PROJECT REPORT

ON

A STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION INCORPORATING CAPITAL BUDGETING TO

ASCERTAIN TECHNICAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF A SELF
SUSTAINING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY:-

1. ANSARI AWAIS IMTIYAZ AHMED

2. GOUR MOHD ZUBAIR JAVED ALI

3. ZUHAIB ZULFIQUAR SIDDIQUI

PROJECT GUIDE

PROF.FAUWAZ PARKAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ANJUMAN-I-ISLAM’S

KALSEKAR TECHNICAL CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF ENGG & TECHNOLOGY

PLOT # 2 &3, KHANDAGAON, THANA NAKA, NEW PANVEL,

(AFFILIATED TO MUMBAI UNIVERSITY)

2015-2016

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 ANJUMAN-I-ISLAM’S

KALSEKAR TECHNICAL CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF ENGG & TECHNOLOGY

PLOT # 2 &3, KHANDAGAON, THANA NAKA, NEW PANVEL,

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students of VII semester BACHELOR IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING, have successively completed and submitted their project work during the year 2015-
2016 titled as: A STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION INCORPORATING CAPITAL BUDGETING TO
ASCERTAIN TECHNICAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF A SELF SUSTAINING
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
stipulated in the syllabus for the award of BACHELOR IN ENGINEERING BY MUMBAI
UNIVERSITY.

PROF.FAUWAZ PARKAR DR.R.B. MAGAR

(PROJECT GUIDE) ( H.O.D)

EXAMINER 1 EXAMINER 2

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 SYNOPSIS

Development is gradually converting the bio diverse habitat in to a concrete jungle which consists of an
impervious cover to landscape resulting into a lack of woodland habitat and conservation of the most
precious element on the earth i.e. “WATER”. The vast canvas of built environment necessitates a
greener colour into it picture. Sustainable development is a development that “meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” Sustainable
construction tries to incorporate the general sustainable development concepts into conventional
construction practices.
One of the ways to achieve sustainable construction is to A STATISTICAL INVESTIGATE TECHNICAL
AND SOCIO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF A SELF SUSTAINING INTEGRATED TOWNSHIP which is the
core area of attention for greener built environment. Integrated township have environmental
considerations as a basic scrutinizing criteria which attempts to integrate and achieve concepts of
energy efficiency, water conservation and recharge, solid waste management, exploration of renewable
energy resources, use of eco friendly materials and to minimize the negative impact on the nature, plant
and animal species, non renewable material conservation and preserve resources and processes that
prevail in nature. Several self sustaining building Rating Systems have been developed to objectively
evaluate energy and environmental performance that spans the broad spectrum of sustainability.

In a developing country like India where population increase tremendously every year, which had made
her a potential global market leading to rapid urbanization and increased standard of living resulting
into an upswing in construction activities already hours of power cut off and load shedding situation
results into an extra burden on the conventional forms of energy used traditionally by burning fossil
fuels which endanger the earth by Green House Gas Emissions have an adverse effect on the
environment. Keeping the collective goal of energy conservation and environmental protection, eco
friendly construction projects emerges to be the only solution for not compromising the development of
the nation and at the same time using the resources judiciously for the optimum utility.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our utmost gratitude to all those who have helped us in making this
project a successful one.

We are obliged to the H.O.D for Civil Dept , DR. R B MAGAR for permitting us to work on
this project under the guidance of PROF. FAUWAZ PARKAR who has helped us in understand aspect
for this project, right from conception, design, feasibility studies using statistical tools modeling and
sustainability aspects..

Last but not the least; we would also like to thank MUMBAI UNIVERSITY for including this
concept of preparation of project in our curriculum.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE N0.

1. INTRODUCTION 6

 Abstract

16
 Aim & objective
17
 Scope

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 18

3. METHODOLOGY 21

4. CONCLUSION 25

5. REFERENCES 26

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Sustainable development is generally thought of as:

"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."
Definition developed by the Bruntland Commission in 1987
Another concept, thought to be more solutions-oriented, more inspirational:
“Sustainable development is a very simple idea. It is about ensuring a better quality of life for
everyone, now and for generations to come.”Proctor & Gamble

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1.1 SUSTAINABILITY

The dimensions of sustainability are not independent of one another, but instead intertwine in the
tradeoffs that are inherent in any engineering decision. Interrelationships among dimensions create the
complexity inherent in sustainable engineering design and decision making .Perfect sustainability for
the earth system is (theoretically) possible as long as the inhabitants of Earth consume less energy than
supplied by the solar energy budget as long as the sun continues to shine.

This chapter presents an overview of construction projects and is divided into three sections. The first
section discusses what makes projects green and gives several definitions of construction projects. and
discusses the environmental impacts of traditional buildings and explains common self sustaining
bungalow practices with respect to siting, energy efficiency, water efficiency, building materials,
occupant health and well-being, and construction and demolition waste. the 2nd section highlights the
objectives of the project. The 3rd section discusses the scope of our work. The 4 th section specifies the
limitations of our project & future study This chapter provides a brief overview of issues that are
discussed in more detail in subsequent chapters. Citations to these later chapters are included where
applicable.

1.1.1 What Makes Construction project Green?

The beginning of the twenty-first century has ushered in the era of construction projects. According to
some estimates, there are approximately 81 million buildings in the United States Most of these
buildings use energy inefficiently, generate large amounts of waste in their construction and operation,
and emit large quantities of pollutants and Greenhouse gases. In contrast to conventional buildings,
construction projects seek to use land and energy efficiently, conserve water and other resources,
improve indoor and outdoor air quality, and increase the use of recycled and renewable materials.
While construction projects still constitute a tiny subset of existing buildings, their numbers are
increasing rapidly.

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1.1.2 Definitions of “Sustainable project”
While the definition of what constitutes a self sustaining bungalow is constantly evolving, the office of
the Federal Environmental Executive (USA) offers a useful working definition. This agency defines
this term as:
the practice of (1) increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water, and
materials, and (2) reducing building impacts on human health and the environment, through better
siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal—the complete building life cycle.
Similarly, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines self sustaining bungalow was follows:
The practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and
resource-efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classical
building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Self sustaining bungalow is Also
known as a sustainable or ‘high performance’ building. Both of these definitions mention life cycle
assessment (LCA). LCA is the investigation and valuation of the environmental, economic, and social
impacts of a product or service.

In the context of construction projects, LCA evaluates building materials over the Course of their entire
lives and takes into account a full range of environmental impacts, Including a material’s embodied
energy; the solid waste generated in its extraction, use, and disposal; the air and water pollution
associated with it; and its global-warming Potential. LCA is an important tool because it can
demonstrate whether a product used In a self sustaining bungalow is truly green.

1.1.3 The Most Important Element: The Efficient Use of Energy

0Buildings can incorporate many green features, but if they do not use energy efficiently, it is difficult
to demonstrate that they are truly green. In fact, given that the Term “sustainable project” can be
somewhat vague, some people prefer to use the term

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1.1.4 Overview of Construction projects
“High performance building.” A high-performance building is a building whose energy Efficiency and
environmental performance is substantially better than standard Practice. Although construction
projects, on average, use less energy than conventional buildings, Energy efficiency remains elusive. In
fact, there is a growing debate whether buildings That achieve some level of LEED certification are
more efficient in their use of energy Than regular buildings fortunately, there are numerous ways to
improve building’s Energy efficiency, from insulating walls to installing automatic shut off switches for
Lights. Energy efficiency can be and often is mandated by local and state energy codes, Which require
that new and substantially renovated buildings comply with increasingly?
Stringent energy efficiency requirements. It suffices to say that if a building is not energy-efficient, it
cannot be said to be green.

1.1.5 The Reality of the Built Environment: The Problem of Existing Buildings
Although construction projects represent the next phase of buildings, the reality is that the Vast majority
of buildings are not green, and these buildings will continue to be used For many years to come.
Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings typically Involves a process called retrofitting,
which can mean anything from installing More energy-efficient fixtures to increasing the amount of
insulation in a building. The U.S. self sustaining bungalow Council has a rating standard specifically
focused on existing Buildings, referred to as LEED-EBOM (EBOM stands for “existing buildings
operation And maintenance”).10 While greening existing buildings does not receive the attention that
new construction projects do, it is certainly more important when looking at reducing the
environmental impacts of buildings nationwide.

1.1.6 Impacts of Conventional Buildings That Construction projects

Seek to Rectify
The environmental impacts of buildings are enormous. Conventional buildings use large amounts of
energy, land, water, and raw materials for their construction and operation. They are responsible for
large greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as emissions of other harmful air pollutants. They also
generate large amounts of construction and demolition (C&D) waste and have serious impacts on plants
and wildlife. An analysis of these issues demonstrates the scope of the problem.

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1.1.7 Energy Use in Buildings

Worldwide, buildings consume massive amounts of energy. The United Nations Environment
Programme has reported that 30–40 percent of all primary energy produced worldwide is used in
buildings.11 In 2008, the International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that
existing buildings are responsible for more than 40 percent of the world’s total primary energy
consumption and for 24 percent of globalCO2 emissions.

The picture in the United States is strikingly similar. In 2004, EPA found that buildings account for 39
percent of total energy use and 68 percent of total electrical consumption.13 According to the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE), in 2006 buildings in the United States used 74.2 percent of all electricity
generated.14 A report by the U.S .Energy Information Agency (EIA) estimated that 60 percent of the
nation’s electrical production is utilized to operate commercial buildings, which include those used for
education, mercantile, office, storage, and warehouse purposes.15 By any measure, buildings are
responsible for using much of the energy produced today.

Energy consumption is rising. In 2007, DOE projected that energy use in the United States will
increase by approximately 19 percent by 2025.16 But that is only half of the problem. Not only does
this country use a lot of energy, it does so inefficiently. America uses twice as much energy per unit of
economic output as Germany, and nearly three times as much as Japan. Fortunately, there are many
ways to improve a building’s energy efficiency. Simple measures such as weather stripping,
maintaining entry door closer, and installing storm windows as a low-cost alternative to replacements
are usually the low-hanging fruit in weatherization.

In addition, adding insulation materials to new and existing frame construction buildings is a proven
and relatively inexpensive way to improve building energy efficiency with respect to heating and
cooling. New innovations in insulation can reduce the energy used in manufacturing insulation and
allow insulation to be recycled or biodegradable. Mineral, fibrous, and cellulose-derived materials are
now available for insulation purposes.

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Another large user of energy is a building’s heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning(HVAC) system.
Properly designed and installed HVAC systems can reduce the amount of energy used for heating and
cooling a building. An HVAC system includes a heater, air conditioner, and fan in one system and
operates at a partial load nearly all the time. The design of the HVAC system as a whole-system
mechanism saves energy by monitoring airflow and keeping the indoor temperature fairly constant. An
HVAC system must have a correctly designed distribution system to minimize the amount of airflow
(and thus energy) necessary to heat and cool the building. In addition, allowing building occupants to
individually control heating and cooling in their living or working spaces is an effective way to reduce
energy use.

Electric lighting consumes about one-quarter to one-third of the energy in a typical commercial
building.18 Lighting also generates heat, so reducing the amount of energy consumed for lighting
through effective and efficient lighting also reduces the size of a building’s air-conditioning plant.
Building information modeling (BIM) enables building design and construction teams to draw and test
the building’s operating systems, such as electricity or hot water, in one computer model. Modeling
buildings with BIM can aid in quantitative energy analysis, connecting complex systems and allowing
more precise analysis for better energy use.
Buildings account for more than 40% of all global carbon dioxide emission, one of the main culprits
implicated in the phenomenon of global warming in which India comes on 144th position (1.4 metric
ton) in carbon emission rating in the world. self sustaining bungalowis the practice of constructing or
modifying structures to be environmentally responsible, sustainable and resource-efficient throughout
their life cycle. This includes efficiently using energy, water and other natural resources, protecting
occupant health, improving employee productivity and reducing waste, pollution and environmental
degradation.

1.1.8 Construct ability Practices to Manage Sustainable Building Knowledge

Construction professionals have knowledge and competencies that can help improve the design and
delivery of sustainable buildings. The introduction of construction knowledge during design using
constructing practices has been shown to improve design and project performance. From a process
perspective, this paper examines specific constructing techniques that can help manage sustainable
building knowledge throughout the design process. Through scientific research, four constructing
practices employed at the Pentagon renovation are assessed for their capability at managing
sustainability input from contractors.

11
The four practices are:

(1) the use of an integrated organizational team to champion the effort;

(2) physical and computer building models (mock-ups);

(3) on-board reviews; and

(4) lessons learned workshops. Twenty-one specific principles are then identified to provide further
guidance to industry practitioners. These practices and principles pinpoint methods to help
manage sustainable building knowledge especially that made available by construction professionals
during design and construction.

NEED FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

 ENERGY CONSUMPTION:

A study conducted by Energy Information Administration, (EIA), U.S. Department of Energy indicates
that there is a visible trend across the globe wherein the growth rate in total energy consumption has been
greater than the population growth rate.

In the developed countries the energy consumption growth rate is only marginally higher
compared to the population growth rate. For example, in USA, energy consumption is
projected to grow at 1.3% while the population growth rate is projected to grow at 0.8%.
In contrast, in developing countries like India population growth rate is expected to grow
at 1.3% while the energy consumption rate is expected to grow at 4.3%. This trend would
strain the energy sector to a large extent. The construction industry in the country is
growing at a rapid pace and the rate of growth is 10 % as compared to the world average
of 5.2%. Hence energy efficiency in the building sector assumes tremendous importance.

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  UNJUSTIFIED USE OF WATER:

While a considerable portion of Mumbai suffered acute water cuts, a section consumed water in excess
of the limit (150 liter per person per day, or lppd) set by the Brihanumbai Municipal Corporation
(BMC) in the financial year gone by. Even as the BMC decreased supply by 15% during the year’s
second half to compensate for deficient rains, the water bill for April 2009 to March 2010 (Rs915 crore)
was Rs10 crore more than the year before (Rs905crore).

“This means that while the taps dried up in some parts of the city, a large section of those who
received water regularly made wasteful use of the supply,” said a senior hydraulic department
official.

 PIPE LINES BURSTING:

Mumbai mayor Shraddha Jadhav today sought a CID inquiry to ascertain the reason behind frequent
pipeline burst in the metropolis facing water scarcity.

