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Drillers
Stuck pipe Handbook
1. STICKING MECHANISMS 4
2. TECHNICAL ISSUES 23
3. BEST PRACTICE 32
5. COMMUNICATION 65
5.1.1 MEETINGS 65
5.1.2 HANDOVERS 65
5.1.3 REPORTING 65
6. APPENDICES 66
It happens in a well bore when little or no filter cake is present. The un-bonded
formation (sand, gravel, small river bed boulders etc.) cannot be supported by
hydrostatic overbalance as the fluid simply flows into the formation. Sand or
gravel then falls into the hole and packs off the drill string. The effect can be a
gradual increase in drag over a number of metres, or can be sudden.
This mechanism is normally associated with shallow formations. Examples are
shallow river bed structures at about 500m in the central North Sea and in
surface hole sections of land wells.
This mechanism normally occurs:
• While drilling shallow unconsolidated formations.
Start and stop the pumps slowly to avoid pressure surges being applied to unconsolidated formations. Control-drill the
suspected zone to allow time for the filter cake to build up, minimise annulus loading and resultant ECD’s. Use sweeps to
help keep the hole clean. Be prepared for shaker, desilter and desander overloading.
A method successfully used in the North Sea is to drill 10m, pull back to the top of the section and wait 10 minutes. Note
any fill on bottom when returning to drill ahead. If the fill is significant then ensure the process is repeated every 10m. It
may be impossible to prevent the hole collapsing. If so let the hole stabilise itself with the BHA up out of harm’s way.
1.2.2.4 Freeing
Follow First Actions but be aware that the pressures (i.e. 500 psi, 1500 psi) will probably not be achievable in shallow
formations.
1.2.3
Mobile Formations
1.2.3.1 Description
The mobile formation squeezes into the well bore because it is being
compressed by the overburden forces. Mobile formations behave in a plastic
manner, deforming under pressure. The deformation results in a decrease in
the well bore size, causing problems running BHA’s, logging tools and casing.
A deformation occurs because the mud weight is not sufficient to prevent the
formation squeezing into the well bore.
This mechanism normally occurs:
• While drilling salt.
1.2.3.4 Freeing
Spot a fresh water pill if in a salt formation. (Consider the effect on well control and on other open hole formations ). If
moving up, apply torque and jar down with maximum trip load. If moving down, jar up with maximum trip load. Torque
should not be applied while jarring up.
1.2.4
Fractured & Faulted Formations
1.2.4.1 Description
A natural fracture system in the rock can often be found near faults. Rock near
faults can be broken into large or small pieces. If they are loose they can fall
into the well bore and jam the string in the hole. Even if the pieces are bonded
together, impacts from the BHA due to drill string vibration can cause the
formation to fall into the well bore. This type of sticking is particularly unusual
in that stuck pipe can occur while drilling. When this has happened in the past,
the first sign of a problem has been the string torquing up and sticking. There
is a risk of sticking in fractured / faulted formation when drilling through a fault
and when drilling through fractured limestone formations.
This mechanism can occur:
• in tectonically active zones.
• in prognosed fractured limestone.
• as the formation is drilled.
1.2.4.4 Freeing
If packed off while off bottom then follow First Actions. Otherwise JAR UP in an effort to break up formation debris. Use
every effort to maintain circulation. Circulate high density viscous sweeps to clean debris. Spot acid if stuck in limestone.
1.2.5 Naturally Over-Pressured Shale Collapse
1.2.5.1 Description
A naturally over-pressured shale is one with a natural pore pressure greater
than the normal hydrostatic pressure gradient.
Naturally over-pressured shales are most commonly caused by geological
phenomena such as under-compaction, naturally removed overburden i(.e.
weathering ) and uplift. Using insufficient mud weight in these formations will
cause the hole to become unstable and collapse.
1.2.5.4 Freeing
Follow First Actions.
1.2.6
Induced Over-Pressured Shale Collapse
1.2.6.1 Description
Induced over-pressure shale occurs when the shale assumes the hydrostatic
pressure of the well bore fluids after a number of days exposure to that pressure.
When this is followed by no increase or a reduction in hydrostatic pressure in the
well bore, the shale, which now has a higher internal pressure than the well bore,
collapses in a similar manner to naturally over-pressured shale.
1.2.6.4 Freeing
Follow First Actions.
1.2.7
Reactive Formations
1.2.7.1 Description
A water sensitive shale is drilled with less inhibition than is required. The
shale absorbs the water and swells into the well bore. The reaction is ‘time
dependent’, as the chemical reaction takes time to occur. However, the time
can range from hours to days.
This mechanism normally occurs:
• When using WBM in shales and clays in young formations.
• When drilling with an incorrect mud specification. Particularly, an
insufficient concentration of inhibition additives in OBM and WBM such as
salts (KCl, CaCL), glycol and polymer.
1.2.7.4 Freeing
POH slowly to prevent swabbing. See First Actions.
1.2.8
Hole Cleaning
1.2.8.1 Description
In deviated wells cuttings and cavings settle to the low side of the
hole and form layers called solids beds or cuttings beds. The BHA
becomes stuck in the solids bed.
OR
Cuttings and cavings slide down the annulus when the pumps are
turned off and pack-off the drill string. Avalanching can also occur
while the pumps are on.
Good hole cleaning means removal of sufficient solids from the well
bore to allow the reasonably unhindered passage of the drill string
and the casing.
There are several main reasons for solids not being cleaned out of
the well bore.
These are:
• A low annular flow rate.
• Inappropriate mud properties.
• Insufficient circulation time.
• Inadequate mechanical agitation.
If any of the above are missing good hole cleaning will be very
unlikely.
In 40-65 degree wells the cuttings bed will slide down the low side of
the hole. This can happen while pumping, not just when the pumps
are off. In highly deviated wells of 65 degrees or more cuttings
settle very quickly in spite of high flow rates. This is known as
avalanching.
A cuttings bed of 10% of the hole diameter (1.75 inches in 17.5 inch hole) looks harmless enough. Add a drill string and
the situation looks very different.
Cuttings beds can also increase drag in the well and cause problems with applying WOB in horizontal holes.
Preventative Action
• Maximise the annular velocity.
- Consider the use of a third mud pump.
- Consider using larger drill pipe.
• Ensure circulation times are adequate.
- Consult the hole cleaning charts for confirmation.
- Monitor the cuttings returns at the shakers.
• Maximise mechanical agitation of cuttings beds.
- Rotation.
- Reciprocation.
1.2.8.3 Freeing
See First Actions
Refer to Hole Cleaning section for more information.
