screening (adv and disadv of each type
miscellaneous (dry and wet scrubber) of air-pollution control)
◦ Adsorption  Table 25-13 to 25-26 (Perry’s Handbook)
 Fixed bed
◦ Combustion Meteorology & Air Movement
 flares, thermal incinerators  Earth’s atmosphere
◦ Condensation  Troposphere
 spray condenser, surface condenser Where most weather occurs
◦ Biofilters 80% of the air is here
 fixed film bioreactors that use  Stratosphere
microorganisms attached to substrate High O3 conc.
to convert to organic/inorganic waste Little air mixing
products  Mesosphere
◦ Membrane filters  Thermosphere
Contain 0.1% of the air
 Source control of particulate emissions  Illustration of transport and dispersion of pollutants by
◦ Mechanical collectors discussing meteorology:
◦ Wet scrubbers  The pollutants emitted into the atmosphere must travel
◦ Electrostatic precipitators through the atmosphere to reach people, animals, plants,
◦ Fabric filters or things to have an effect.
 *Pollution occurs in troposphere
  Winds
 Differential warming and cooling of Earth as it rotates
under the sun
 Caused by differential temperatures between land and
water masses
ex: sea breeze
 Move pollutants horizontally & causes pollutants to
disperse
Related to stability of air (how much vertical mov’t)

 Atmospheric lapse rates

 Dry adiabatic lapse rate
A rising parcel of air cools at about 1 °C/100 m or
5.4 °F/1000ft
-always holds; Independent of prevailing atmospheric
temperatures
 Prevailing lapse rate
Actual temperature elevation measurements
Prevailing lapse rates
 Superadiabatic lapse rate (strong lapse rate)
occurs when the atmospheric temperature drops more
than 1◦C/100 m

An inversion is an extreme subadiabatic condition, and the vertical

 Subadiabatic lapse rate (weak lapse rate)
Temperature drop of less than 1°C/100 m
air movement within an inversion is almost nil.
Subsidence inversions
 due to the movement of a large warm air mass over
cooler air
 Responsible for serious pollution episodes

 Radiation inversion
 caused by the radiation of heat to the atmosphere from
earth.

 Inversion
a condition that has warmer air above colder air
 Gaseous pollutants
Particulates

Particulate matter  Measurement of gaseous pollutants

 Ultrafine < 0.1 μm  Using a bubbler
 Fine (PM2.5) < 2.5 μm  the concentration ppm (v/v basis)
 Coarse (PM10) 2.5 - 10 μm  μg/m3

g  MW *1000 
 Measurement of particulate matter   x  ppm 
m3  24.5 
 Using high-volume sampler
 Forces 86,000 ft3 of air through a filter in 24 hr
 Gravimetric analysis
 air flow must be averaged over the 24-hr sampling period applicable for conditions of 1 atm and 25◦C
 Gives total suspended particulates (TSP) concentration
 A stack gas contains carbon monoxide (CO) at a
 A clean filter is found to weigh 10.0 g. After 24-hr in a hi- concentration of 10% by volume. What is the
vol, the filter plus the dust weigh 10.10 g. The air flows at concentration of CO in μg/m3? (Assume 25degC and 1
the start and end of the test are 60 and 40 cfm, atmosphere)
respectively. What is the particulate concentration?

Measurement of smoke
 Ringlemann scale
Visibility
 An obvious effect of pollution is reduction in visibility
 Defined as condition when it is possible to identify a
large object (i.e. building) in bright daylight, or it is just
possible to see a moderately bright light at night
 Adsorber for gaseous air pollutants
Air pollution control
 Cyclone

 Incinerator (flare)

 Wet scrubber

Effects of air pollution

 Acid rain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PDjVDIrFec
 Chine smog:
 Electrostatic precipitator
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nFZaSbkf0U
 Photochemical smog
(paper)