According to civic officials, in last four days incidents of half a dozen water pipeline burst have
been reported - in Thane, Mulund, Santacruz, Worli, Bhiwandi and Kalachowkie. Twenty
pipeline bursts have occurred in the last one month, resulting in huge wastage of water at a time
when residents are facing daily cuts.

"Incidents of frequent pipeline burst have been reported. I will write a letter to chief minister Ashok
Chavan seeking a CID inquiry as in the last four days alone about five-six such incidents have
occurred," Jadhav said.

"The pipeline bursts are occurring due to technical reasons, pressure and also because pipes have
become old. At some places it is happening because of the development work of metro and Mono
rail projects had been undertaken due to which underground utilities are getting affected,"
additional municipal commissioner Anil Diggikar said.

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  SOLUTION TO WATER CUTOFF:

While much of Mumbai, India, was reeling under a 30% water supply cut imposed in early July
2009 to help the city cope with a severe water shortage, one building was unaffected because it
developed its own unique water management system after a water shortage in 2005.

The Sea line building in Khar, in western Mumbai, has a water harvesting plant that was the brainchild
of 79-year-old Navin Chandra, secretary of the Sea line housing society. "If we do not conserve water
now we will be in serious trouble later," he said. "The BMC talks of the Sujal Mumbai scheme (which
aims at 24-hour water supply in the city). But by the time the project is completed (2025 is the revised
deadline), the demand for water will double.

"Water harvesting helps Sealine building save up to 40% of water everyday. The conserved water
goes to all bathrooms and is used for non-drinking purposes like gardening, flushing toilets, and
washing cars.

"We used to have two tankers supplying water to us a week, besides the water from the BMC," Chandra
said. "This was costly. Also, the water from the tankers was quite dirty. We were forced to come up
with a solution."Rainwater harvesting does not mean just collecting water and storing it, he said. "It has
to be allowed to seep into the ground and replenish the water table." Rainwater falling on the terrace of
the nine-storey building is collected in an underground tank. From the tank, the water passes through
channels made of earth, sand and gravel, seeps into the ground and recharges the three bore wells in the
housing complex. The water from bore wells is then carried to the overhead tank for use by the
building's residents."We have 24 hours running water supply because of this system," said Kalpana,
who works as a domestic helper.

Asked if housing societies with predominantly middle-class members will be able to afford the water
harvesting plant, which costs around Rs 6 lakh to set up, Chandra said: "We see it is an investment for
the future. Water will be the next cause for wars. Citizens will have to do something for themselves to
overcome water crisis. Neither the BMC nor the government can do much about it. Every housing
society should foresee this problem and take measures to pre-empt it."

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As the prices of water are going to rise the Rain water harvesting and sewage treatment

plants may prove to be a economical option for handling water crises.

FIG 3.3 BREAK UP FOR WATER CONSUMPTION IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

MCGM, Hydraulics Engg Dept, Shri Kambale And Shri Joshi.

MLD

YEAR

FIG 3.4 MUMBAI WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY

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MCGM, Hydraulics Engg Dept, Shri Kambale And Shri Joshi.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:

The objectives of this project are:-

1. To plan a residential bungalow with the purpose of water conservation and harvesting, treatment
and, energy conservation, , use of low energy materials
2. To calculate the preliminary design, approximate estimates of cost including maintenance cost
for the individual unique components of green complex.
3. To find the saving in electricity and water bills.
4. To estimate the payback period for the unique green complex components.
5. To get the complex certified and rated for LEED standards for new construction.
6. Finally to create a mass housing complex this is sustainable with respect to energy and water
crises throughout the country and globe.

The primary objective for the energy efficient building design is Green House Gas emission reduction
having an adverse effect on the global climatic changes and water conservation for saving the
invaluable element on the earth. Secondarily energy efficient green designs emphasizes on renewable
energy thus saving non renewable resources from extinction. self sustaining bungalow designs
maximizes the reuse, recycling and utilization of renewable resources.

The social objectives includes:

1. Educating the society, builder lobby, contractors, investors and government of the
awareness, necessity and importance of Construction projects.
2. Identifying Barriers to self sustaining bungalowGrowth.
3. Policies to overcome these Barriers.

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1.3 SCOPE OF THE WORK:

The scope of the work involves:-

1) The study of the concept of sustainable development and sustainable housing and the
sustainability overall conceptual framework for a residential bungalow.
2) The study of the self sustaining bungalowdesign features related to sustainable site, water
conservation, energy and environment, indoor environment quality, materials and resources.
3) Study of existing construction projects, their green features, rating and the additional cost
incurred for the green features.
4) Various rating systems is referred and the study of LEED rating system for new construction
and TERI rating system in detail for each categories prerequisites (Mandatory) criteria and
credit points.
5) The study of Market Demand, Life Cycle Costing and financial consideration for sustainable
project.
6) General study of Renewable energy and material resources and to study solar in detail.
7) To study the Rainwater harvesting process and the components of rain water harvesting.
8) To study the basic physics involved in Solar photovoltaic energy generation and the Solar
Panels and Solar Water heater, sizes, energy/heat generated, energy/heat transformed,
installations, cost, watts/ water produced and maintenance required are also studied through
market suppliers.
9) To study the energy efficient construction materials and also to study the issues of different
construction materials related to eco friendly construction.
10) To study the standards of Indoor Environmental Quality for residential bungalow.
LANDSCAPING and WATER CONSERVATION

1) Rain Water Harvesting

GREEN ROOF and RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION

2) Solar Energy Modules

3) Energy Efficient Lighting Systems
GREEN MATERIALS and ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING MATERIALS
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 4) Use of energy efficient and eco-friendly building materials
5) Grey water
6) Green roof

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Barbra minsker et al 1 in there paper Progress and Recommendations for Advancing
Performance-Based Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure Design stated that

Increasing variability in climate and environmental degradation call for an infrastructure design
paradigm that considers both sustainability and resilience using performance-based metrics. This paper
discusses recent progress in this direction, including recent and emerging infrastructure rating systems,
design technologies and tools, and examples of sustainable and resilience infrastructure projects.
Recommendations are made for new research, development of new technologies and tools, and policy
changes needed to further advance progress towards integrating performance-based approaches across
the entire design cycle. These include a call for improved models and tools to better evaluate the full
suite of infrastructure costs and benefits, both internally and externally; multicriteria design to assess
tradeoffs among all costs and benefits at multiple scales; and an iterative design cycle based on
measurable performance criteria.
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 2
2.2 KYG kowk et al In their paper state that The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) claimed that greenhouse gases generate impact large enough to change global climate. Some
industries are beginning to reduce carbon emissions from their designs and manufacturing processes in
order to comply with IPCC recommendations around the world. According to statistics, the
construction industry generates the greatest environmental impacts among all the other
industries. Sustainable project designs and standards are developed to improve building operation
energy and embodied energy efficiency, and minimize energy and wastes. The most common
approach for sustainable project certifications is to rate the compliance of each sustainable
project standard through a point rating system. No sustainable project system has yet correlated its
rating to the level of "greenness" of buildings. The level of certification does not reflect corresponding
reduction in environmental impact and carbon emission. This paper establishes the framework to
correlate sustainable project standards with equivalent carbon emissions by, first, reviews the criteria of
direct and indirect carbon emission measurement, second, identifies the focal point of carbon emission
modeling, and finally, identifies the variables for carbon

2.3 Md.Shoaib Chowdhury et al 3 In their paper Sustainable Transportation Systems for Dhaka
Metropolitan city: issues and opportunities

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, with more than 15 million people within its area of 360 square km,
has emerged as one of the most congested, unsafe, and polluted cities in the world today. The capital
city relies on its road based transportation system. However, the roads of Dhaka are not well planned,
designed, and operated to meet the dwellers mobility and accessibility needs. A major portion of
Dhaka's some 1868 km of roadways has no sidewalks and where the sidewalks do exist, they are very
narrow, poorly maintained, and disjointed or broken. Buses are the only form of mass transit mode in
Dhaka, and bus operators are mostly privately owned fragmented and unorganized companies. They
provide substantially inadequate and very poor quality of bus service. For its very existence as a mega-
city, Dhaka needs to develop a healthy transportation system to support its existing population as well
as to maintain a sustained growth. Given the status-quo, this paper addresses six critical issues (e.g.,
transportation infrastructure and pedestrian, public transportation, growth management and control,
education and research,

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2.4 Michael H. et al4 in their paper constructing Practices to Manage Sustainable Building
Knowledge

Have stated Construction professionals have knowledge and competencies that can help improve the
design and delivery of sustainable buildings. The introduction of construction knowledge during design
using constructing practices has been shown to improve design and project performance. From a
process perspective, this paper examines specific constructing techniques that can help
manage sustainable building knowledge throughout the design process. Through scientific research,
four constructing practices employed at the Pentagon renovation are assessed for their capability at
managing sustainability input from contractors.

Further they say that, The four practices are: (1) the use of an integrated organizational team to
champion the effort; (2) physical and computer building models (mock-ups); (3) on-board reviews; and
(4) lessons learned workshops. Twenty-one specific principles are then identified to provide further
guidance to industry practitioners. These practices and principles pinpoint methods to help
manage sustainable building knowledge especially that made available by construction professionals
during design and construction.

2.5 Senem korkmaz et al. 5 In their paper Key Attributes of a Longitudinal Study of Green Project
Delivery state that if construction projects are to continue to reduce the environmental impact of
buildings and improve the operating performance of facilities, it is now more important than ever that a
study of key project delivery practices, like teaming strategies, contracting approaches, and incentives,
be established for these projects. When the performance outcomes of these projects, like sustainable
rating, final cost, project schedule and operating performance, are statistically correlated to the project
delivery practices, tremendous insight is gained for owners on how to establish their team so that their
performance objectives are maximized on their green project. Initial exploratory research reported in
this paper confirms how scientifically challenging such a study is to pursue with rigor. There are so
many potential variables that may impact sustainable performance outcomes that a quality study needs
a sample size in the thousands. By necessity a large study must occur over many years and thus the
design of the study is crucial due to the time that lapses between implementation and results. This type
of study, often referenced as a longitudinal study, is common in more mature disciplines of
anthropology and medicine, especially, epidemiology.

20
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 ABOUT THE PROPOSED WORK

A residential bungalow in outskirts of Mumbai with an area covering 71 acres consisting of thirty
buildings, each building with two wings, one shopping mall, one vegetable market and two restaurants
each having a capacity of 50 seats is proposed to be designed.

Layout and building orientation, designs of individual apartments are prepared as per the principles of
planning of the residential buildings. Additional Construction projects initiatives are conveniently
planned in place of conventional facilities with an aim to create less amendment of the plan.

The additional Green Features are designed and estimated in the following manner:-

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 1) Estimate of the water requirement as per the Indian Standard and the waste water generated is
to be made to design extended aeration type activated sludge process for sewage water
treatment plant.
2) Calculation of building roof area is made for estimating the potential of roof top rain water
harvesting system.
3) The energy requirements provided for the residential bungalow by the installation of solar
panels and solar water heater is to be estimated from the electricity bills of one the house.
4) Energy savings from energy efficient lighting as CFL, T5, LED, Solar street lights is to be
made.
5) The brickwork for the residential building is to be calculated to be replaced by autoclaved
aerated concrete (energy efficient building material).
6) Design the various components required for a self sustained integrated township
7) Develop an intelligent transportation system for the above town .

This project tries to get the complex certified and rated for LEED standards for new construction. This
project also tries to calculate the preliminary design, approximate estimates of cost including
maintenance cost for the individual unique components of green complex, to estimate the payback
period for the unique green complex components and to find the savings in the electricity bills and
water bills.

During the analysis, some peculiarities were observed regarding Indian Scenario:

1. Consideration for Per capita consumption of power in India is very low when compared to
developed nations consumption.
2. Sector wise consumption patterns are drastically different from western countries where
maximum power is used for room heating (HAVC).
3. Per capita supply of water in India is far less than the International standards.
4. Proper Emphasizes is not given for Energy Efficient use of Local materials.

In this project conventional cost estimation, quantity survey methods are adopted. Savings due
to self sustaining bungalow Designs are worked out in consultation with the experts in the industry and
professional consultants and manufacturer’s literature

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3.2 PRESENT STUDY

In this present study, the detailed study and evaluation of the proposed residential mass
housing complex plan is carried out for conventional building design. self sustaining bungalowdesigns
are incorporated and detailed cost evaluation and saving calculations is done for the green parameters.
Then the building with the green designs is evaluated for LEED rating for public housing and the level
of certification that can be achieved by the complex. The increase in cost per square feet of built up
area is estimated to know the extent of financial burden on the builder lobby and investors on self
sustaining bungalow features incorporation in mass housing.

The cost of each self sustaining bungalow initiatives is worked out using District Schedule Rate 2009-
2010, and some rates are taken as per actual manufacturer’s quotation.

During this present study, Environmental, Social, and Financial benefits of Construction projects are
summarized.

Further it was observed that despite considerable knowledge related to the techniques
and technologies required to implement green residential projects, numerous barriers, real and
perceived, regulatory and non regulatory, have slowed the pace at which green residential building is
becoming standard practice such as

 Non availability.
 Inaccessibility.
 Unawareness.
 Un affordability.
 Ignorance.
 Legal Implications.
 Government Initiative and Policies.

23
In this study, a new set of Strategies are proposed to overcome these barriers, like

Establishing a national vision for self sustaining bungalow

1. Publicity to the benefits of green development.
2. Awareness among common man for the need of water and energy conservation.
3. Development of self sustaining bungalow Laws and guidelines by Government.
4. Labeling the self sustaining bungalow materials.
5. Discount in the taxes and rebates to the owners and developers of construction
projects.
6. Fast track clearance to green projects are be implemented to expedite the growth of
self sustaining bungalow practices in India.

24
3.3 PROBLEM AREA:

Buildings are the structure of the modern world. They represent society's ingenuity and
ability to manipulate our environment into forms that serve our purpose. In many ways, building
form and functionality is a reflection of our greater human culture.

Today even the most advanced building or factory in the world is still a kind of steamship, polluting,
contaminating, and depleting the surrounding environment, and relying on scarce amounts of natural
light and fresh air. People are essentially working in the dark, and they are often breathing
unhealthful air. Imagine, instead, a building as a kind of tree. It would purify air, accrue solar
income, produce more energy than it consumes, create shade and habitat, enrich soil, and change
with the seasons.