1.2.9 Tectonically Stressed Formations
1.2.9.1 Description
Well bore instability is caused when highly stressed formations are drilled and
there exists a significant difference between the near well bore stress and the
restraining pressure provided by the drilling fluid density.
Tectonic stresses build up in areas where rock is being compressed or
stretched due to movement of the earth’s crust. The rock in these areas is
being buckled by the pressure of moving tectonic plates.
When a hole is drilled in an area of high tectonic stresses the rock around the
well bore will collapse into the well bore and produce splintery cavings similar
to those produced by over-pressured shale. In the tectonic stress case the
hydrostatic pressure required to stabilise the well bore may be much higher
than the fracture pressure of the other exposed formations
1.2.9.4 Freeing
See First Actions
1.3
Differential Sticking
1.3.1.1 Description
Differential sticking occurs when the drill string is held against the well bore by a
force. This force is created by the imbalance of the hydrostatic pressure in the
well bore and the pore pressure of a permeable formation. When the hydrostatic
pressure is greater than the pore pressure the difference is called the
overbalance. The resultant force of the overbalance acting on an area of drill
string is the force that sticks the string.
This mechanism normally occurs:
1) With a stationary or very slow moving string.
2) When contact exists between the drill string and well bore.
3) When an overbalance is present.
4) Across a permeable formation.
5) In a thick filter cake.
1.3.1.4
Freeing
First Actions in the event of Differential Sticking
1. Establish that Differential Sticking is the mechanism, i.e, stuck after a connection or survey with full
unrestricted circulation across a permeable formation
Sand,
( Dolomite and possibly Limestone).
2. Initially circulate at the maximum allowable rate. This is to attempt to erode the filter cake.
3. Slump the string while holding 50% of make-up torque of surface pipe (unless mixed string of pipe is being
used). Use an action similar to what would be used with a bumper sub - see note below.
5. Repeat 2. & 3. Increasing to 100% make-up torque until string is freed or until preparations have been made
to:
either - spot a releasing pill
or - conduct “U" tube operations.
1.4
Mechanical & Well Bore Geometry
1.4.1 Other Stuck Pipe Types - First Action
Guidelines for freeing stuck pipe other than Pack-offs and Differential sticking.
1.4.2
Key Seating
1.4.2.1 Description
Key seating is caused by the drill pipe rotating against the bore hole wall
at the same point and wearing a groove or key seat in the wall. When
the drill string is tripped, the tool joints or the BHA are pulled into the key
seat and become jammed. Key seating can also occur at the casing
shoe if a groove is worn in the casing.
This mechanism normally occurs:
• At abrupt changes in angle or direction in medium-soft to medium-
hard formation.
• Where high side wall forces and string rotation exist.
• While pulling out of the hole.
• After long drilling hours with no wiper trips through the dogleg section.
1.4.2.4 Freeing
If possible, apply torque and jar down with maximum trip load. Back ream out of the hole. If present use key seat wiper.
1.4.3
Undergauge Hole
1.4.3.1 Description
Drilling hard abrasive rock wears the bit and the stabiliser gauge and results
in a smaller than gauge hole. When a subsequent in-gauge bit is run, it
encounters resistance due to the undergauge section of hole. If the string is
run into the hole quickly without reaming, the bit can jam in the undergauge
hole section.
This mechanism normally occurs:
• After running a new bit.
• After coring
• When a PDC bit is run after a roller cone bit
• When drilling abrasive formations
1.4.3.4 Freeing
Jar up with maximum trip load. Do not jar down. Consider the use of an acid pill. Consider applying torque as a last
resort.
1.4.4
Ledges and Doglegs
1.4.4.1 Description
Ledge: The well bore passes through rock of varying types and ledges
develop at the interfaces between layers of differing hardness.
Doglegs: While drilling a well bore, the characteristics of the rock cause
the bit to be deflected and can result in a change in direction. Likewise
when drilling with a directional BHA, sudden changes in angle can cause
a kink in the well bore direction. Sharp deviations in wellbore direction
are called doglegs.
This mechanism usually occurs:
• When an unsuitable BHA is run.
• After a change in BHA.
• Prognosed hard soft interbedded formations.
• Prognosed fractured / faulted formations.
• After direction changes.
• While POOH.
Survey with sufficient frequency. Increasing the well bore survey frequency will:
-assist in evaluating/reducing well bore tortuosity.
-reduce the number of BHA changes.
Slow trip speeds before BHA enters the suspected ledge zone or dog leg. Avoid prolonged circulation across soft
interbedded formations. Limit initial setdown weight to less than 50% of down drag to minimise momentum effects when
running into a tight zone. Do not start angle building operations too close to the shoe (start at least 30m below old hole
TD).
1.4.4.4 Freeing
If moving up when sticking occurred, apply torque and jar down with maximum trip load. If moving down, jar up with
maximum trip load. Do not apply torque.
If able to, backream or ream very slowly past problem as rotation will assist the stabilisers and/or other tools to roll past
the ledge.
1.4.5
Junk
1.4.5.1 Description
Debris that has fallen into the hole from surface or from downhole equipment,
which falls down the well bore and jams the drill string.
This mechanism usually occurs:
• Due to poor housekeeping on the rig floor.
• The hole cover not being installed.
• Downhole equipment failure.
1.4.5.4 Freeing
See First Actions
1.4.6
Collapsed Casing / Tubing
1.4.6.1 Description
Casing collapses either if pressure conditions exceed its original rated
collapse pressure or the original collapse pressure rating of the casing is no
longer valid due to casing wear and/or corrosion. Casing wear due to friction
or corrosion decreases the effective collapse pressure rating of the casing,
through decreased wall thickness. Collapse is often discovered when the
BHA is run into the hole and hangs up inside the casing.
This mechanism can occur when:
• The collapse pressure of the casing is exceeded during a pressure test
where an annulus leak is occurring. The collapse pressure of the casing
may be less than expected, due to casing wear.
• The casing fluid is evacuated, causing the casing to collapse.
• The casing is buckled due to aggressive running procedures.
1.4.6.4 Freeing
Jar out of the hole if possible.
1.4.7
Cement Blocks
1.4.7.1 Description
The drill string becomes jammed in the hole by cement blocks falling around
the string.
This mechanism normally occurs when :
• Hard cement becomes unstable around the casing shoe, open hole
squeeze plugs and kick-off plugs.
1.4.7.4 Freeing
See First Actions
1.4.8
Green Cement
1.4.8.1 Description
When the drill string is inadvertently run into cement, the cement can flash
set. The top of the cement may be higher than prognosed. The increase in
pressure generated by the surge of the BHA causes the cement to flash set.