STOCKHOLM CONVENTIOIN
 A global treaty to protect human health and the
environment from chemicals that remain intact in the
environment for long periods
 adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004,
 requires Parties to take measures to eliminate or reduce
the release of POPs into the environment.
Persistent Organic Pollutants
 organic chemical substances that possess a particular
combination of physical and chemical properties such
that, once released into the environment, they:
◦ remain intact for exceptionally long periods of time
(many years);
◦ become widely distributed throughout the
environment
◦ accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and
are found at higher concentrations at higher levels in
the food chain; and
◦ are toxic to both humans and wildlife.
 Effects of POPs
◦ cancers,
◦ birth defects,
◦ dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems,
◦ greater susceptibility to disease and
◦ diminished intelligence
The 12 Initial POPs
 Pesticides
◦ aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin,
heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex,
toxaphene;
 Industrial chemicals
◦ hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs)
 By-products
◦ hexachlorobenzene; polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
(PCDD/PCDF), and PCBs.
 Measures to reduce or eliminate POPs
◦ Eliminate production and use
◦ Restrict and control
◦ Reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional
production
◦ Each Party is to develop strategies that identify
stockpiles and wastes containing POPs and
manage these in a safe, efficient and
environmentally sound manner.
New POPs (2009 & 2011)
 Pesticides
◦ chlordecone, alpha hexachlorocyclohexane, beta
hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane, pentachlorobenzene;
 Industrial chemicals
◦ hexabromobiphenyl, hexabromodiphenyl ether and
heptabromodiphenyl ether, pentachlorobenzene,
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and
perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride, tetrabromodiphenyl
ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether
 By-products:
◦ alpha hexachlorocyclohexane, beta
hexachlorocyclohexane and pentachlorobenzene.
Conference of Parties (COP)
 179 countries ratified including
 COP meets every two years to review the operation and
implementation of the convention & consider listing
additional chemicals
Chemical proposed for listing
 Hexabromocyclododecane
 Short-chained chlorinated paraffins
 Chlorinated naphthalenes
 Hexachlorobutadiene
 Pentachlorophenol
BASEL CONVENTION
 people everywhere are at risk from the careless,
unregulated production and transport of dangerous
chemicals.
 created to protect people and the environment from the
negative effects of the inappropriate management of
hazardous wastes worldwide
How it works?
 Parties are required to introduce appropriate national or
domestic legislation to prevent and punish illegal traffic in
hazardous and other wastes.
 Parties are expected to do the following:
◦ minimize the quantities that are moved across
borders,
◦ treat and dispose of wastes as close as possible
to their place of generation, and
◦ prevent or minimize the generation of wastes at
source
Wastes covered by the Convention
 biomedical and healthcare wastes
 used oils
 used lead acid batteries
 persistent organic pollutants (POPs), chemicals and
pesticides that persist for many years in the environment
 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
 thousands of chemical wastes generated by industries
and others
 electronic and electrical wastes (“e-waste”)
 wastes from the dismantling of ships
 materials containing mercury and asbestos
List of Parties: 180 countries ratified
Rotterdam Convention
 a global international agreement aimed at protecting
human health and the environment from the potentially
harmful effects of certain hazardous chemicals
 Prior informed consent (PIC) procedure
 is a means for formally obtaining and
disseminating the decisions of about whether
they wish to allow the chemicals listed in annex
 III of the Convention to be imported into their chicken & pig
territories and for ensuring compliance with farm
these decisions by Parties from whom such
Hydrid wind- USAEP Philippines 2004
chemicals are exported.
solar for rural
electrification
List of Parties: 154 members
Small wind USAEP Sri Lanka 2003
generator for
Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol, Stockholm Convention, Basel
rural
Convention, Rotterdam Convention
electrification
5 MW landfill TENAGA Malaysia 2002
Background
methane gas
 In 1992, the United Nations Framework Convention on
to energy
Climate Change (UNFCCC) was formed
Carbon IUEP Paraguay 2002
 international treaty for the cooperative effort to reduce
sequestration
global warming and prevent climate change
by
 195 Parties to the Convention
sustainable
forestry

Kyoto mechanisms
 Joint implementation
 allows a country with an emission reduction or limitation
Kyoto Protocol (KP) commitment to earn emission reduction units (ERUs)
 It commits industrialized countries to stabilize from an emission-reduction or emission removal project
greenhouse gas emissions in another Party
 adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan
 entered into force on 16 February 2005. MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE
 Objective: OZONE LAYER
 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit global temp. rise
to <2°C Montreal protocol
 It only binds developed countries because it recognizes  designed to reduce the production and consumption of
that they are largely responsible for the current high ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their
levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere, which are the abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the
result of more than 150 years of industrial activity. earth’s fragile ozone Layer.
Some countries who signed & ratified (191)  agreed on 16 September 1987
 US signed but did not ratify  entered into force on 1 January 1989.
 Canada withdrew in 2006 since it cannot meet the KP
targets Ozone Depleting Substances
 Includes the ff:
Kyoto mechanisms  chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
 Emissions trading  hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
 allows countries that have emission units to spare -  halons,
emissions permitted them but not "used" - to sell this  methyl bromide,
excess capacity to countries that are over their targets.  carbon tetrachloride,
 Clean Development Mechanism  hydrobromofluorocarbons,
 allows a country with an emission-reduction or  chlorobromomethane,
emission-limitation commitment to implement an  methyl chloroform.
emission-reduction project in developing countries  generally very stable in the troposphere
 e.g: a rural electrification project using solar panels or  degrade only under intense ultraviolet light in the
the installation of more energy-efficient boilers. stratosphere.
 when they break down, they release chlorine or bromine
CDM atoms, which then deplete ozone
C Trade Funding Location Year 197 countries (considered as developing countries) has signed and
Project ratified
Turbocharger IUEP Taiwan/ 2006
installation in China
Fleet Buses
Biogas to CTRADE Philippines 2006
energy from