If we are to transform our society toward a sustainable future, it requires demolishing the current
unsustainable façade of contemporary economic growth and ultimately addressing the inefficiency and
waste that supports it. Buildings are a major component of this transformation.

The buildings consume two fifths of world energy production. This does not include the energy that
is required to harvest, manufacture, and transport all the materials used to construct and maintain
buildings. One sixth of all water pumped out of natural flows is consumed in buildings. One quarter
of all virgin wood harvested ends up in buildings. And this does not account for all the interior wood
furniture. Combined, buildings form one of the major catalysts for environmental degradation on the
planet.

176
 CHAPTER V

DESIGN AND DRAWINGS, QUANTITY ESTIMATION,

COSTING AND MAINTENANCE OF GREEN FEATURES OF THE COMPLEX

5. A WATER CONSERVATION
5.1 SEWAGE WATER RECLAMATION PLANT (SWRP)
5.1.1 DESIGN OF SEWAGE WATER RECLAMATION PLANT (SWRP)

It is planned to treat the sewage (soil and waste water) from the entire complex in 08 common
Sewage Water Reclamation Plant (SWRP) and make it fit for reusing as flushing water in W.C.s
for the complex and as landscaping irrigation water.

As this is domestic sewage from a Residential housing Complex, it will have high (4 to 6 time’s average)
hourly peak flows for at least two to three times in 24 hours. It will also have considerable period of l e a n to nil
flow in a day. Being a residential housing complex in outskirts of Mumbai there is always shortage of
openspace and hence it is decided to have a SWRP at ground level, partly below the open space behind the
buildings. Considering physical limitations and hydraulic variations in sewage flows,it is decided to adopt
“Inter – Air” [45] batch type of Extended Aeration System for treatmentof domestic sewage in a SWRP.As SWRP is
located at ground level and batch type of extended aeration is utilized, the initial raw sewage pumping is also
eliminated and the raw sewage directly enters extended aeration tank via fine screen.

177
178
 SAND TRAP
AIR BLOWERS STATIC MIXER

RAW

SEWAGE MIXER
SCREEN PRESSURE
AERATION ZONE
CHAMBER SAND SODIUM

HYPOCHLORITE
PAC
DOSING TANK AND
PUMPS DOSING TANK
SLUDGE SETTLEMENT ZONE STATIC MIXER

“INTER-AIR” EXTENDED BACKWASH TO 2 NOS. U.G.

FLUSHING WATER
AERATION-CUM-SETTLING TANK WATER TANKS FOR TOWER A
PSF BACKWASH
&B
WATER

TO MCGB STORM WATER DRAIN PSF BACKWASHED WATER

TANK
PUMPS

FIG 5.1 SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM OF SWRP FOR RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX

179
 Description Of SWRP

SWRP is located at the ground level of the residential complex. Raw Sewage
from the entire complex is gravitated to SWRP’s fine screen. After screening raw sewage
gets collected directly into “Inter-Air” extended aeration cum – settling tank. At the
beginning of daily cycle water level in the tank is at lowest level of the Aeration Zone.
As the day progresses, irrespective of raw sewage hourly flow, the aeration tank gets
filled up. This process continues and the aeration tank receives its daily quota of raw
sewage. All these time coarse bubble aeration is going on by roots type air blowers, via
main air manifold at the aeration tank platform level and air drop pipes in the aeration
tank unto middle of sludge settlement zone. Thus, for nearly 19 to 20 hours in a day of
24 hours, raw sewage would empty into “inter-air” aeration tank. During this period,
aeration would go on keeping the entire tank (i.e. aeration and sludge settlement zone) in
the completely mixed condition. In real time sense, this aeration period would be
between 5 a.m., 6 a.m. to 12 midnight, and 1 a.m. respectively. Usually, in this time
frame most of the sewage (95 to 99%) emanates. Thus, between 12 midnight to 5 a.m.,
settlement, filtration and disinfection activities are carried out which makes biologically
secondary treated sewage fit for reuse as flushing and landscaping irrigation water.
During this period (i.e. 12 midnight to 5-6 a.m.) by chance if any raw sewage comes, it
would be admitted directly into sludge settlement zone. Also, during this period there is
no aeration done and quiescent condition is maintained in the tank. For first two hours,
the entire surface area of the tank acts as secondary clarifier, giving Very low surface
loading rate. This gives very good settling and nearly all the suspended solids (MLSS)
settle down in the sludge settlement zone. As the entire biologically active and excess
sludge is kept in the sludge settlement zone during clarification and filtration stage (12
midnight to 5 am) and during aeration cycle (5 am to 12 midnight) the entire content of
the “Inter-Air” Extended Aeration tank (aeration plus sludge settlement zone) is in
completely mixed stage, and hence there is no necessity of providing return sludge
pumping. After complete settlement of two hours, the supernatant aerated liquor is
withdrawn under quiescent condition for next three hours by slow speed, non clog
centrifugal pump, having less than 0.3 m/sec suction pipe velocity, to dual-media
pressure sand filters via static mixer. In static mixer, 5% concentrated PAC (poly
aluminum chloride) solution is injected by a metering pump. This activity helps in
flocculating the suspended and colloidal solids of aerated liquor into macro-flocs and
then getting them filtered in dual media Pressure Sand Filters. Thus, filtered biologically
treated sewage water enters Treated Water Storage Tank after passing through a static
mixer where 5% concentrated hypochlorite solution is injected as disinfection agent.

Treated water is thus ready for its designated reuse purposes. Flushing Water
pump sets deliver the sewage treated water to various toilet blocks flushing tanks/valves
of W.C.s throughout both the wings of thirty buildings, shopping mall & Restaurant. Also
the treated water would be used for washing cars, gardening and other washing purposes.

Backwashing of Pressure Sand Filters is done by final sewage treated water and
the backwashed water is pumped to MCGB Storm Water Drains.

As the aerobic biological process adopted is of Extended Aeration nature, the

excess sludge is fully digested and is fully stabilized. This sludge remains in sludge
settlement zone of the “Inter-Air” extended aeration tank. The volume provided for
sludge settlement zone is quite big and has provision for storage of excess sludge for
years. When this zone is filled up, this excess digested, stabilized and compacted sludge
can be pumped out and disposed in storm water drain during monsoon period.
 FIG 5.2 : ESTIMATING THE AVERAGE AND PEAK WASTE WATER FLOW
RATES

On an average 5.625 lit/cap/hour i.e 135 lit/cap/day.

Considering Average water consumption as 135 lit/ cap/day
Assuming 90% of water supply will result into sewage.

TABLE 5.1: SEWAGE GENERATION TABLE

Buildings No of No of No of Person Water Sewage

persons floors bldg No. Consumpt Generation
per floor ion rate - lpd
lpcd

SEWAGE WATER
RECLAMATION BIOON
FIG 5.3 : SITE LAYOUT WITH GREEN FEATURES PLANT 01 Nos
PLANT 08 Nos
181
 Residential 243810
86 7 3 1806 135
Tower
Bunglow 10800
10 1+1 4 80 135

School Male –
6 WCs –
+ 900 NOS
Male /FLOOR
Shopping
(15 Persons /
mall
WC / day) 108000/6
10 45
=18000
6 WCs –
Female –
Female/FLOOR
1500 Nos.
(25 Persons /
WC / day)
Restaurant 70lit/seat/day 100 7000
TOTAL 4286 - 279610
Add 10% towards floating population 428 135 57780
GRAND TOTAL 337390
4714 Say
3,37,500

Sewage generation – 3,37,500 ltr/day i.e. 337.500 cu.m./day

As these are Residential Towers considering safety margin, accidental hydraulic
and / or organic overruns, SWRP is designed for 350 cu m/day.
Hence SWRP is designed for 350 cu.m. /day raw sewage flow

BASIC DATA
(i) Raw sewage Characteristics
(a) Raw sewage flow : 350 cu m/day
(b) pH : 6.5 to 8.5
(c) 5 days 20 deg C BOD : 250-300 mg/l
(d) COD : 500 mg/l
(e) Total suspended solids : 300 mg/l
(f) Oil and grease : 10 mg/l
 (g) Phenolic compound : Absent
(h) Iron as Fe : Absent

(ii) Treated water Characteristics

(a) pH : 6.5 t0 8.5
(b) 5 days 20 deg C BOD : < 10 mg/l
(c) COD : < 20 mg/l
(d) Total suspended solids : < 10 mg/l
(e) Oil and grease : < 5 mg/l
(f) Phenolic compound : Absent
(g) Iron as Fe : Absent
DESIGN OF “INTER-AIR” EXTENDED AERATION TANK[46]
(a) BOD to be satisfied : 300 mg/l
(b) F/M Ratio : 0.1
(c) MLVSS : 3,000 mg/l
(d) MLSS : 3,750 mg/l
(e) Mean Cell residence time : 30 days

Hence volume required for Aeration zone of the “Inter-Air” Extended Aeration
Tank would be 350 cum. This gives the hydraulic detention period of 24 hours in the
Aeration Tank.

Now excess 1% concentrated digested stabilized biological sludge produced for

treating 350 cum/day of raw sewage having 300 mg/l of 5 days 20 deg C BOD would be
0.105 cu m/day. This is based on production of 1 ltr (0.001 cu m) of stabilized excess 1%
concentration sludge per kilogram of BOD satisfied in Aeration Tank.

Thus, Aeration Tank Zone of 350 cum is accommodated in about 105 m 2 area
(30.0m) x (3.5m) x 3.33m liquid depth, whereas sludge settlement zone that is exactly
below aeration zone is also of about 105 m2 area (30.0 m) x (3.5 m) x 1.17m liquid
depth.
 Thus overall dimension of “Inter-Air” Extended Aeration Tank would be
(30.0 m) x (3.5 m) in plan area with total liquid depth of 4.5m (3.33m depth
for aeration zone plus 1.17m depth of sludge settlement zone). This will provide
theoretically excess sludge storage of about 1,170 days (3.2 years).

For aeration purposes coarse bubble aeration is resorted to. Design of the roots
type air blower for satisfying BOD demand of 300 mg/l is worked out as follows:
2 Kgs of oxygen/Kg of BOD ultimate removal is required.
Therefore Kg of oxygen required/day
= 2 x (1.47 x 300 x 350 /1000)
= 308.7 Kg/day, say 310 Kg/day.

The equivalent air at NTP would be 1550 cum/day or 77.5 cu m/hour, as the
aeration activity is limited to 20 hrs/day.

As oxygen transfer efficiency of coarse bubble aeration under variable water

depth of 1.5 m to 5 m. is about 8 to 10%, we would, therefore require to provide air
blower capacity of 77.5/0.08 = 968.75, say 1000 cum/hr for coarse bubble aeration.

Hence we provide 2 Nos. (1 working and 1 standby) roots type blowers, each
of 1000 cu m/hr air handling capacity and producing 5000 mm of water column
pressure.
Dual Media Pressure Sand Filters
It is required to filter out entire quantity i.e. 350 cum/day of the biologically
aerated supernatant liquid within three hours. Thus, it will require 2 Nos. (1 working
and 1 standby) slow speed non-clog pump sets each of 120 cu m/hr capacity against
total head of 18 m. from all causes.
 Dual media pressure sand filter (PSF) comprises of crushed charcoal coconut
shell (CCCS) media on top of the fine sand media. CCCS media assists in removal of
traces of colour, odour and COD.
Filtration rate adopted is: 125 l p m / sq m of filter area.
i.e. 1, 20,000 / 60 x 1/125 = 16 sq .m.
To get this area, 3 Nos. of PSF, each of 3 m dia. are provided.
Aerobically treated sewage water is filtered simultaneously through all the three PSF.
Before filtration, water is passed through static mixer where 5%
concentrated PAC is added to assist in flocculation and creating macro flocs.

Backwashing of PSF is done by filtered water stored in a separate PSF

Backwash Tank of about 50 m3 capacity. PSF backwash pumps ( 1 working and 1
standby ) of duty point 120 cum/hr against 6 m. total head from all the causes are
provided to backwash each 3 m. PSF, one at a time. During backwashing cycle the
treated filtered water passes in reverse direction. However, as backwashing of filters is
done one after the other, the entire flow of 120 cu m/hr passes through one filter, thus the
backwash rate is three times filtration rate, which will give proper backwash to PSF.

The filtered water is passed through another static mixer, where 5% concentrated
sodium hypochlorite solution is added for disinfection and then part of the treated water
is collected in a covered Treated Water Pressure Sand Filter Backwash Tank of 25 m 2
x 2m water depth, giving storage capacity of nearly 50 cum. Thus, one cycle of PSF
backwash water for 3 PSFs is stored. Balance treated water of 300 cu m. /day is stored at
3 nos. Flushing underground water storage tank. This treated flushing water is dispensed
to various toilet blocks flushing tanks/valves by Flushing Water Pumping systems.
On Similar line a SWRP of capacity 350 cu.m. /day raw sewage flow can also be
designed.
The two wings of three buildings generate 243 cu m/day of raw sewage and bunglow
generat 10.8 cu.m/day the shopping mall and restaurants generate 25 cu m/day of
raw sewage.(per plant)
Therefore the total sewage to be treated from the complex is
=254 cu m/day+25 cu m/day
=279 cu m/day
TABLE 5.2: SUMMARY OF SWRP IN THE COMPLEX

Sr CAPACITY Area/SWRP NOS Total capacity

No
1 350cu m/day 457.5 sq m 6 2100 cu m /day

Mode Of Disposal Of Excess Sludge Of SWRP

This 350 cu.m./day Swage Water Reclamation Plant (SWRP) is designed on the
basis of “Inter-Air” Extended Aeration principle, providing hydraulic detention period of
24 hours, F/M Ratio of 0.1, MLVSS of 3000 mg/l and Mean Cell Residence Time i.e.
sludge age of more than 30 days.

As the aerobic biological process adopted is based on Extended Aeration principle,

the excess sludge is fully digested and is completely stabilized. This fully digested and
stabilized sludge remains in sludge settlement zone of the “Inter-Air” extended aeration
tank. The volume provided for sludge settlement zone is quite big and has provision for
storage of excess sludge for nearly 3.2 years.