Circulation is attempted with the bottom of the drill string in soft cement.
The increase in pressure causes the cement to flash set.
A high penetration rate is used when cleaning out recently set cement,
below which is un-set cement which flash sets.
This mechanism normally occurs:
• While running into the hole to dress off cement
1.4.8.4 Freeing
Bleed off any trapped pump pressure. Jar up with maximum trip load. Attempt to establish circulation.
2.
TECHNICAL ISSUES
2.1 Hole Cleaning
2.1.1 Monitoring Cuttings Returns at the Shakers
The practice of monitoring the volume rate of cuttings and cavings being circulated out of the hole at the shakers has
proven a worthwhile exercise in different areas of the world. In Vietnam this practice is maintained to monitor hole
cleaning efficiency. In Wytch Farm in the UK, hole cleaning is being monitored in an attempt to eliminate related torque
problems in ERD (extended reach ) wells. In Colombia the volume rate of cuttings and cavings is monitored for several
reasons:
1. To establish hole cleaning efficiency.
2. As a warning tool when the well bore is loaded and a potential pack-off situation is occurring.
3. To gain better understanding of well bore behaviour. (for example: failure cycles, caliper / removed volume relationship
).
4. In addition it gives a very clear indication that the hole is being cleaned up after a pack-off has occurred and has been
freed.
Discussion
It is recommended that rigs should now have a procedure in place for monitoring solids volume rate. The Mud Loggers
should be regularly monitoring the volume rate of cuttings and cavings. This information should be passed on to both the
rig floor and the BP Rep.
The current method used in a number of locations is to measure, every hour, the time taken to fill a 5 gallon bucket with
solids coming over the shakers.
After freeing the string, once the pack-off material has been circulated out of the hole, the solids rate at the shakers will
often increase by 150 %. For a particular operation and hole size, normal trends for the volumetric flow rate can be
established by regular observation (the 5 gallon bucket method ) and used as a hole problem warning trend.
It is a theory that most pack-offs occur immediately after a connection while backreaming. From the Cupiagua well data in
Colombia this does not appear to be true, however the majority do occur within the first single after a connection. It is
obviously important that the BHA should be circulated clear prior to stopping the pumps.
The possibility of developing a more accurate and automated measuring system has been investigated, possibly
( using
load cells or monitoring shaker current ). The summary of this study can be found in this manual or in the Stuck pipe
knowledge base in BP Reports section report number 20.
All of these are potential problems for both near vertical (less than 30 deviation ) and ERD wells. Generally hole cleaning
rarely presents a problem in near vertical wells. The problems listed above are common on highly deviated wells.
Successful hole cleaning relies upon integrating optimum mud properties with best drilling practices. When difficulties are
encountered it is essential to understand the nature and causes of the problem. This allows options to be focused on
determining the most appropriate actions.
Cuttings Transport
In holes inclined at less than 30 , the cuttings are effectively suspended by the fluid shear and cuttings beds do not form.
• Conventional transport calculations based on vertical slip velocities are applicable to these wells. Generally for these
shallow angled wells, annular velocity requirements are typically 20-30% in excess of vertical wells.
In deviated wells, those above 30 , cuttings tend to settle on the low side wall and form cuttings beds. Cuttings fall to the
low side of the hole and are transported along the low side of the hole as cuttings beds. These beds often form into dunes
if string rotation is not present. These cuttings beds can slide back down the well, causing the annulus to pack-off, this is
referred to as avalanching. Cuttings which form on the low side of the hole can either move en-masse as a sliding bed or
alternatively may be transported at the cuttings bed / mud interface as ripples or dunes. The problem is they can move in
either direction even when the pumps are on.
Rheology
The effect of mud rheology on hole cleaning depends on the annular flow regime.
• When laminar flow exists, increasing the mud viscosity will improve hole cleaning. T
( his is particularly effective if the
low shear rheology and YP/PV ratio are high.)
• When turbulent flow exists, reducing the mud viscosity will help remove cuttings.
Yield Stress
This is a measure of the low shear properties of the mud. It is determined from the 6 and 3 rpm readings of a
conventional Fann viscometer, [ YS=2x(Fann 6 - Fann 3) ].
Yield stress controls the size of cuttings which can be suspended by the flowing mud dynamic
( suspension ). The dynamic
suspension will be affected by cuttings' size and mud density. In practice the optimum level required is best established
based on field data and experience.
Flow Rate
The mud flow rate provides a lifting force on cuttings to carry them out of the well. In highly deviated wells, mud flow rate
combined with mechanical agitation are the most important factors for hole cleaning. For vertical wells the rate of cuttings'
removal increases with increasing annular velocity and/or increased rheological properties.
24.51 × GPM
AV ( ft / min) =
( Holesize2 − drillpipesize2 )
Hole Geometry
Hole diameter has a very significant effect on annular velocity. Reducing hole diameter from 17½” to 16” will increase
annular velocity by 18%.
Mud Weight
Mud weight influences hole cleaning by affecting the buoyancy of the drilled cuttings. As mud weight increases, the
cuttings will tend to "float" out of the well making hole cleaning easier. In practice the mud weight window will be
constrained by drilling factors other than hole cleaning (well bore stability, ECD, differential sticking, etc.).
Cuttings Properties
Hole cleaning is dependent upon both cuttings' size and density. Increasing size and density both tend to increase the
cuttings' slip velocity. This makes transport more difficult. The effects of higher slip velocity can be combated by an
appropriate increase in yield stress and mud gel. In extreme circumstances bit selection can be used to generate smaller
cuttings and, hence, reduce slip velocity. However, if cuttings get ground up into fines they can be hard to remove from a
deviated section of well bore.
Rate of Penetration
An increase in penetration rate results in a higher cuttings' concentration in the annulus. This will lead to a higher effective
mud density in the annulus and higher circulating pressures, which may in turn limit flow rates.
3. Circulate the hole thoroughly prior to tripping -- A single bottoms-up is not sufficient. The minimum
recommended volume for vertical wells is 1.3 x bottoms-up (1.5 for holes > 81/2"). Monitor the shakers to ensure the
cuttings return rate is reduced to an acceptable background level prior to commencing tripping.
4. Limit use of high viscosity pills to supplement hole cleaning. Rather adjust the properties of the active mud in
circulation to provide optimum cleaning capacity. High weight pills should not be used in vertical wells.
5. For vertical holes reciprocate rather than rotate the pipe during circulation prior to tripping -- this helps remove
cuttings from stagnant zones near the well bore wall.