Hence every alternate year, this excess fully digested, stabilized inorganic nature,
reduced volume sludge can be pumped out and disposed in storm water drains during
monsoon season, keeping in mind that at no time suspended solids value at the place of
discharge in storm water drain exceeds 100 mg/l.

DETAILS OF VENTILATION SYSTEM OF SWRP.

As the SWRP is partly below the ground level, a balanced ventilation system is
proposed comprising of 1 no. Fresh Air Supply Blower and 1 no. Air Exhaust Fan Unit.
Thus, balance ventilation system is practiced based on minimum of 10 air changes per
hour. Fresh supply air and stale exhaust air is conveyed through separate air ducts.
Supply of fresh air is taken at one point above the ground level, whereas used
exhaust air is dispersed above ground level against wind direction in one corner of plot.
Supply and exhaust ducts in aeration tank area is of aluminum material whereas at other
places it is made from GI sheets.
Ventilation units are mounted on anti-vibration pads and are located in Air Blower
Room which is acoustically treated from inside.

TREATED WATER USAGE

The treated water, which is stored, would be used mainly for
 Gardening
 Flushing
 Other washing purposes (car washing, etc)

5.1.2 COST OF SWRP

Cost of SWRP is interpolated from the data provided by Kalpataru Builders. The SWRP
provided in the complex is of similar designs as provided by the Kalpataru builders in the
residential buildings.

TABLE 5.3 : COST OF SWRP

SR CAPACITY NOS COST/PLANT TOTAL ANNUAL

NO LACS COST OF 6 OPERATION &
PLANTS MAINTENANCE
LACS COST/PLANT
LACS
1 350 cu m/day 6 90 540 2

5.1.3 SAVINGS DUE TO SWRP

Population =12000 Souls
Per capita consumption /day = 135 lits pcd
Consumption of water for gardening & cleaning = 10 lits pcd
Cost Savings due to recycling SWRP
Savings in water consumption pre annum in this complex will be ( 10 litres for cleaning
& gardening purposes)
= 12000 x 10 x 365 =43800000 lit /annum
Cost of treated water saved
Per annum @ Rs.3.5 / 1000 litr = 4,38,00000 x 3.5/1000 = Rs.1,53,300/- per annum .
Cost Savings due to recycling SWRP = Rs.1,53,300/- per annum
Cost Saving due to treating water by SWRP
Total waste water treated per year= 350 cumt/day x 6 nos of plant x 365x0.7(water
saving)
= 5,36,550 cumt/year
Cost of treated water saved
Per annum @ Rs.3.5x 0.6 / 1000 litr = 5,36,55,0000 x 0.6x3.5/1000 = Rs.11,26,755/-
per annum .
Cost Saving due to treating water by SWRP= Rs. .11,26,755/-per annum
Cost savings due to reuse of SWRP treated water = Rs.5,36,550/- ( See dual flushing
system calculations later) Refer pg 206

Total ANNUAL SAVINGS Due to SWRP= 1,53,300 + 11,26,755 + 5,36,550

Total ANNUAL SAVINGS Due to SWRP is Rs 18,16,605sssssss/-

5.1.4 MAINTENANCE OF SWRP

TABLE 5.4 : MAINTENANCE FOR ONSITE EXTENDED AERATION

PACKAGE PLANTS

Items Suggested Maintenance

Aeration tank Check for foaming and uneven air distribution.
Aeration System
Diffused air Check air filters, seals, oil level, back pressure; perform
manufacturer’s required maintenance.
Mechanical Check for vibration and overheating; check oil level, seals;
 perform manufacturer’s required maintenance.
Clarifier Check for floating scum; check effluent appearance; clean weirs;
hose down sidewalls and appurtenances; check sludge return flow
rate and adjust time sequence if required; locate sludge blanket;
service mechanical equipment as required b manufacturer.
Trash Trap Check out functions of all controls and alarms; check electrical
control box.
Sludge Wasting Pump waste solids as required.
Analytical Measure aeration tank grab sample for DO, MLSS, pH, settle
ability, temperature; measure final effluent composite sample for
BOD,SS, pH ( N & P if required) .
 TABLE 5.5: OPERATIONAL PROBLEM- EXTENDED AERATION PACKED
PLANTS

Observation Causes Remedy

Excessive local turbulence
in aeration tank
White thick billowy foam
on aeration tank.
Thick scummy dark tan
foam on aeration tank.
Dark brown/ black foam
and mixed liquor in
aeration tank.
Billowing sludge washout
in clarifier.
Clumps or rising sludge in
clarifier.
Fine dispersed floc over
weir, turbid effluent.
Diffuser plugging, Pipe
breakage, Excessive aeration. as required, Throttle blower.
Insufficient MLSS
High MLSS
Anaerobic conditions,
Aerator failure.
Hydraulic or solids overload.
Bulking Sludge.
De nitrification.
Septic condition in clarifier
Turbulence in aeration tank
Sludge age too high
Remove and clean, Replace
Avoid wasting solids.
Waste solids.
Check aeration system,
aeration tank D.O
Waste sludge; check flow to
unit.
Addition of chlorine or
hydrogen per oxide to return
sludge. Alteration of DO in
aeration tank. Increase F/M
ratio.
Addition of nutrients, N,P.
Increase sludge return rate
to decrease sludge retention
time in clarifier.
Increase return rate.
Reduce power input
Waste sludge.

5.2 ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM (RWHS)

5.2.1 DESIGN OF ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM (RWHS)

The design of the storage tank, can be done using following three approaches:
 (a) Matching the capacity of the tank to the area of the roof.
(b) Matching the capacity of the tank to the quantity of water required by its
users
(c) Choosing a tank size that is appropriate in terms of costs, resources and
construction methods.

a) Matching the capacity of the tank with the area of the roof

In this approach, storage capacity of the tank is determined, based on the actual catchment
area and total rain water harvesting potential. All the water collected from roof top is stored in
storage tank and storage capacity is calculated based on the consumption pattern and rainfall
pattern.

FIG 5.4: ANNUAL RAINFALL PATTERN OF MUMBAI

http.//www.climate temp.info/india/mumbai.html
b) Matching the capacity of the tank to the quantity of water required by its users.

In this system the drinking water requirement of a family living in the

building with a roof top area of say x sq mt is matched with the average annual
rainfall in the region. Daily drinking water requirement is considered as 10 liters
per person.
The tank capacity is determined based on the dry period i.e. the period
between the two consecutive rainy seasons. For example, with a monsoon extending
over 5 months, the dry season is of 215 days.
Drinking water requirement for the family during dry season is calculated.
After keeping some factor of safety, the tank should have 20 percent more capacity
than required above.

c) Choosing a tank size, appropriate in terms of costs, resources and construction

methods.

In practice, the costs, resources and construction methods tend to limit the
storage tank to smaller capacity in comparison to requirement as per approach 1 &
2. Depending upon the budget and space available, the construction of storage tank
is done so that at least for some period dependence on municipal sources / water
tankers can be minimized.

a) Matching the capacity of the tank with the area of the roof.
The area of terrace for each building ie Two wings is total 1036.35sq m.
The area of terrace for each bunglow is total 179.18sq m.
Considering catchment area as 75 % of the terrace area.
Total Catchment area of building is 610 X 0.75 = 725.44 sq m.
Total catchment area of Bunglow is 179.18X 0.75=134.38sq m.
The storage tank has to be designed for 859.82sq m roof area in Mumbai
area. Average annual rainfall is 2099 mm.
The runoff coefficient for roof top is 0.85, (for tiles)
 Therefore for every 1mm rainfall, the quantity of water which can be

harvested is 859.82 x 0.001 x 0.85 = 0.730 m3 or 730 liters

TABLE 5.6 : AVERAGE REQUIREMENT OF WATER PER DAY

Table shows the average requirement of water in terms of litres per consumer per day -
lpcd).

Purpose Average
Drinking, Cooking & Dishwashing 40
Bathing 25
Toilet Flushing 40
Washing Clothes 20
Cleaning & Gardening 10
Car Washing -
TOTAL 135

Considering Rain water harvested to serve the purpose of bathing, washing clothes,
and washing & cleaning of houses.

The total water required in litres per day per head is 85 l/h/d
Total water required by building is 86 X 7 X 85 = 51170 lit/day
Total water required by building per month is 15,35,100 litres
Total water required by building is approximately 1.6ML per month.
 TABLE 5.7 : CALCULATION OF CAPACITY OF STORAGE TANK

Cumulative Difference
Monthly Rainfall Monthly Cumulative
rain fall between
Month rain fall Harvested Demand in Demand
harvested (4) &(6) in
inmm in liters liters In litres
in litres litres
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

July 710 437803 437803 1.6x106 1.6x106 -1162197

6 6
Aug 439 270698 708501 1.6x10 3.2x10 -2491499
Sept. 297 183137 891638 1.6x106 4.8x106 -3908362
Oct. 88 54263 945901 1.6x106 6.4x106 -5454099
Nov. 21 12949 958850 1.6x106 8x106 -7041150
Dec. 2 1233 960083 1.6x106 9.6x106 -8639917
Jan. 2 1233 961316 1.6x106 11.2x106 -10238684
Feb. 1 617 961933 1.6x106 12.8x106 -11838067
Mar. 0 0 961933 1.6x106 14.4x106 -13438067

Apr. 3 1850 963783 1.6x106 16x106 -15036217

May 16 9866 973649 1.6x106 17.6x106 -16626351
June 520 320644 1294293 1.6x106 19.2x106 -17905707
Total annual rain fall : 2099 mm

From the above table, it can be seen that difference between cumulative
rainfall harvested and cumulative demand is negative for the entire year. It indicates
that demand exceeds supply. There fore the storage tank is to be designed for the
month of July for a rainwater harvesting potential for 4,37,803 litres.

b) Matching the capacity of the tank with the quantity of water required by its
users
The system has to be designed for meeting drinking water and cooking
 water requirement of a 602 member living in the building with a roof top area of
725.44sqm. The average annual rainfall in the Mumbai region is 2099 mm. Daily
drinking water + cooking water requirement is 10 liters per person.

If area of catchment (A) = 725.44 sq.m.

average annual rainfall ( R) = 2099 mm (2.099 m) and runoff
coefficient (C) = 0.85
Then, annual rain water
harvesting potential = 725.44 x 2.099 x 0.85
= 1294.29 cum
= 1294290 liters ~1294300 liters
The tank capacity is determined based on the dry period i.e. the period
between Nov to May ie the two consecutive rainy seasons. For example, with a
monsoon extending over 5 months, the dry season is of 215 days.
Drinking + cooking water requirement for the family during dry season = 215 x
602 x 10 = 1294300 litres.
The demand exceeds supply in this case also. Therefore the tank is to be designed
12,94,300 litres.

c) Choosing a tank size, appropriate in terms of costs, resources and

construction methods

In practice, the costs, resources and construction methods tend to limit the storage tank
to smaller capacity in comparison to requirement as per approach A & B. Depending
upon the budget and space available, the construction of storage tank is done so that at
least for some period dependence on municipal sources / water tankers can be minimized.
THEREFORE IF THE TANK IS TO BE DESIGNED FOR 12,94,300 LITRES IT
WILL BE ABLE TO PROVIDE
= 12,94,300
86x7X215
5.4235 LITRES OF WATER PER DAY TO THE OCCUPANTS OF THE
BUILDING.IN THE DRY SEASON (215 DAYS). WHICH CAN BE USED IN
EMERGENCIES FOR DRINKING AND COOKING PURPOSES.

Therefore with a water provision of 10 lit/per/day for 215 dry days.

TABLE 5.8 : REVISED CALCULATION OF CAPACITY OF STORAGE TANK

Cumulative Difference
Monthly Rainfall Monthly Cumulative
rain fall between
Month rain fall in Harvested Demand in Demand
harvested (4) &(6)
mm in liters liters Litres
litres litres
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
June 520 380040 380040 Nil Nil 380040
July 710 518901 898941 Nil Nil 898941
Aug 439 320842 1219783 Nil Nil 1219783
Sept. 297 217061 1436844 Nil Nil 1436844
Oct. 88 64314 1501158 Nil Nil 1501158
Nov. 21 15348 1516506 180600 180600 1335906
Dec. 2 1462 1517968 180600 361200 1156768
Jan. 2 1462 1519430 180600 541800 977630
Feb. 1 731 1520161 180600 722400 797761
Mar. 0 0 1520161 180600 903000 617161

Apr. 3 2192 1522353 180600 1083600 438753

May 16 11693 1534046 180600 1264200 269846
Total annual rain fall : 2099 mm

From above table it is clear that there will be a minimum water of 269846 litres
available after utilization of 10 lit/per/day for drinking and cooking purposes for the dry
months of Nov to May.
Total Rain water harvested in the entire complex (Vr)= (12,94,300X18)+(43000X24) =
2,43,29,400cumt.
USAGE OF CAPTURED RAINWATER:

The collected rainwater would be used for potable purpose since filters are provided.

Calculation of potable water requirement ie 10 litres per person per day.

Calculations: Hence for 12000 persons in the complex.

Assuming per capita water consumption for drinking and cooking purpose = 10 lpcd
(From IS code of “Basic Requirements of Water supply, Drainage and Sanitation)
Total volume consumed per day = 10 x 12000 = 1,20,000 Liters = 120 m3 per day
Total volume consumed per year (Vc) = 120 x 365 = 43,800 m3 per year
Hence, percentage water consumption supplemented = (Vr / Vc ) x 100
= (2,43,29,400 / 43,800) x 100 =31.947
% CALCULATION OF STORAGE WATER TANKS:
Total volume generated from 2 wings of three buildings = 12,94,300 X 3=3882.9 CU M,
&4 Bunglows = 42000X4=168 CU M,
Assuming ONE tanks constructed for the THREE building & 4 Bunglows

Assuming depth of tank (d) = 2.5 m

Total Plan Area of tank = (Volume per tank)/d

= 4050.9/2.5 = 1620.36 m2

Dimension of tank = 42m x 42 m x 2.5 as shown in fig. below & the cost is
worked out in table no.

Providing one tanks of dimensions 42m x 42m x3.5m

42 Mts

2.5 Mts
 42 Mts

FIG 5.5 : RWH COLLECTION TANK

TABLE 5.9: ABSTRACT OF WORK - Rain Water Harvesting - Collection Tank 1000 Cu mt
Sr.no. DescriptIon Qty Unit Rate Amount
1 Excavation 4410 Cu M 120 5,29,200
2 Providing & Laying soling 90.16 Cu M 800 72,128
3 Providing & Laying cement concrete 1:4:8 61.25 Cu M 2850 1,74,562
4 Providing & Brick work in foundation 108.25 Cu M 2959 320311
5 Providing & Laying water proof plaster 401 Sq M 199 79799
6 Neat cement finish 285 Sq M 30 8,550
7 Providing & Laying RCC in beams 18.36 Cu M 5029 92,332
8 Providing & RCC in shed 44.67 Cu M 5205 2,32,284
9 Providing & laying IPS 40mm 218 Sq M 203 44,254
10 Providing MH cover of size 900x450 6 No. 2000 12,000
11 Providing & Laying steel reinforcement 8.36 MT 55,000 4,59,800
12 Providing & Laying 3 HP pump 1 No. 18,000 18,000
13 Providing & Laying 50 mm dia G.I.pipe 288* Rft 550 1,58,400
14 Providing & Laying PVC 110 mm dia 288* Rft 320 92,160
15 Providing & Laying Porta –cabins 1 No. 30,000 30,000
16 Dewatering by pump 1 Hrs 80 80,000
Per
17 Dewas Filter 5 piece 600 3000
Total 38,32,380/
Cost of rain water harvesting / ltr 38,32,380/ (1000 X1000)
= Rs3.83 / Ltr = Say Rs. 4 / Ltr.

5.2.2 COSTING OF RWHS

Set back of RWH tank from building is 25 mts ( Drawing)
* Length={ [(3.2x8x3)+25x3]+[(3.2x8x3)+25x3)x0.5]x3.28}=1756 ft for (5760 Cu mt )
Adding 50 % extra length for bends in pipe.
Therefore for 1000 Cu mt =255 ft
Capacity of RCC tank of Size 42 mts x 42 mts x 2.5 mts = 4410 Cu mts
Cost of construction 6 of RCC tanks = 6 x (4410 Cu mts) x ( 1000 Ltrs/Cu mtr) x
(Rs.1.6/litr)
=Rs.4,23,36,000/-
Total cost of construction of RWH tank for Complex =Rs 4,23,36,000/-

5.2.3 SAVINGS DUE TO RWHS

Cost of treated water saved Per annum @ Rs.3.5 / 1000 litr
Cost Savings due to rainwater harvesting = 2,43,29,400 x 3.5/1000 = Rs 85152.9/- per
annum
Considering floor to floor height as 3.2mt

5.2.4 OPERATING COST FOR ONE RWH TANK

The quantity of water is to be lifted = 10000 liter (max)
Time of pumping = 2 hrs.
So, Discharge = 10000/(1000x2x60x60) = 0.00138 m3/s
No. of storey = G + 7
The height of each story of building = 3.5m
Static head = 8 x 3.2 = 25.6
Losses due to friction,
F(friction) = 0.01, L(length of pipes) = 28x2 +25=81m,
q(quantity of water is to be lifted) = 0.00138, d(diameter of pipe) = 0.037m (1 ½ inch)
Hf = (0.01 x 105 x 0.001382) / ( 12.1 x 0.0375) = 2.39m.
Minor loss = 1/10 x 2.39= 0.239

Total head = static head + friction loss in suction + minor loss

= 81 + 2.39+0.239
= 83.629 m
Power of pump = (g x q x Hm)/ n ÷ 100
Assume efficiency = 70 %
Power of pump = (9.81 x 0.00138 x 83.62) / 0.7
 = 1.62 KW

H. P. required = 1.62 / 0.746

= 2.18H. P. (approximate)

TABLE 5.10 : OPERATING COST OF RWHS

KW per tank No of hrs No of days No of Cost per Total
per hr per day per year tanks KWh in OPERATING
Rs COST Rs
1.62 2 365 6 6 42,573.6/-

The Annual Maintenance Cost of RWH system is negligible and can be considered
in the same amount of operational cost of RWH .

The Annual Operating and Maintenance Cost of RWH is Rs 50,000/-

TABLE 5.11 : SUMMARY OF RWHS IN THE COMPLEX

Sr CAPACITY Area/RWHS NOS Total capacity

No

1 4,410 cu m/year 1,050 sq m 6 26,460 cu m /year

TABLE 5.12 : COST OF RWHS

SR CAPACITY NOS COST/PLANT TOTAL ANNUAL

NO LACS COST OF OPERATION &
6PLANTS MAINTENANCE
LACS COST/PLANT
LACS
1 4,410 cu m/year 6 38.24 229.44 0.5
5.2. MAINTENANCE OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

Quality of stored water

To prevent leaves and debris from entering the system, mesh filters should be
provided at the mouth of the drainpipe. Further, a first-flush device should be provided in
the conduit before it connects to the storage container.
If the stored water is to be used for drinking purposes, a sand filter should also be
provided. Methods to protect rainwater quality include appropriate system design, sound
operation and maintenance and use of first flush devices and treatment. Treatment is
mainly appropriate as a remedial action if contamination is expected. First flush devices
can be effective in reducing levels of contamination if properly maintained. Good system
design, operation and maintenance are generally the simplest and most effective means of
protecting water quality.
System design
The best initial step to protecting water quality is to ensure good system design. Water
quality will generally improve during storage provided sunlight and living organisms are
excluded from the tank and fresh inflows do not stir up any sediment. The design should
include
 Clean impervious roof made from smooth, clean non-toxic material. Over hanging
branches above the catchments surface should be removed.
 Taps or draw-off pipes on tanks should be at least five centimeters above the tank
floor (more if debris accumulation rates are high). A tank floor sloping towards
the sump can greatly aid tank cleaning as will a well-fitting access manhole.

 Wire or nylon mesh should cover all inlets to prevent any insects and other
creatures from entering the tank. The tank must be covered and all light excluded
to prevent growth of algae and other organisms. The grill at the terrace outlet for
rainwater arrests most of the debris carried by the water from the rooftop like
leaves, plastic bags and paper pieces.

 A coarse filter and/or foul flush device should be fitted to intercept water before it
enters the tank for removing leaves and other debris.
Operation and maintenance:
 Proper operation and maintenance of rainwater harvesting systems helps to
protect water quality in several ways. Regular inspection and cleaning of catchment,
gutters, filters and tanks reduce the likelihood of contamination. Proper Maintenance of
pumps will ensure longer life of the system.Water from other sources should not be
mixed with that in the tank.
Treatment:
Treatment of stored rainwater only makes sense if it is done properly and if
hygienic collection and use of the water will ensure it does not suffer from
recontamination. There are several types of treatment possible, the most common being
chlorination, boiling, filtration and exposure to ultraviolet or natural sunlight.

i) Chlorination: Chlorination is most appropriately used to treat rainwater if

contamination is suspected due to the rainwater being coloured or smelling bad. It should
only be done if the rainwater is the sole source of supply and the tank should first be
thoroughly inspected to try to ascertain the cause of any contamination.
Chlorination is done with stabilized bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite - CaOCl2)
which is a mixture of chlorine and lime. Chlorination can kill all types of bacteria and
make water safe for drinking purposes. About 1 gm (approximately 1/4 tea spoon) of
bleaching powder is sufficient to treat 200 litres of water.

ii) Chlorine tablets: Chlorine tablets are easily available in the market. One
tablet of 0.5 g is enough to disinfect 20 litres (a bucketful) of water.

iii) Boiling: Boiling is a very effective method of purification and very simple to
carry out. Boiling water for 10 to 20 minutes is enough to remove all biological
contaminants.

iv) Direct sunlight: This can also be used to kill many of the harmful bacteria in
water by exposing it in clear glass or plastic bottles for several hours. Although feasible
in some circumstances, the water must be clear, the weather fine and the water cooled
overnight before consumption.
FIG 5.6 : TERRACE FLOOR PLAN WITH ROOF TOP RWH PIPE & OHT LOCATION
5.3 WATER EFFICIENT PLUMBING SYSTEMS

5.3.1 LOW FLOW FAUCETS (LFF)

5.3.1.1 COSTS OF LOW FLOW FAUCETS

TABLE 5.13 : TOTAL COSTS OF LOW FLOW FAUCETS

Area Nos on each Nos of bldg Increase in Cost Total cost

floor of each *per piece over Rs
bldg conventional type
Kitchen Sink 11 18 800 158400
Washbasin 11 18 800 158400
Sink &wash B 1 24 800 19200
Bathroom 24 18 3500 1512000
mixer with
shower
Toilets & W/C 4 24 600 57600
Bunglow
Total Cost 19,05,600/-
*The rates are of water efficient plumbing systems of average cost values and not
very expensive ones for High income group or commercial purposes

Total cost of low flow faucets is Rs 19,05,600/-

5.3.1.2 SAVINGS DUE TO LOW FLOW FAUCETS

Calculation of Water savings Due to installation of Low Flow Faucets.

Population =12000 Souls
Per capita consumption /day = 135 lits pcd
Consumption of water for purposes other than flushing and gardening and washing
purposes = 85 lits pcd
Savings of replacing single with dual flush cisterns can generate average water savings of
30%.
Savings in water consumption pre annum in this complex will be
= 12000 x 85 x 365 x 0.3 = 11,16,90,000 lit /annum
Cost of water saved Per annum @ Rs.3.5 / 1000 litr = 11,16,90,000 x 3.5/1000 =
Rs.3,90,915/- per annum

Cost of water saved= Rs 3,90,915/-per annum

5.3.2 DUAL FLUSHING SYSTEM (DFS)

5.3.2.1 COSTING OF DFS

Total Costs of DFS’s over the conventional system

There are 24 nos of Dual Flushing Systems per floor for each building,
4 dual flushing system installed in Bunglow total no of DFS ‘s installed in complex
will be = (24x7x18)+(4x24)=3120 nos
There are 12 W/C on each floor of shopping mall and there are four floor in mall=
12x4=48nos
There fore total number of W/C’s in the complex are= 3120+48=3168 nos
Considering cost of each flush over the conventional type @ Rs.1500/-, we may conclude
3168x1500 =RS.47,52,000/-
Total Cost of DFS’s for entire complex will be 47,52,000/-

5.3.2.2 SAVINGS DUE TO DFS

Calculation of Water savings Due to installation of Dual Flushing System.

Population =12000 Souls
Per capita consumption /day = 135 lits pcd
Consumption of water for Flushing = 40 lits pcd
Savings of replacing single with dual flush cisterns can generate average water savings of
27%.
Savings in water consumption pre annum in this complex will be
= 12000x 40 x 365 x 0.27 = 4,73,04,000 lit /annum
Cost of treated water saved
Per annum @ Rs.3.5 / 1000 litr = 4,73,04,000 x 3.5/1000 = Rs.1,65,564/- per
annum
Cost of treated water saved due to DFS = Rs 1,65,564/- per annum

Cost savings due to reuse of SWRP treated water

Savings in water consumption pre annum in this complex by SWRP will be
= 12000 x 40 x 365 x (1-0.27) = 12,78,96,000 lit /annum
Cost of treated water saved
Per annum @ Rs.3.5 / 1000 litr = 12,78,96,000 x 3.5/1000 = Rs.4,47,636/- per
annum
Cost savings due to reuse of SWRP treated water = Rs.4,47,636/-
 BED Living
BED
Toilet
K T T K
B B Bath
LIVING LIVING Kitchen
Type A Type B

LIVING 123
K BED
LIVIN
K B
G
T
lif

T
B T
456 B
T
T B T
B B K
LIVIN
K G BED
LIVIN BED
G

FIG 5.7 : TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN WING A AND WING B ARE MIRROR IMAGES
5. B ENERGY CONSERVATION

5.4 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS (SPP)

As determined by surveying current market prices:
1. Inverters, the costs of an inverter is about Rs.15 per watt:
Costinverter = Rs. 15 per watt
Storage Capacity= 500 W
Lifeinverter = 8 years
2. Battery, the costs of a battery is about Rs.2.5 per watt:
Costbattery = Rs. 2.5 per watt
Storage Capacity= 2400 W
Lifebattery = 4 years
3. Solar Panel, the costs of a PV panel ( poly type) with installation cost is about
Rs.150 per watt:
CostPV panel = Rs. 150 per watt
LifePV panel = 24 years

 The cost of replacement of battery during the life of PV panels is taken into
consideration. The battery will be replaced 5 times after initial installation. If
the battery fails before four years the replacement will be done by the
complex’s welfare society with their own fund.
 The battery will be loaded to 75% of its maximum storage capacity.
Loading limit= 1800 W
 The cost of replacement of inverter is taken into consideration. The inverter
will be replaced 2 times after initial installation. If the inverter breakdown
before 8 years of life it is assumed that the replacement of inverter will be
done by the owner of the flats from his own finance.
 The battery is zero maintenance type.

Each flat can draw around 140 Watts per day of power from the solar system.
Drawing of Solar Panel gives the arrangement of Photovoltaic Panel at the roof of
the building and the number of panels that can accommodate at the terrace keeping
circulation area for cleaning purposes of panels and terrace for rain water
harvesting.
5.4.1 LIFE CYCLE COST OF SPP

TABLE: NUMBER OF PANELS, BATTERIES, INVERTERS AND LIFE CYCLE

COST OF REPLACEMENT OF BATTERIES.