6. Pulling through tight spots is permitted provided the pipe is free going down. Agree a maximum allowable overpull in
advance with the BP Rep / Drilling Superintendent. Do not go immediately to the maximum overpull, but work up
progressively, ensuring that the pipe is free to go down on every occasion.
7. Stop and circulate the hole clean if overpulls become excessive.
12 1/4" Aim for 1100 gpm (although 800 - 1000 gpm is typically
achieved )
If 1000 gpm is not achievable, ensure tripping
procedures are in place for poorly cleaned hole.
Table 1
Mud Rheology
Experience has shown that good mud rheology is extremely important to hole cleaning when drilling a high angle well.
Studies show that the effects of increasing rhelogy and annular flow regime are mutually dependent.
• In the laminar regime, increasing mud YP will improve hole cleaning. This is particularly effective if the YP/PV ratio is
high. {However, a more viscous mud has difficulty in lifting the cuttings off the bottom in a high angle well }.
• In the turbulent regime, however, reducing mud viscosity will help in removing cuttings. However, { reducing the
viscosity will increase the likelihood of avalanching in a deviated well.}
Therefore the mud rheology should be designed to avoid the transitional flow regime and the importance of mechanical
agitation should be recognised. For hole sizes above 8½", the annular flow is laminar under most circumstances.
Therefore it is desirable to specify a minimum YP/PV ratio. In practice the optimum level required is best established
based on field data and experience.
Turbulent flow effectively prevents the formation of cuttings beds on the low side of highly deviated wells when the pumps
are on. When the pumps are turned off the cuttings can rapidly fall to the low side of the hole and avalanche back down.
Turbulent regimes should not be used in friable, non competent formations. Subsequent wash-out of the rock will reduce
annular velocities to a point where laminar flow will develop in a fluid with properties specifically designed for turbulence.
Cuttings bed formation will inevitably follow. Effectively the same process can occur as the fluid, designed for turbulence
in small diameter hole, enters larger diameters further up the hole. All fluids designed for turbulence must have, as a
minimum, sufficient suspension characteristics and carrying capacity to clean these larger hole (casing) sizes.
Hydraulics
Conventional drilling hydraulics rely upon optimising hydraulic horsepower or hydraulic impact at the bit. This requires
approximately 60-70% of the system pressure loss to be dissipated at the bit. ForERD wells, where the flow rates for hole
cleaning are higher, it is often necessary to reach a compromise and reduce the energy spent at the bit. This is achieved
by selecting larger nozzle diameters. The distribution of pressure losses throughout the circulating system depends upon
well geometry and fluid properties. In conventional drilling the annular pressure drop is generally <5% of the overall
system loss (this proportion increases dramatically for slimhole configurations ). The annular pressure loss, whilst only a
small fraction of the total loss is critical, for determining ECD.
2.1.6.3 Hole Cleaning pills
Proper use of mud pills may improve hole cleaning in a high angle well. High viscosity preferably ( weighted ) pills are
often effective in hole sizes larger than 81/2" whilst low viscosity pills are beneficial in smaller holes. When using a low
viscosity pill, it is important to maintain the normal high flow rate and minimise non-circulation time. Also it is often
necessary for a low viscosity pill be followed by a high viscosity (weighted) pill in order to ensure adequate hole cleaning in
the larger diameter vertical hole section. The specific pill volumes should be determined based on the hole size and the
calculated effect on hydrostatic head. Typical volumes used are :
Note : The use of low viscosity, turbulent flow pills is not recommended in weakly consolidated formations as washout or
hole collapse may occur.
There are several types of hole cleaning pills that are in common use. The function of each of these pills is described
below.
High Viscosity Pill
Viscosifying additives are added to the base fluid of the mud and pumped around the well, the usual volume being 25 to
50 barrels. A highly viscous pill will be effective at sweeping cuttings out of a vertical hole. Video studies observing
circulation of viscous pills over cuttings beds at high angles have shown that the pill deforms over the bed without
disturbing the bed. Therefore the use of a viscous pill to clean deviated wells is not recommended.
Low Viscosity Pill
The base fluid with no additives is often used for this pill. The base fluid usually has a low viscosity and will therefore
become turbulent at lower flow rates. A low viscosity pill will help to lift and remove a cuttings bed. Use of a low viscosity
pill alone may not be successful. It will not be able to carry the cuttings up a vertical section of the hole or suspend the
cuttings when the pumps are stopped.
Weighted Pill
A weighted pill comprises base fluid with additional weighting material to create a pill weight 2 to 3 ppg heavier than the
mud. This type of pill will aid hole cleaning by increasing the buoyancy of cuttings slightly. Heavier mud also tends to be
more viscous. This type of pill is usually used as part of a tandem pill.
Tandem pills can be very effective at stirring up cuttings and should be used as a preventative measure for hole cleaning
problems. If the hole is full of cuttings and a tandem pill is pumped, there is a chance the amount of cuttings stirred up
can cause a pack-off. If hole cleaning problems are being encountered, initially use high circulation rate, drill pipe rotation
and reciprocation to clean the hole. After the hole has apparently been cleaned up, then use a tandem pill for further
cleaning.
As flowrate alone cannot always remove a cuttings bed, reciprocation and rotating of the drill pipe are advised whenever
the hole is being circulated clean. This action will dramatically increase the erosion of cuttings beds in highly deviated
wells.
Before tripping out , the hole should be circulated at the normal flow rate until the shakers are clean, whilst at the same
time the drill pipe should be rotated at maximum speed / reciprocated. This may require up to 3 * bottom-ups, depending
upon the hole angle and hole size. Table 3 lists the recommended number of calculated bottoms-ups prior to tripping.
Trip procedures should be prepared in advance with guidance on tripping intervals, backreaming rates and maximum
overpull. These procedures can be modified over the duration of the well to take into account specific well conditions.
By measuring the amount of cuttings over the shakers at regular intervals a cuttings return log can be established which
will provide valuable information on trends in cuttings returns versus ROP.
The charts can be used to determine the flow rate requirement to clean the hole assuming.
1) The hole is in gauge
2) The hole is washed out to 131/2"
1) Gauge Hole
• Find the Hole Cleaning Charts for 12 1/4" Hole
• Enter the left hand chart with PV = 30 and YP = 25, read of the Rheology Factor RF = 0.99
• Use the Angle Factor (AF) table, read off AF = 1.07 for 60 degrees deviation
• Calculate the Transport Index, TI = 1.5 x 0.99 x 1.07 = 1.59
• As the hole is in gauge there is no need to correct TI
• Enter the right hand chart with ROP = 20m/hr and TI = 1.59; giving a required flow rate to clean the hole of 740gpm.
2) Washed Out Hole
• Required flow rate must be determined based on actual hole size - 131/2"
• This is done by correcting the transport Index (TI) determined above
• Enter the right hand chart with ROP = 20m/hr and TI' = 1.33, giving a required flow rate to clean the enlarged hole of
910gpm.
3.
BEST PRACTICE
3.1 Prevention of Stuck Pipe During Routine Operations
3.1.1 Reaming & Backreaming Guidelines
Reaming is a high risk operation which accounts for a large proportion of stuck pipe incidents. If reaming operations are
conducted too fast solids from wash-outs and cavings are introduced into the circulating system at a faster rate than the
hole is being cleaned. This results in a pack-off. Do not assume that any resistance is always at the bit; stabilisers and
drill collar contact may be indicative of a build up of loose material in the hole and a potential pack-off situation. The
following guidelines are offered as a general list.
Planning
a1. Have a contingency plan for all possible problems. E.g., what to do in case of a leaking swivel packing or leaking
saver sub.
a2. Always pre-plan a trip. Have an up-to-date mudlog on the rig floor. Know where high doglegs exist and note
troublesome areas from past trips. Utilise the mud loggers' paper model of the BHA and well bore previously
mentioned.
a3. Have singles in the V-door in case downward motion is required to free the pipe after a connection.
Organisation
b1. The shakers must be monitored continuously and the volume of solids being removed from the well bore should
be recorded.
b2. While drilling or reaming in problem formations have two people at the console: one man on the brake and the
other on the pumps.
b3. Ensure that the driller knows what actions to take in the event of problems. Are overpull limits, freeing procedures
and reaming practices understood? Are written instructions for the driller prepared and updated regularly?
b4. Mud loggers will record all parameters. Significant changes in trends should be reported immediately to the driller
and BP rig supervisor, then investigated.
Parameters
c1. Use consistent parameters for reaming operations. This assists in identification of changes in torque and pressure
trends.
c2. Any indication of changes in parameters should be addressed immediately. Most drag problems can be reduced
by time spent circulating the hole clean.
c3. An increase in drag, torque or pressure may indicate that the annulus is loaded up, and a pack-off may be forming.
Circulate and clean the well bore before continuing reaming.
c4. If indications of a pack-off occur, immediately reduce the pump strokes e ( .g. by half ) to reduce the pistoning effect.
If, after several minutes the hole does not pack-off, return to the original parameters and be prepared to circulate
the hole clean.
c5. Reaming speed and circulation time should be adjusted if the returning cuttings' volume rate is excessive.
c6. If torque becomes erratic or any of the following occurs: a) The rotary is stalling out. b) The cave-in rate increases.
c) Torque and pressure readings are increasing, then be prepared to stop, circulate and clean up the hole.
c7. Prior to heavy reaming, slow rotation (<80 rpm) should be used in an attempt to "walk” the pipe past ledges.
c8. Reaming operations should be conducted with the same flow rate as drilling.
c9. Reaming weight and speed should be kept low (< 10 - 15k lbs either up or down). This reduces the chance of
sidetracking the well and is less damaging to the drill string.
c10. Control the speed of reaming operations (4 stands an hour can be used as a rule of thumb for the maximum
speed). This should also reduce the mechanical damage the drill string does to the well bore.
c11. Large volumes of settled cuttings or new cavings can be introduced to the hole when reaming. It is critical that this
material is circulated out of the hole.
General/Operation
d1. If the hole packs-off, immediately shut down the pumps and slowly bleed the pressure under the pack-off down to
less than 500 psi.
d2. While reaming in problem formations the hole may need to be wiped at regular intervals, if conditions require it.
d3. Do not use the Soft Torque while reaming as it may disguise torque trends.
d4. Make sure the pipe is free before setting the slips.
d5. After drilling or reaming down, the cuttings should be circulated above the BHA prior to picking up.
d6. The preferred practice is to always try to work the string past a tight spot as a first option. However, overpull limits
must be known and used. Work up to the overpull limit in stages ensuring free movement in the other direction at
each stage.
d7. Limiting overpulls to half the BHA weight has proven to be a successful strategy in avoiding stuck pipe.
d8. If the top drive stalls out during reaming operations there is a great deal of stored energy in the torqued up drill
string, always release this torque slowly.
d9. When back-reaming do not overpull the pipe into the slips to connect the top drive.
d10. When washing in, with a motor in the BHA, rotate the whole drill string at low rpm.
3.1.5 Drilling
3.1.5.1 Parameter Trends
Torque, pump pressure, up and down drag, the shape, type, volume rate of cuttings and cavings at the shakers all give an
indication of the hole condition and whether that condition is improving or deteriorating. However, pack-off situations often
occur rapidly and the immediate indicators of what is happening are only the rotating torque value and circulating
pressure. It is therefore important to conduct reaming and drilling operations with steady operating parameters. Trends
can then be established and deviation from these trends noted and reacted to. This is the reason for recording operating
parameters on a regular basis and keeping a record of them on the rig floor. O ( n some rigs this is now done by the Driller
every 15 minutes during all reaming and drilling operations .) Should these parameters change significantly corrective
action should be taken immediately.
3.1.7 Logging
Logging companies have procedures for attempting to free a stuck logging tool. This will involve opening and closing all
calipers and other moving parts.
Mechanical sticking of formation testing tool and side wall core tools.
The sample catchers of the formation testing tool are pressed into the side wall of the formation in order to catch a sample
of formation fluid or a pressure reading. The probe can become mechanically stuck in the formation. Sidewall core tools
fire bullets in to the wall of the hole. These bullets are attached to the tool by wire ties. The bullets sometimes stick in the
formation.
This type of sticking has been freed in the past by working the tool between the maximum working overpull and slack-off
for up to 1 hour.
Minimise the time the tools and cable are stationary. Agree sampling times with the department requesting the data.
It is possible that these tools can become differentially stuck at the same time as being mechanically stuck.
3.1.8 Coring
Core length of more than 90ft can be cut without breaking the core when the rig is fitted with a top drive system. In the
past this has lead to differentially stuck core barrels while coring sandstone. It is recommended that the core be broken
every 90ft where there is a risk of differential sticking.
Differential Sticking - this is unlikely to occur since the drilling fluid is aerated foam, and most of the time underbalance
conditions prevail.