Type of No of No of Cost / Watt 1st installation Total Cost

panel units per bldg in Rs + Replacement
bldg. nos in life of
Panel
Solar Panel
75W 393 18 130 - 6,89,71,500/-
100 W 216 18 - 5,05,44,000/-
75W b 15 24 150 40,50,000/-
100Wb 30 24 150 1,08,00,000/-
Battery 200 Am zero maintenance battery
1800 W 29 18 2.5 1+5=6 23,49,000/-
1800Wb 3 24 2.5 1+5=6 3,24,000/-
Inverter
500W 110 18 15 1+2=3 1,48,50,000/-
500Wb 9 24 15 1+2=3 16,20,000/-
Total cost of PANELS, INVERTER AND BATTERY for 24 years 21,89,56,500/-
span

Total cost of PANELS, INVERTERS AND BATTERIES for 24 years span

Rs 21,89,56,500/-
5.4.2 SAVINGS DUE TO SPP

ENERGY SAVINGS:
Total Watts Generated By Panels In The Entire Complex per day:
(75X393X18)+(75X15X24)+(100X216X18)+(100X30X24)
=10,18,350 W
Taking losses due to transmission as 20 % from battery to inverter and from
inverter to rooms
The effective energy realized in the houses is 8,14,680 W
CONSIDERING 100 DAYS OF RAINFALL IN A YEAR.
THEREFORE TOTAL KW GENERATED IN A YEAR = 814 X 265 = 2,15,710 KW
TABLE 5.15 RANGE OF PARAMETERS FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Sr No Parameter Units Residential

1 Range of area Sq m 0-200
2 Range of occupancy No of Person 2-10
3 Range of Overall energy KWh / month 50-250
consumption
4 Range of overall Specific energy Wh /sq m 300-800
consumption per person /person /month

5 Range of overall Specific energy KWh /sq m /month 1-3

consumption
M Siddhartha Bhatt, “Commercial and residential building energy labeling”, Journal of Science and
Industrial research, Vol 64, jan 2005, pg 30-34

Assuming this energy will be used by each flat for illuminating one T5 tube light
which consumes 30 W per hour for 4.6 hrs per day .

TABLE 5.16: TOTAL ENERGY SAVED IN KILO WATTS HOUR PER YEAR
two T5 per No of Power usage hour Days per Usage per
flat of two bldg consumed per day year year in
wings per hour KWh
154 18 30 W 4.6 365 139625
Five T5 per
 bunglow
5 24 30W 6 365 7884
Total Cost Of Energy Saved Per Year From The Complex Per Annum From The
Installation Of Solar Panels:
Considering current energy charges as Rs 6 /- per KW h
Savings per year from solar panel is = 380000 x 6
=22,80,000/-

5.4.3 CARBON EMMISSIONS SAVED CALCULATION

Electrical units saved per day = 8,14,680 W/day

Electrical units saved per year= 2,15,710 KWh/year

Gross calorific value of Indian coal = 4100

Transmission- distribution factor = 1.4
Heat rate at power plant = 3000 kcal / KWh
Amount of coal required = 2,15,710 x 3000 x 1.4
4100
= 220.97 Tonnes
Molecular weight of CO2 = 44
Molecular weight of carbon = 12
% of carbon in coal = 0.41

Amount of CO2 saved = 220.97 x 0.41 x 44

12
= 332.19 tonnes per year

5.4.4 MAINTENANCE:
There is no operational cost of Solar Panels and the annual maintenance cost is very
negligible which includes REGULAR cleaning of panels and cleaning the battery at
regular intervals. This can be adjusted in the amount of annual maintenance of Bio
methanation Plant and can be performed by the same gang of people.

5.5 SOLAR WATER HEATER (SWH)

Calculations:
Daily Consumption of hot water = 20 lpcd (According to World Health Organisation
requirement)
Population of one building = 602
Population of one Bunglow=20
Total requirement of hot water = 12440 lpd
Considering 75% of hot water is fulfilled by solar energy,
Requirement of hot water by solar energy = 9,330 lts
We shall provide solar water heater with 150 lpd capacity.
Hence we require 63 nos. of the SWH per bldg.
The solar panels are manufactured by Connect Associates Solar Solutions.

Technical Specifications
1 • Temperature achieved: 60° to 85°C
2 • Collector Box - ISI Standard aluminium channels
3 • Glazing - High Transmission Toughened Glass of 4mm thick
4 • Riser - Copper - Copper Tig welding Fin and Tubes with Solar selective coating
5 • Header - Copper Pipe
6 • Insulation - Resin Bounded Glass wool of 4 inch thickness
7 • Electrical Backup – incorporated
8 • Size – 1.2mt x 1.5 mt each
9 Capacity of tank – 150 litres

5.5.1 COST OF SWH

Cost of solar water heater = 210 Rs / litre (including the cost of Solar panel, Water
tank, installation)
Cost per Meter for plumbing including material and labour cost:- Rs 200/-

TABLE 5.17 : COSTING OF SWH

Item Capacity No of No of Cost / litre in Total Cost Rs

units per bldg. Rs
bldg
SWH 150 liters 63 18 210 3,57,21,000/-
(Building)
SWH 150liters 1 6 210 1,89,000/-
(Bunglow)
Item No of Length No of Cost / mtr in Total Cost Rs
points per point bldg. Rs
per bldg In mtrs
Plumbing 11 52 18 200 20,59,200/-
Bunglow 1 5 24 200 24,000/-
Total Cost of Solar Water Heater + Plumbing 3,79,93,200/-
*Length = ((3.2x8) + (3.2x8)) = 51.2mtrs (Adding extra 100 % for bends)
Cost of Solar Water Heater for Entire Complex =3,79,93,200/-Rs

5.5.2 SAVINGS DUE TO SWH

Heat capacity of water = 4.18kJ / per degree rise in temperature

Heat energy required to rise water temperature to desired level every day from 30 degree
C to 50 degree C:
= 4.18 x 150 x (500-300)
= 12,540 kJ
Also we know that 1Wh = 3600J
Electrical units required per day 12,540 kJ
3600 J
= 3.48 KWh
 TABLE 5.18 : SAVINGS COMPARISON OF NORMAL & SOLAR HEATER

Type/Specifications Normal water

Solar Water Heater
Heater
Numbers Provided in the 1140 1140
complex of 150 litres capacity
Hours /Year Used (4 hrs per 16,64,400 25% by
day) hrs/annum conventional=4,16,100hrs/annum
75% by solar heat =12,48,300
hrs /annum
Power Consumption Per Hour 3.5 0
(KWh)
Total Power Consumption KWh 58,25,400 14,56,350
Carbon Emissions 12,394 3,098.5
(Tonnes/Year)
Savings in power in K W h --- 43,69,050/annum
Cost savings per annum @ Rs ------ Rs.2,62,14,300/annum
6/unit
FIG 5.8 : SOLAR PANEL PLAN ( GREEN ROOF)
5.5.3 CARBON EMMISSIONS SAVED CALCULATION

Electrical units saved per year = 58,25,400 KWh/year

Gross calorific value of Indian coal = 4100
Transmission- distribution factor = 1.4
Heat rate at power plant = 3000 kcal / KWh
Amount of coal required = 58,25,400x 3000 x 1.4
4100
= 5967482.92Tonnes
Molecular weight of CO2 = 44
Molecular weight of carbon = 12
% of carbon in coal = 0.41

Amount of CO2 saved = 5967482.92 x 0.41 x 44

12
=89,71,116tonnes per year

Power consumption saved by use of solar heaters in place of conventional heaters

=43,69,050KW h/annum
Carbon emissions prevented by use of solar heaters in place of conventional heaters
= 12,394 tonnes/year

SAVINGS PER YEAR DUE TO SOLAR WATER HEATER

= Rs.2,62,14,300/annum

5.5.4 MAINTENANCE:
Once a system is in place, it has to be properly maintained to optimize its performance
and avoid breakdowns. Most domestic solar water heaters do not require a lot of
maintenance as there is no moving parts in it. The only maintenance needed is cleaning of
the glass once a month for best results. Occasional leakages in the plumbing could be
easily repaired by common plumbers. In case, quality of water is hard, scale deposition in
the collectors may result over the years. This may require de scaling with acids for which
it is best to contact the suppliers. If outside exposed surfaces are painted, the paint may
have to be reducing every 2-3 years to prevent corrosion of the surfaces.
In the absence of moving parts, small maintenance can lead to good performances
and less breakdowns in solar heating systems.
The above cost can be adjusted in the amount of annual maintenance of Bio
methanation Plant and can be performed by the same gang of people.

5.6 WHITE LED BASED SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEMS (SSLS)

5.6.1 COST OF LED SSLS

TABLE 5.19: NUMBER OF PANELS, BATTERIES, LED LAMPS AND LIFE

CYCLE COST OF REPLACEMENT OF BATTERIES.

Type of pole No of poles Cost / per pole with the Replacement Total Cost
light in the installation over and above nos in life of
complex the traditional pole Rs Panel
SOLAR STREET LIGHT WITH 30Wp Module, 12V 20Ah Tubular Battery, 8 LED
Luminary, DUSK TO DAWN OPERATION (8 hrs)
Single 109 15,000/- - 16.35.000/-
Double 136 23,000/- - 31,28,000/-
Battery 20 Ah 12V
109+136x2 5000/- 4 76,20,000/-
LED LAMP
30 W 109+136x2 9000/- 4 34,29,000/-
Total cost of PANELS, LED LAMP AND BATTERY for 25 years span 1,58,12,000/-

Total cost of PANELS, LED AND BATTERIES for 25 years span Rs 1,58,12,000/-
Since the battery can store energy for three days there is no percentage of back up
provided by conventional electrical energy
FIG 5.9 SECTION OF SOLAR STREET LIGHT
5.6.2 SAVINGS DUE TO SSLS

TABLE 5.20 : COMPARISON OF SOLAR STREET LIGHT AND CONVENTIONAL STREET

FACTORS Solar LED Street Lights General Street Lights
Power Consumption 35W provided by solar panel 100W
Life Span 50000 hours up 1000 to 5000 hour
Usage hours per day 12 hrs 12 hrs
Usage hour per year 4380 hrs 4380 hrs
Power saved in KWh 4380x100= 4,38,000units -
per year
SAVINGS IN Rs for 26,28,000/- -
energy annual
( Rs 6/- per KWh)
Replacement times. 4 14
SAVINGS IN Rs for (109+136x2) x 10x100=15,240/- -
replacement of Lamp. 25
(Rs 100/- per lamp)
annual
Total Savings annual Rs 26,43,240/- NIL

5.6.3 CARBON EMMISSIONS SAVED CALCULATION

Electrical units saved per year = 4, 38,000 KWh/year
Gross calorific value of Indian coal = 4100
Transmission- distribution factor = 1.4
Heat rate at power plant = 3000 kcal / KWh
Amount of coal required = 4, 38,000 x 3000 x 1.4
4100
= 448.68 Tonnes
Molecular weight of CO2 = 44
Molecular weight of carbon = 12
% of carbon in coal = 0.41
Amount of CO2 saved = 448.68 x 0.41 x 44
12
=675 tonnes per year

5.6.4 MAINTENANCE:
There is no operational cost of Solar Panels and the annual maintenance cost is very
negligible which includes REGULAR cleaning of panels and cleaning the battery at
regular intervals. This can be adjusted in the amount of annual maintenance of Bio
methanation Plant and can be performed by the same gang of people.
LED lights require no regular maintenance further increasing savings on
replacement bulbs, access equipment and labour costs. Conventional sodium HP or metal
halide lamps have a life span of around one to one and half year requiring at least annual
replacement and maintenance.

5.7 ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTINGS

5.7.1 CFL Instead of Incandescent Bulbs
CFL’s are replacing incandescent bulbs in W/C’s, bathrooms and Passages.
Considering 11 floors to cater for terrace and stilt parking.

5.7.1.1 COST OF CFL

TABLE 5.21 : COST OF CFL
Area NOS of Nos of Total Nos Cost per piece Total Cost
points bldg of points over & bove
per floor in complex incandescent
bulbs Rs
W/C& Bath 9(bng) 5 1X24 120 120/- 14,400/-
W/C’s and Bath’s 24 3024 3,62,880/-
PASSAGES 6 7X18 756 120/- 90,720/-
Passages in flats 9 1134 1,36,080/-
TOTAL COST OF CFL IN COMPLEX 6,04,080/-

Total Cost Of CFL’s In Complex Rs 6,04,080/-

5.7.1.2 SAVINGS DUE TO CFL

 TABLE 5.22 : SAVINGS DUE TO CFL’S

Description Incandescent Bulbs CFL

Wattage (W) 60 15
Cost Per Unit (Rs) 10 120
Life span 1000 hrs 11000 hrs
No. Of Lights used In The Complex
W/C and Bath 3024 bulbs @ 4 Hrs/day
PASSAGE 756bulbs @ 12 Hrs / day
Passages in flat 1134 bulbs @ 4 Hrs/day
Total Usage hrs /annum 25704 hrs/year
Power Consumed 15,42,240 KWh/year 3,85,560 KWh/year
Cost of Energy saved per annum @ Rs.6/ --- Rs.69,40,080/-
unit
Cost of replacement of incandescent bulbs @ No of times Total bulbs
10 Rs per bulb replacement
1 3024 Rs 30,240/-
4 756 Rs 30,240/-
1 1134 Rs 11,340/-
Total annual Savings Rs 70,11,900/-

TOTAL savings due to replacement of Incandescent bulb by CFL = Rs 70,11,900/-

5.7.1.3 CARBON EMMISSIONS SAVED CALCULATION

Electrical units saved per year = 14,32,917 KWh/year

Gross calorific value of Indian coal = 4100
Transmission- distribution factor = 1.4
Heat rate at power plant = 3000 kcal / KWh

Amount of coal required = 11,56,680 x 3000 x 1.4

4100
= 1184.87 Tonnes
Molecular weight of CO2 = 44
Molecular weight of carbon = 12
% of carbon in coal = 0.41
 Amount of CO2 saved = 1184.87 x 0.41 x 44
12
=1,781.25 tonnes per year

5.7.2 T5 Instead of Incandescent Tube

T5 are replacing incandescent tube in living room, bedroom, kitchen, lift and passages

Considering 11 floors to cater for terrace and stilt parking.

5.7.2.1 COST OF T5

TABLE 5.23 : COST OF T5

Area NOS of Nos of Total Nos Cost per piece Total Cost
points bldg of points over & bove
per floor in complex incandescent
bulbs Rs
Living room 22 7X18 2772 9,70,200/-
Bedroom 21 2646 9,26,100/-
Kitchen 11 1386 4,85,100/-
Living bunglow 2 48 16,800/-
350
Bed bunglow 9 216 75,600/-
Kitchen bunglow 1 24 8,400/-
Varanda bunglow 2 1X24 48 16,800/-
Lift 4 18 72 25,200/-
TOTAL COST OF T5 IN COMPLEX 25,24,200/-

Total Cost of T5 In Complex Rs 25,24,200/-

5.7.2.2 SAVINGS DUE TO T5

TABLE 5.24: SAVINGS DUE TO T5

Description T-12 TL 40 watt regular T-5 TL 40 watt

Ultra-slim CFL
Wattage (W) 55 31
Tube + choke (40 +15) (28+3)
Light Output(lumen) 2,450 2,900
Cost Per Unit (Rs) 45 350
Life span 5000 hrs 20,000 hrs
No. Of Lights used In The Complex
Living room 2820 @ 8 Hrs/day
Bedroom 2862@ 6 Hrs/day
Kitchen 1410@ 4 Hrs/day
Lift 72 @ 24 Hrs/day
Total Usage hrs /annum 47100 hrs/year
Power Consumed 25,90,500KWh/year 14,60,100 KWh/year
Cost of Energy saved per annum @ --- Rs.67,82,400/-
Rs.6/ unit
Cost of replacement of incandescent No of times Total tubes
bulbs @ 45 Rs per tube replacement
1 60 Rs 2,700/-
Total annual Savings Rs 54,89,964/-

TOTAL savings due to replacement of Incandescent tube by T5 = Rs 54,89,964/-

5.7.2.3 CARBON EMMISSIONS SAVED CALCULATION

Electrical units saved per year = 9, 14,544 KWh/year

Gross calorific value of Indian coal = 4100
Transmission- distribution factor = 1.4
Heat rate at power plant = 3000 kcal / KWh

Amount of coal required = 9,14,544 x 3000 x 1.4

4100
= 936.849 Tonnes
Molecular weight of CO2 = 44
Molecular weight of carbon = 12
% of carbon in coal = 0.41

Amount of CO2 saved = 936.849 x 0.41 x 44

 12
=1408 tonnes per year

5.8 ENERGY EFFICIENT MATERIAL:

5.8.1 AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE (AAC)

Size: 625mm x 250 mm x 200mm

5.8.1.1 COST OF AAC

TABLE 5.25 : COST OF AAC

Brickwork External Wall AAC External wall
Thickness mm 230 200
Size mm 190 x 90 650 x 250
Nos per sq meter 58 approximately 6 approximately
Cost per unit Rs 4.5 135
Total quantity required (1036x3.5) x 7x18=4,56,876 Sq mt
in complex
Total quantity reqd 1,42,34,766 unit 14,72,562 unit
Total cost Rs 6,40,56,447/- 19,87,95,870/-
Extra Cost over and Nil 13,47,39,423/-
above brickwork Rs
Cost of Auto Claved Aerated Concrete is Rs 13, 47, 39,423/-

5.8.1.2 SAVINGS DUE TO AAC

TABLE 5.26: ENERGY PERFORMANCE DUE TO ENERGY EFFICIENT

BUILDING ENVELOPE
Area Conventional Building Green Building
External Walls 230 mm brickwork plastered on Cement plaster on both sides and
both sides 200 mm AAC block

Roof 150 mm concrete slab + 100 mm 150 mm concrete slab + 65 mm

brick coba + roof tile finish vermiculite + 100 mm brick coba
+ roof tile finish
Glass Single clear 6mm glass Double glazed low emissivity
glass
Average 605 593
Energy used
per annum
KWh/ sq mt
Results of The TERI analysis at Fotris Hospital Delhi

Assumption:
Assuming that out of the total KWh/sq mt saved in the above hospital from
conventional one, 40 % is saved by External Wall.
There fore total units saved by wall in KWh/ sq mt annually will be = (605-593)x 0.4
= 4.8 units

TABLE 5.27: SAVINGS DUE TO REDUCTION IN HEATING AND COOLING

LOADS
Annual energy Total built up area of Total KWh saved Total amount saved
saving complex annually annually @ Rs 6 Per
KWh
4.8 KWh/ sq mt 381.76x2x10x30= 10,99,469 units 65,96,814/-
2,29,056Sq mt

Annual Heating and Cooling load reduction is Rs 65,96,814/-

5.8.1.3 CARBON EMMISSIONS SAVED CALCULATION
TABLE 5.28: DUE TO EMBODIED ENERGY
Parameter Brickwork AAC Block work
Density Kg/ m3 2000 650
Energy consumption for 900 250
production in KWh/ m3
Total m3 of material in the 56449 49086
complex
Energy required for production 5,08,04,100 1,22,71,500
KWh/ m3
Energy Saved KWh 3,85,32,600

Energy saved due to embodied energy of material ( one time saving)

Electrical units saved = 3,85,32,600 KWh
Gross calorific value of Indian coal = 4100
Transmission- distribution factor = 1.4
Heat rate at power plant = 3000 kcal / KWh

Amount of coal required = 3,85,32,600 x 3000 x 1.4

4100
= 39,472.42 Tonnes
Molecular weight of CO2 = 44
Molecular weight of carbon = 12
% of carbon in coal = 0.41

Amount of CO2 saved = 39,472.42 x 0.41 x 44

12
=59340 tonnes one time saving.

Due to Annual Heating Cooling Load savings

Electrical units saved per year = 10, 99,469 KWh/year
Gross calorific value of Indian coal = 4100
Transmission- distribution factor = 1.4
Heat rate at power plant = 3000 kcal / KWh

Amount of coal required = 10,99,469 x 3000 x 1.4

4100
= 1126.28 Tonnes
Molecular weight of CO2 = 44
Molecular weight of carbon = 12
% of carbon in coal = 0.41
Amount of CO2 saved = 1126.28 x 0.41 x 44
12
=1693 tonnes per year

5.9 BIOMETHANATION PLANT (BMP)

Composition of the Market Waste

The major components of wastes generated include vegetable wastes

(21%), fruit wastes (15%), flower wastes (10%), banana stem and related
materials (38%) and packing materials (hay, straw, paper, etc. 16%). Materials
in the form of stones, plastics, wood etc were present in less than 1% of the
waste quantity.

Characteristics of the Waste

Depending upon season, there are large fluctuations in the quantity and
nature of waste generated daily from the market. The total solids and volatile
solids content are 25% and 73.7% respectively. The moisture content is 75%
and these parameters were analyzed as per Standard methods for the
examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition, A P H A , AWWA and
WEF Washington, DC 1 9 9 8 .

TABLE 5.29: EXPECTED PERFORMANCE OF BIO METHANATION PLANT

( BARC)

Sr. Description Designed Parameters Average Performance

No Expected
1. Throughput capacity 3.75 tonnes per day 3.75 tonnes per day
2. Total & Volatile Solids Content
Total Solids 25 % - 0.94 TPD 8-10 % - 0.34 TPD
Volatile Solids 74 % - 0.70 TPD 70-75 % - 0.25 TPD
3. Average Gas Production 308 cu mt/day 135 cu mt/day
4. Specific Gas Production 0.44 m3/ kg VS fed 0.53-0.55 m3 / kg VS fed
 5. Specific Power Generation 2.0-2.1 KWh/ m3 of biogas 1.5-2.0 KWh/ m3 of biogas
6. Power which can be Generated 632 KW h/d 237 KW h/d

However the overall efficiency of the biogas yield depends on biodegradable

nature of constituents present in the waste. On the whole the overall plant performance
should be consistent with respect to specific gas production and specific energy
generation.

5.9.1 COST OF BMP

Project Cost Estimation

The Installation and maintenance costs of Bio-methanation plants of various capacities
are as stated in table. The life of the plant could be 20 to 30 years.

TABLE 5.30 : CAPITAL COST, ANNUAL MAINTENANCE AND OPERATING

COST
Capacity Approximate Annual maintenance Area required
TPD installation cost* and running cost** (M2)
(Rs. In Lakhs) (Rs. in Lakhs)
1 7-8 2.8 200
2 12-13 3.3 200
3 16-17 3.8 300
4 20-21 4.2 300
5 25-26 4.6 600
10 90-100 12.5 1200
25* 240-250 30 3000
50* 550-600 47 6000
*This is an approximate cost for biogas generation plant and may increase by 10-20%
depending upon location, site specific parameters, cost of materials, labor cost etc in
 different states/cities. Cost of additional infrastructure like office space, toilets, security
and power generation will be extra, if required.

TABLE 5.31: DESIGN AND COSTING OF BMP

Capacity Approximate Annual maintenance Area required

TPD installation cost* and running cost** (M2)
(Rs. In Lakhs) (Rs. in Lakhs)
3.75 19 4.0 300

5.9.2 SAVINGS DUE TO BMP

Total no. of buildings = 30

No. of floors per building = 10
No. of wings per building =2
Average no. of occupants per floor = 35
According to BMC standards
Biodegradable waste for 4 people / day = 0.5 kg
Biodegradable waste from buildings =30 X 10 X 2 X 35 X 0.125
= 2625 kg
Considering 2 restaurant and 1 vegetable market (400Kgx2+325Kg)
Biodegradable waste = 1125 kg
Total biodegradable = Building + Restaurants +Vegetable Market
=2625 + 1125
= 3750kg
Total biodegradable waste = 3 .75 tones/day.
Average Gas production = 135 cu mt /day. ( Sr no 3 )
Power which can be generated = 237 kwh/day ( Sr no 6 )
ENERGY SAVED /day =237 units / day
ENERGY SAVED PER YEAR 86,505 KWh
Cost of electricity per unit =Rs. 6
Savings per day =237 X 6
= Rs. 1422/-
Yearly savings = 1422 X 365
= Rs. 5,19,030/-

Annual Savings due to Bio methanation Plant is Rs 5,19,030/-

5.9.3 CARBON EMMISSIONS SAVED CALCULATION

Savings in electrical units = 237 units / day

Amount of coal saved = 237 X 3000 X 1.4
4100
= 243 kg /day
Heat rate at power plant = 3000 kcal / kwhr
Gross calorific value of Indian coal = 4100
Transmission- distribution factor = 1.4
Amount of CO2 saved = 243 X44 X 0.41
12
= 0.36 tonne /day
Molecular weight of CO2 = 44
Molecular weight of carbon = 12
% of carbon in coal = 0.41
Amount of CO2 saved annually = 0.36 X 365
= 133 tonnes/year
 CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY OF DESIGN AND COSTING

6.1 DESIGN FINDINGS:

The design of the complex includes the design of green features for water savings
like Sewage water reclamation plant and Rain water harvesting system. Since it is a mass
housing project the capacity of both the units are high and the area required is more.
 Further since the units are related to water treatment, criteria’s are more sensitive with
respect to the maintenance, cleaning and the treatment of the water.
The design units require a large land area but the good news is both the units can
work satisfactorily below the ground level. There fore if land constraints are there it can
be resolved by designing the units below ground level.
Below is the summary of the green units designed and installed in the complex.

TABLE 6.1 DESIGN SUMMARY OF GREEN FEATURES IN THE COMPLEX

Sr Green CAPACITY Area/unit NOS Total capacity

No Feature

1 SWRP 350 cumt/year 457.5 sq mt 6 2100cumt/year

2 RWHS 4,41,0 cumt/year 1050 sq mt 6 26,460 cumt/year

The complex also has a bio methanation Plant not designed in the project but provided
for with the design results of the expertise in the field. The summary is as below.

TABLE 6.2 : SUMMARY OF DESIGN OF BMP

Capacity Area required

TPD (M2)
3.75 300
Further to add that BMP requires raw water for its working and to maintain the moisture
the bio organisms. This can be provided by the SWRP and there fore there will be no
wastage of potable water provided by the BMC.

6.2 COST FINDINGS

The cost contribution of each Green Feature along with its cost saving is
tabulated below. During the study it is observed that maximum cost of Green design is for
Solar Photovoltaic Panels followed by Sewage Water Reclamation Plant and Rain Water
Harvesting System.

The annual operating and maintenance cost is maximum for sewage water reclamation
plant followed by the bio methanation plant.

Further as regard cost saving it is observed use of Solar Water Heater contributes
maximum saving followed by CFL and Auto Clave Aerated Concrete.

The time of capital recovery is highest for Rain Water Harvesting System followed by
Solar Photovoltaic Panels and Sewage Water Reclamation Plant.

The Total capital cost of the green features is 60.18 crores i.e almost 60.2 crores. The
total annual operating and maintenance cost is 3.5 lacs and the total annual savings is
7.62 crores.
The time of Capital Recovery of All the Green Features is 8.8 years.

TABLE 6.3: CAPITAL COST ANALYSIS OF GREEN FEATURES

Sr No Green Feature Total Cost Rs Total Built up area Cost in Rs

in Sq ft of complex / sq ft
Water Savings
1 Sewage Water Reclamation 18,00,000 units
5,40,00,000/- 30
Plant SWRP
2 Rain Water Harvesting 22,94,000/- 1.27
System RWHS
3 Low Flow Faucets LFF 19,05,600/- 1.05
4 Dual Flushing System.
47, 52,000/- 2.64
DFF
Energy Savings
1 Solar Photovoltaic Panels
21,89,56,500/- 121.64
(Life Cycle Costing) SPP
2 Solar Water Heater SWH 3,79,93,200/- 21.10
3 Solar Street Light (Life
1,58,12,000/- 8.78
Cycle Costing) SSL
4 Energy Efficient Lightings 18,00,000units
6,04,080/- 0.33
CFL
5 Energy Efficient Lightings
25,24,200/- 1.40
T5
6 Energy Efficient Material
13,47,39,423/- 74.85
AAC
7 Bio methanation Plant
19,00,000/- 1.055
BMP
264.11
Total Cost in Rs per Sq ft for Green Features
 FIG 6.1 GREEN FEATURES COST IN Rs PER SQ FT OF BUILT UP AREA

TABLE 6.4: ANNUAL OPERATION & MAINTENANCE COST OF GREEN

FEATURES

Sr No Green Feature Total Cost Rs

Water Savings
1 Sewage Water Reclamation Plant 20,00,000/-
2 Rain Water Harvesting System 1,00,000/-
Energy Savings
3 Solar Photovoltaic Panels
4 Solar Water Heater 4,00,000/-
5 Solar Street Light
6 Bio methanation Plant

TABLE 6.5: PAYBACK PERIOD OF THE GREEN FREATURES

Capital Cost Difference in Time of

Annual
Sr Green Rs Annual Annual O/M Capital
O/M Cost
No Feature Savings and Annual Recovery in
Rs
(A) Savings Rs (B) Years (A÷B)