Pack-Off - this is the most likely sticking mechanism and is due to inadequate hole cleaning. The highest risk is during
reaming but it may occur during drilling. Packing-off due to mud rings forming in the annulus is common, constant
monitoring of the standpipe pressure and blooie line is required to identify the problem.
Mechanical / Geometric Sticking - this may occur as in a conventional well especially after BHA or bit changes. The
highest risk of stuck pipe is during trips.
The role of the Stuck Pipe Prevention Champion - there will be many lessons learnt during the air drilling operation.
The rig site champion can help record these and pass them back to the Stuck Pipe Network.
2. Do not overpull more than say 30k in the first instance, as foam/air can do some surprising things under such
conditions.
(If the pack-off is packed too tight by overpulling it is difficult for the air to percolate into the pack and undermine its integrity
before starting to disperse it - BE PATIENT! Keep the air/foam pressure under the pack, it provides stored energy, which
will be unleashed when the pack begins to break. Remember there is nothing in the foam to act as a sealant to prevent the
air passing through the pack).In addition to the above to points:
• When stuck do not try and torque pipe to get free.
• Experience in Colombia suggests that straight pulling after giving the air sufficient time to work on the pack is
successful.
• Pull back slowly, maintaining full pressure below pack until the pack breaks up.
3.1.12
Drilling with Coiled Tubing.
Because the tube cannot be rotated differential sticking is a high risk. The only other option is to work the string frequently
up and down. This should be done with the pumps on to prevent hole cleaning problems. However, working the string in
and out with pressure on the string can only be done a finite number of times as the tube will fail quickly when used in this
manner.
About 90 cycles is one example of the maximum number of cycles predicted in a recent well sidetracked with coil tubing.
However, the actual number of cycles the tubing may be put through depends on the circulating pressures in the tubing at
surface.
In these cases hole cleaning and well bore stability were not compromised, e.g. by reducing the flowrate and/or mud
weight. Differential sticking was solved by flowing the well when the coil tubing string became stuck.
Potential problems
• High circulation pressure due to long coil length. Therefore low circulation rates.
• Large annulus.
• No rotation.
Useful solutions
Use a tie back string for sidetrack extensions or re-entries.
3.2
Preventing Drill String Failures - a Cause of Stuck Pipe
3.2.1 Care of Tubulars
Handle all tubulars carefully. Always fit thread protectors when in transit. Careless use of slips and tongues can damage
and weaken the pipe body and tool joints resulting in cracking and washouts.
Pipe should be stabbed with care to avoid damage to the tool joint shoulders. Inspection routines must be followed and
additional inspections made if pipe is subject to heavy use.
The two most prominent drill string failure mechanisms world wide are:
BHA connection fatigue and drill pipe tube fatigue.
To prevent failures follow the guidelines below:
3. SR =
(Z lower)
(Z upper)
4. Inspection criteria for drill pipe components are given in 4.3.1.3. If failure frequency increases, increase the
inspection frequency. Use the table in 4.3.1.3 to choose the initial inspection frequency.
5. Make sure the correct make-up torque is used for drill pipe. Note that make-up torque is only a function of the tool
joint type, pin ID, box OD.
6. After rotating in the slips for whatever reason, check for slip cuts, if any are present, layout that joint for inspection.
7. Reduce the surface torque limit by 50% in slip stick situations such as milling on junk.
8. Cycle the bottom stand of drill pipe out of the string every trip. Place it at the top of the string. This may play havoc
with your tally but it could prevent uneven fatigue on your drill pipe and thus prevent early failure.
9. Have the rig crew check the make-up face of drill pipe for scores whenever drill pipe is picked up.
10. Minimise dog legs high in the well.
HWDP Tube 1 1 1, 6
3.3
Secondary Freeing Procedures
3.3.1 Freeing Flowchart
3.3.2
Pipe Release Agents (PRA)
Well control must be one of the primary considerations when using pills of different density.
Note that the use of pipe release agents involves unique procedures and technical/environmental considerations therefore
it is essential that the drilling fluid / acid supplier(s) be involved early in the planning stage. Unlike U-tubing, there are no
hydrostatic pressure restrictions on using pipe release agents
3.3.3
Acid
The very significant risk of handling acid must be recognised
NOTE: Acid can weaken tool joints and high-strength (S135) pipe so inspect these tubulars before re-using.
Acid has been pumped during several stuck pipe incidents with the purpose of freeing stuck pipe by either dissolving
calcareous sandstone or stripping filter cake.
The operational procedure that has been used on BPX Colombia wells is as follows:
• Pump water spacer.
• Pump 15% HCI. This is designed to dissolve calcareous sandstone and limestone (Carbonate).
• Pump Mud Acid, (this is HCI 12%, HF 8%. This mixture of inhibited hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid is designed
to dissolve any calcareous materials which may be soluble in 15% hydrochloric acid and also dissolve siliceous
materials such as bentonite).
• Pump a water spacer.
• Displace as fast as possible until the acid reaches the bit
• Displace the acid at minimum rate, working the pipe at the same rate.
• After performing freeing operations circulate the acid out and attempt to separate it at surface for neutralisation with
caustic soda. Note that significant mud contamination can occur if the spent acid is allowed to enter the active mud
system
c. Slack off cable according to wireline company recommendations, typically 2 inches per 1000ft.
d. Pull 50k lbs tension in 10k lb increments and record percentage free on free point data readings
and on pull and torque chart.
e. Repeat stretch test at each point to check that FPI reading is consistent.
h. Slack off to pre-stuck down weight then pick up to pull 10k lbs over up weight in preparation for
the next check depth.
i. Move to next FPI point and repeat this sequence until the stuck point is identified. Establishing down to
30% free is sufficient.
5. Once a preliminary free point is determined from stretch, commence torque FPI tests beginning at deepest 100% free
stretch interval if believed stuck in drill pipe. Take a reading in the bottom of the drill pipe, the bottom of the HWDP
and the top drill collar if a BHA free point indication is observed from stretch test.
Torque test procedure is as follows:
a) Ensure pipe is in tension by pulling the up weight plus 10k lbs.
b) Open the tool anchors.
c) Slack off cable according to wireline company recommendations, typically 2 inches per 1000ft.
d) Apply RH torque (0.75 to 1 turn per 1000ft depth ) to maximum of 80% of drill pipe make-up torque. Work
torque down the string by pulling maximum 50k lbs over up weight and slacking down to the pre-stuck
down weight. Current (Amps) to top drive, rotary or line puII on tongs used to hold RH torque will decrease
as torque is transferred down the hole. When sustained working of pipe fails to reduce the amperage or
the tong line pull, record the percentage free.
e) Release torque slowly, work pipe, and count turns returned to ensure that no trapped torque remains.
Failure to work out all the trapped torque will give erratic torque readings subsequently.
f) Return to the FPI tool anchor setting point (up weight plus 10k Ibs).
g) Pick up cable slack and close anchors.
h) Move to next FPI point and repeat this sequence until the stuck point is determined. Establishing down to
50% free is sufficient.
NOTE:If you are unable to work torque down to the stretch free point depth, it is unlikely that a successful
back-off can be made at that depth. Alternatives such as pipe cutter tool should be considered. Normally,
an 80% free reading in both torque and stretch is recommended for best chance of successful back-off.
6. Upon completion of FPI tool torque measurements, review the BHA component depth vs. lithology log Paper
[ BHA
Model] to determine the best back-off depth. If possible the back-off point should be selected in an interval which
improves the chance of getting back onto the fish or as deep as possible if an immediate side track option is selected.
Potential washed out intervals and under gauge section are the worst back-off points to choose.
7. Utilise the FPI tool to accurately determine the neutral point weight at proposed back-off depth prior to POH with the
FPI tool to apply the required Left Hand torque for the back-off attempt.
3.3.6 Back-offs
1) In a high proportion of wells, when using the FPI tool, the stuck point has always been the joint of pipe below the
jars. Questionable stuck points immediately below the jars may be due to the internal mechanism of the jars. Free
travel is possible in the jars’ internal mandrel even when the string below is stuck. Stretch will only be transmitted once
the jar is fully open. The string weight used for the back-off or FPI tool readings can be gauged on this jar opening or
closing weight, except when this cannot be seen, as in a deviated or horizontal hole.
2) Torque in tortuous well bores takes time to apply and monitor.
3) Compensation for line creep and stretch is important. Regardless of the charge size, placement is the key to
success. Pulling additional tension in the drill string may be the key to getting the shot to the correct back-off point.
4) Wireline pack-off systems will allow immediate circulation after shooting. Critical time will not be lost while the
wireline is pulled from the well.
4.
JARS & ACCELERATORS
There are two basic types of jar, mechanical and hydraulic. Hydraulic jars use a hydraulic fluid to delay the firing of the jar
until the driller can apply the appropriate load to the string to give a high impact. The time delay is provided by hydraulic
fluid being forced through a small port or series of jets. Hydraulic jar firing delay is dependent upon the combination of
load and time. Mechanical jars have a preset load that causes the jar to trip. They are thus sensitive to load and not to
time. It can be seen from these descriptions that the terms mechanical and hydraulic jar refers to the method of tripping
the jar.
If the pumps are running then the pump open force must also be subtracted from the firing force and added to the setdown
weight used to cock the jars.
Note: The pump open force charts will be f ound in the manual for the jar being used. A copy of the current pump open force charts for the types of jars
covered by this text is included after the description of each jar type.
Similarly the down trip force (mechanical only ), the down drag and the pump open force are subtracted from the neutral
point reading.
If the neutral point at the jars cannot be observed then the calculated neutral weight at the jars must be used.
4.3
Jar Descriptions
4.3.1 Weir Houston
Weir Houston Hydra-Jars are dual acting hydraulic drilling jars.
The operation of the WH-Hydra Jar can be seen in this animated presentation.
These jars fire up and down from a central “cocked” position. The time to fire is dependent upon the pull applied at the jar
and the position of the jar in its cycle when the pull is applied. The minimum force at the jar required to stroke the jar up
or down is dependent upon the jar’s internal friction. The maximum force that can be applied to the jar is determined by
two factors:
1) The maximum design pressure in the hydraulic fluid inside the jar gives rise to a maximum applied force when the jar
is stroking.
2) Once the jar is fully open or fully closed the maximum applied force is determined by the steel strength of the jar.
There is no mechanical trigger or latch mechanism. Therefore the firing force is determined by whatever force the driller
applies to the jar. However, the lesser the applied force the longer the jar takes to fire. This can be up to 7 minutes if the
jar moves from fully open to fully closed. It can also be as little as a few seconds if the jar is only partially cocked then
fired. Once jarring is established the average delay time will be 1 - 2 minutes. See figure for full details for delay time
versus applied force at the jar.
These jars are subject to pump open forces acting on the cross-sectional area of the wash pipe. Pump open force is
sometimes referred to as jar extension force.
Floating seals inside the jar keep the pressure of the internal fluid equal to the pressure of the fluid outside the jar, via
ports to the annulus. Grease and or mud can be observed emerging from these ports when the jar is returned to surface.
This is not an indication of a jar failure and is perfectly normal.
Details of the jars used in Northern North Sea cold conditions service (Foinaven Project).
The jars for the top hole and 17 1/2" sections are filled with very light oil and modified slicked
( metering ring ) to give a
better response in the very cold environment. With this setup the “Time Delay Times vs Load Graph Line” for 4 3/4" jars is
used instead of the relevant one for the size of the jar.
The jars for the 12 1/4" and 8 1/2" sections use regular oil and metering but include stand-off subs(three spaced along the
body ), to minimise differential sticking risk.
70
Hydra-Jar Extension Force x 1000 lbs
60
50
4.25" Jar
40
4.75" Jar
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Differential Pressure - Inside Jar to Outside Jar
4.3.1.2 Metering Time Information
4.3.1.3
Tool Specification Summary
Tool OD 4 ¼” 4 ¾” 6 ¼” 6 ½” 7 ¾” 8”
Tool ID 2” 2 ¼” 2 ¾” 2 ¾” 3” 3”
Tool joint connection type NC31 NC38 NC50 NC50 6 5/8”Reg 6 5/8”Reg
Max working load while jarring 70000 80000 150000 155000 200000 250000
(lbs)
Tensile yield strength (lbs) 500000 575000 800000 865000 1300000 1480000
Torsional yield strength (ft.lbs) 35000 45000 75000 75000 150000 150000
4.3.2
Bowen Jars
Bowen hydraulic drilling jars are often rented by companies other than Bowen. Bowen do not rent hydraulic drilling jars
from Aberdeen. They only sell them. In countries other than the UK Bowen hydraulic drilling jars may be used by some
service and drilling companies.
Bowen hydraulic drilling jars are a dual acting combination tool. The hydraulic mechanism is only on the up jar action.
The down jar is a friction mechanical system.
The metering action of the hydraulic mechanism is controlled by ports on an insert within a piston. This differs from other
types which use metering jets. There are no details on the time delay of the Bowen hydraulic mechanism.