1 SWRP 5,40,00,000/- 20,0000/- 18,16,605/- 16,16,605/- 33.4

2 RWHS 22,94,0000/- 50000/- 85,152/- 35,152/- 269.40

4.87
3 LFF 19,05,600/- 3,90,915/- 3,90,915/-
NIL
10.61
4 DFS 47,52,000/- 4,47,636/- 4,47,636/-
NIL
 96.03
5 SPP 2189,56,500/- 22,80,000/- 22,80,000/-
NIL
1.44
6 SWH 3,79,93,200/- 2,62,14,000/- 2,62,14,000/-
NIL
5.98
7 SSLS 1,58,12,000/- 26,43,240/- 26,43,240/-
NIL
8 CFL 6,04,080/- 70,11,900/- 70,11,900/- 0.086
NIL
9 T5 25,24,200/- 54,89,964/- 54,89,964/- 0.45
NIL
10 AAC 13,47,39,423/- 65,96,814/- 65,96,814/- 20.42
NIL
11 BMP 19,00,000/- 100000/- 5,19,030/- 4,19,030 4.53

Y
E
A
R
S 202

TABLE 6.6: CUMULATIVE PAYBACK FOR ALL GREEN FEATURES FOR THE
COMPLEX
FIG 6.2: GREEN FEATURES CAPITAL RECOVERY TIME

Time of
Total Capital
Total Capital Difference in Recovery in
Total Annual Total Annual
Cost Lacs Annual O/M Years for all
O/M Cost Lacs Savings Lacs
(A) and Annual the green
Savings Rs (B) features
(A÷B)

6018.94 3.5 762.75 737.75 8.88years

TABLE 6.7: ENERGY AND CARBON EMMISSIONS SAVED PER YEAR

Carbon Emissions Percentage Percentage

KWh of
Sr Savings in Savings in
Green Features Energy Saved Saved Annually in
No Energy Carbon
per year
Tonnes Emission
1 Solar Photovoltaic
1,84,440 284 1.511 1.51129
Panels
2 Solar Water Heater 80,48,250 12,394 65.94 65.946
3 Solar Street Light 4, 38,000 675 3.591 3.588
4 Energy Efficient
14,32,917 2,207 11.743 11.741
Lightings CFL
5 Energy Efficient
9, 14,544 1,408 7.491 7.493
Lightings T5
6 Energy Efficient 10,99,469 1,693 9.0 9.0
Material 3,85,32,600
due 59,340 one time
AAC embodied saving
energy
7 Bio methanation
86,505 133 0.707 0.707
Plant
TOTAL OF ENERGY
AND CARBON 1,22,04,125
18,794 tonnes 100% 100%
EMMISSIONS SAVED units
PER YEAR
 FIG 6.3: PERCENTAGE ENERGY SAVINGS FROM GREEN FEATURES

FIG 6.4: PERCENTAGE CARBON EMISSION SAVINGS FROM GREEN FEATURES

TABLE 6.8: WATER SAVED PER YEAR FROM THE COMPLEX

Sr Green Feature Total Water Percentage

No Saved Annually
Million litres Savings
1 Sewage Water
Reclamation Plant 300.46 49.812
SWRP
2 Rain Water Harvesting 24.487
System RWHS 4.0596

3 Low Flow Faucets LFF 195.457 32.404

4 Dual Flushing System.
82.782 13.724
DFF
Total Savings in Million
603.186 100%
Litres per year

FIG 6.5: WATER SAVED FROM GREEN FEATURES

TABLE 6.9: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES
(SOLAR ENERGY+BIOMASS ENERGY)

Energy Total no of Total energy Total energy Total annual Sustainable

Consumption flats in consumption consumption renewable percentage of the
in KWh complex in the in the energy total demand of
/month/ flat complex complex generated in 200
KWh/month KWh/year the complex KWh/flat/month
KWh/year

200 3,600 7,20,000 86,40,000 83,19,195 96.28

TABLE 6.10: SUSTAINABLE WATER FROM RAIN WATER SOURCES

Water Total no of Total water Total annual Sustainable

Consumption persons in consumption in the renewable water percentage
in lit /per/ day complex complex in generated in the of the total
(Drinking & ML/year complex demand for
cooking) (Drinking & ML /year (Drinking
cooking) & cooking)
in dry 215 days of
year

10 21,000 45.15 24.487 54.23 %

 CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1: CONCLUSIONS:

Water crises and Energy crises is making Green Building Approach design
the need of the hour. Green Houses Gas emissions and Global Warming further
adds to the need.
Implementing Green building design principles on a mass housing project
will help in the savings of water and energy on a large amount and thus helping the
nation and country , common man out of constraints of energy and water cutoffs.

1. As per the results of the design of mass housing complex on green design
criteria basis it is observed that the total cost of all the green features on per
square feet area loading is only Rs 265/- which is an affordable one for
builders and developers at least when it is compared to the market selling
price of the houses which is around Rs 4000/- per square feet area as the
lowest cost in the outskirts of Mumbai.
2. Further the complex will pay back this cost is around 8.88 year after which
all the savings will emerge as profit for the complex. Green building designs
 is a long term investment where the financial benefits will be realized after a
deferred period of 8.2 years.
3. Apart from the savings the complex is also providing sustainable water
throughout the year for 54 percent of drinking and cooking water
requirement from rain water harvested in the complex. Also a sustainable
energy throughout the year will provide for a minimum of 200 KWhr per
flat in all the flats of the complex by sustainable energy through biomass and
solar energy.
4. The complex will also be generating almost zero amount of waste water to
be treated by Municipal Corporation therefore reducing the load on the
treatment plant.
5. All the organic waste generated from the complex will be converted to bio
methane gas there by reducing the Municipal Solid Waste Generated from
the complex.
6. The complex with the green features can be proposed for LEED
CERTIFICATION and is expected to achieve a minimum of LEED
SILVER RATING.
7. The complex will be reducing Green House Gas emissions by 18,794 tonnes
per year and can also claim for CARBON CREDITS.

7.2 DISCUSSIONS

THE BARRIERS TO GREEN BUILDING DESIGN AND MPLEMENTATION

Despite considerable knowledge related to the techniques and technologies

required to implement green residential projects, numerous barriers, real and perceived,
regulatory and non regulatory, have slowed the pace at which green residential building is
becoming standard practice.
 Availability addresses the availability of current technology to satisfactorily meet
desired green building standards. Certain barriers limit the availability of higher
performance green building components in the market. For example, there is an absence
of high efficiency hot water tanks. As well, certain products are designed for the average
Indian dwelling. This means that builders and developers cannot use the most energy
efficient or environmentally low impact products for their specific region or climate.
Local capacity to design and construct certain green building products, such as
photovoltaic systems, is also lacking in the nation

Accessibility refers to the ability of the market to respond to the improvements required
for green building products/systems/standards for residential buildings without undue
supply constraints or other limitations. Having a sufficient number of market
actors/players (manufacturers, distributors, manufacturers, installers/contractors) with
expertise or interest in green residential construction is one part of the challenge. The
other is having a construction industry willing to adopt new practices and a regulatory
industry able to accept new practices and technologies. Builders and developers generally
prefer to repeat past successes rather than assume the risk of innovation and are reluctant,
therefore, to adopt new practices such as advanced framing or air-tight construction or to
attempt to meet green standards. Furthermore, our legal and administrative institutions
have created regulatory barriers, such as building codes and planning, zoning and health
regulations that can hamper green building by impeding the easy adoption of
technological innovations and new land-use patterns by key actors. For example, an
absence of green building equivalencies in building codes perpetuates the use of
conventional construction materials, since proving compliance can be onerous and costly.
Zoning bylaws can also thwart such green planning practices as increased density, by
restricting secondary suites, infill development, and the number and location of private
entrances.

Awareness refers to the industry actors’ knowledge of the relevant green building
technologies, products and practices. The lack of education, training and technical
expertise within the building industry and within relevant municipal departments can
slow use of green building technologies and the adoption of green building standards,
making building green more difficult, time-consuming and costly.

•A lack of training and education in green design and construction;

• A lack of technical understanding of green building materials, methods and systems
among building industry members—designers, developers, contractors and inspectors;
• Poorly accessible information on green products and building systems;
• A lack of information on performance and cost attributes of building elements, which
can force projects to depend on specialized consultants;
• A lack of understanding of the interactions between the many green building standards;
• A lack of product information such that designers and builders risk costly call-backs to
remedy green products that may not perform as intended;
• Traditional project design/delivery processes that discourage integration, keeping each
project phase working in isolation, with different project goals and separate budgets;
• Longer up-front planning/design time requirements;
• Delays and greater cost to obtain green equivalencies or project approvals; and
• A lack of experience in the building trade and/or the absence of data on given green
technologies and innovative practices, leading to a perception of undue risk.

Affordability addresses the financial barriers related to technologies and processes

required to build green. Affordability can be defined on a first cost and a life-cycle cost
basis. For example, although green buildings can be less expensive to build and operate,
higher capital costs, including the additional costs of design, analysis, engineering,
energy modeling, commissioning, etc., can act as deterrents to building green. The
tendency of the development community to base decisions on a first cost basis rather than
through life-cycle costing poses a significant barrier to the adoption of higher
performance components. This is particularly evident in the residential sector, where
building builders/developers do not intend to retain ownership of the property beyond
completion.

Other affordability barriers include:

• Service fee structures do not account for the recovery of long-term savings. Additional
costs for green building incurred by developers cannot be easily passed on to owners.
• A lack of incentives for builders and designers means that they do not profit directly
from a building’s operational cost savings, environmental performance or worker
productivity.
• Integration among incentive programs (e.g., rebates, loans, technical assistance) is
lacking, and confusing application procedures exist.
• Certain bylaws (e.g., development cost charges that fail to consider a green building’s
lower environmental impact) make green technology and innovations less competitive.
• Costs associated with obtaining green standards such as LEED or Built Green can be a
disincentive to certification.
• The process of applying for building code equivalencies can cost in both time and
money.
• Financing decisions are generally made for the short-to-medium term, an obstacle for
green buildings, which may not realize economic gains within this timeframe.
• Property values and appraisers have also been slow to recognize the value in green
features.
• Hidden subsidies to automobile infrastructure and distorted perceptions of the feasibility
of car travel in more populated regions promote the residential housing status quo.

Acceptance refers to the acceptance of the green building materials, practices and
standards as the norm by both the supply- and demand-side actors. On the supply side,
although various ministries of government are involved in residential housing
development in one form or another, no ministry has set specific policies, standards, or
targets to encourage or regulate green residential building. The financial and insurance
sectors have also been slow to accept green buildings in terms of valuing social and
environmental benefits or performance and recognizing long-term potential for economic
gain. These risk-adverse industries continue to demonstrate a general preference for
financing and insuring traditional building projects rather than those using
new and innovative green technologies.
Although interest in green building on the part of developers and homebuyers is growing,
market demand is still small. Barriers to wider acceptance also include:

• Consumer preferences for low-density detached single-family homes with private yards;
• A “not in my back yard” (NIMBY) position to mixed use and higher density;
• Vested interests of developers with large tracts of land on the urban periphery;
• Pressure placed on municipal councils by the development industry to approve
developments on a site-by-site basis;
• A perception among individuals and the building trade that green buildings are more
expensive to build;
• A lack of appreciation by homebuyers of the long-term cost savings and associated
benefits of green building practices;
• A lack of public and industry education around green building;
• The absence of a one-stop source for green products, technical information, and best
practices for the building trade; and
• A misperception that environmental protection and land development are incompatible.

7.3 STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GB REVOLUTION

A national vision and shared goals for green residential construction are likely to
evolve around a wide-scale realization of the benefits from green building needs to be
discussed. Targets could be linked to these benefits, and strategies to achieve these targets
could be focused on removing barriers to green buildings. However, reaching this stage,
the initial step of establishing a national vision for green building, will require the
coordinated efforts of various agencies of government, media and NGOs.

A vision for green building can generate significant environmental, social, and
economic benefits individually and collectively. A common approach across Indian
continent has the potential to green construction practices, promote accepted green
building practices, harmonize green building standards, and facilitate trade in green
building products and technologies, as well as creating local and international markets for
green housing materials, components and technologies. However, the creation of a
National vision will require a concerted effort across multiple levels of government and
key industry players within each country. Issues caused by the diversity of the players
involved as well as the regulatory environments must be addressed and overcome.

For India to participate in the development of National vision, it will be valuable for
each participant to have hiss own vision for green residential construction. A unified
national vision could draw on common interests and objectives shared by key
government and industry actors. For example, a National vision for green building will
require collaboration within and across all levels of government and throughout the
industry sectors. It will also require a shared recognition of the importance of green
residential construction in improving urban environmental quality, reducing
environmental impacts, improving affordable housing, or in meeting Kyoto or energy
efficiency targets. This resulting vision must be supported by national and local goals and
targets and moved forward through the development of corresponding strategies. Given
the numerous regulatory and market barriers that are currently preventing the widespread
adoption of green building practices in India , market transformation strategies will be
essential removing these barriers and mainstreaming green residential construction.

It must be stressed that realizing widespread green residential construction in Indian

sub continent is not only a job for governments. A range of other key players must be
interested in realizing the benefits from green residential building. The construction
industry must see opportunities for increased competitiveness and positive
transformations. The financial sector must recognize the value in green homes and have a
desire to promote their construction. In the end, however, consumer demand will be the
main driving force for green residential building. If green is seen as desirable, the market,
and regulators, will respond.

Coordination, particularly at the strategic level, will require National agreement on:
 Sustainability principles and planning tools
 Green building objectives
 Common green building standards and rating systems
 Common green product testing methods/codes
 Accepted green building technologies
 Establishing a national vision for green building
 Wide publicity to the benefits of green development
 Labeling Green products
 Discount in the taxes to the owners and developers of green buildings
 Fast track clearance to green projects
 Additional proportionate FSI for Green Projects based on the Level of
Certification up to a maximum of 0.5 in addition to the allowable FSI on the
plot, to compensate the additional cost of Green Intiatives.
REFERENCES:

1. : Barabara Minsker Progress and Recommendations for Advancing Performance-

Based Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure Design http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/
(ASCE)1076-0431(2006)12:2(83)
2. KYG Kowk Carbon Emission Modeling for Sustainable project: A Comprehensive
Study of Methodologies http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/(ASCE)1076-0431(2006)12:2(83)

3. Md.Shoaib Chowdhury Sustainable Transportation Systems for Dhaka Metropolitan

city: issues and opportunities http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41020(339)57

4. www.asce.org

5. www.mindtools.com

6. : The sustainable building revolution-Jerry Yudelson.

7. ASCE JOURNAL