80
Jar Extension Force (x1000 ) lbs
70
60
50 4.25" UP Jar
6" Up Jar
40 6.25 - 6.75" Up Jar
7.75" Up Jar
30
9" Up Jar
20
10
0
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
250
500
750
0
160
Jar Extension Force (x1000) lbs
140
120
20
0
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
3250
3500
3750
4000
250
500
750
0
4.3.2.1
Tool Specification Summary
Tool OD 4 ¼” 4 ¾” 6 ¼” 6 ½” 7 ¾” 8”
Tool ID 2” 2 ¼” 2 ¾” 2 ¾” 3” 3”
Tool joint connection type NC31 NC38 NC50 NC50 6 5/8”Reg 6 5/8”Reg
Max working load while jarring 70000 80000 150000 155000 200000 250000
(lbs)
Tensile yield strength (lbs) 500000 575000 800000 865000 1300000 1480000
Torsional yield strength (ft.lbs) 35000 45000 75000 75000 150000 150000
4.3.3
Cougar & IPE
The Cougar Drilling Jar ( DJ-6 ) can be configured in three ways.
• Mechanical bi-directional.
• Combined mechanical down - mechanical/hydraulic up.
• Hydraulic up only.
•
The mechanism used in each case is the same one.
The most complex, the combined mechanical down, mechanical/hydraulic up will be described here.
The Cougar mechanical latch mechanism
The jar has a central array of pads attached to the inner mandrel that locate into a profile on the inside of the outer
mandrel. These pads lock the inner and outer mandrel together until a preset force is reached. The pads then push
together and allow the inner mandrel to slide inside the outer mandrel. This sliding stops when the hammer and anvil of
the jar collide. The force required to unlatch the pads in the up and down directions are independent and can be set in the
workshop. They are usually set at different values - the up setting higher than the down setting. These settings determine
the jar tipping force required to fire the jars. When the jar is placed in its central position the latch re-engages into the
profile and the jar is cocked ready to fire in either direction.
The hydraulic workings of the jar come into play on the up firing mechanism only. Once the mechanical latch has
unlatched, a one way valve closes causing hydraulic fluid to be forced through a metering jet. As the size of the jet is
small it controls the speed of movement of the inner mandrel up inside the outer mandrel. After several inches of
metering a change in profile of the outer mandrel allows the hydraulic fluid to by-pass the metering jet. The inner mandrel
is then free to move quickly up the outer mandrel and fire when the hammer and anvil collide.
There is no effect from the hydraulic mechanism when jarring down.
As with all hydraulic jar mechanisms reviewed so far, the time taken to meter through the hydraulic part of the stroke is
dependent upon the force applied at the jar.
It should also be noted that the jar can be run upside down to give a mechanical up - mechanical/hydraulic down jar
action.
If the hydraulic mechanism fails, the mechanical latch will still be functional and give both up and down jar action. The
Cougar jar is not sensitive to torque other than normal torsional yield values given in the tables below.
100000
90000
80000
pump open force (lbs)
70000
9 5/8"
60000
8"
50000
6 1/2"
40000
4 3/4"
30000
20000
10000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Diff press inside to outside jar (psi)
Cougar hydraulic Jar metering times
200
180
160
Time Delay (seconds)
140
120 9 5/8"
100 8"
6 1/2"
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
4.3.4
Dailey jars
There are two types of Dailey HDJ-100 jar: the HDJ-100 and the HDJ-100-BB. The BB stands for big bore and is a
redesign of the original HDJ-100 to provide a larger through bore for some sizes of jar. If the ID of your drill string is
critical, ensure you specify the BB type. The two types differ slightly in design. The jars described below are the BB type.
These dual acting hydraulic jars are described below:
The Dailey hydraulic jar consists of an inner mandrel and an outer mandrel. The inner mandrel has two pistons that seal
on the outer mandrel. Between the two pistons there is a hydraulic valve that is closed when the jar is cocked and in its
central position. When the jar is being fired up the hydraulic fluid meters through a pair of metering jets which restrict the
speed of movement of the inner mandrel through the outer mandrel. The lower section of the hydraulic valve connects
with a profile on the outer mandrel and is prevented from moving with the inner mandrel. As the inner mandrel keeps
moving through the outer mandrel under the force applied from surface the two halves of the hydraulic valve are forced
apart, allowing hydraulic fluid to pass through ports and by-pass the metering jets. The inner mandrel then free, moves
quickly through the outer mandrel until the hammer and anvil collide firing the jars.
The jar is cocked by placing it in its central position from where it can be re-fired in either direction.
Jarring in both directions takes place in the same manner.
On the older design HDJ-100 jar the valve is opened by a set of arms that connect onto a profile on the outer mandrel but
the mechanism is very similar otherwise.
250
200
Time Delay (seconds)
9 1/2"
150 7 3/4" & 8"
6 1/2"
100 6 1/4"
4 3/4"
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
120000
100000
pump open force (lbs)
80000 9 1/2"
7 3/4" & 8"
60000 6 1/2"
6 1/4"
40000 4 3/4"
20000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
4.3.4.1
Tool specification summary
Jar type Original HDJ-100 HD100 HD100 HD100 HD100
Tool OD 4 ¼” 4 ¾” 6 ¼” 7 ¾”
Tool ID 2 1/8” 2 1/16” 2 ¼” 3”
Tool joint connection type NC31 NC38 NC50 6 5/8”Reg
Max working load while 55000 95000 200000 260000
jarring (lbs)
Tensile yield strength (lbs) 325000 436000 832000 1600000
Torsional yield strength 15000 21200 49300 76400
(ft.lbs)
4.4
Proper Handling of Small Drilling / Fishing Jars (Dailey)
4.4.1 Delivery to Location
A. The drilling/fishing jar will be delivered to the location with the mandrel in the closed position. Approximately a 1"
gap will be present between the bottom of the box end of the mandrel and the top of the upper housing of the jar.
This is a general design feature in some jars that prevents debris in the well bore fluid from being driven into the
upper seals when the jar is re-cocked causing a loss of seal integrity.
B. If there is a larger gap or the mandrel appears to be in the open position, approximately 5-1/2" to 8-1/4" inches of
mandrel exposed depending on jar size, contact the nearest jar representative. Check to see if there are any
indications that the jar has been leaking and advise the jar company representative of this anomaly.
C. All service breaks on the jar body / housing connections are torqued at the Jar Contractor's service center. It is
NOT NECESSARY for the rig crew to tighten the body / housing connections before running the jar in to the hole or
to break the connections when laying the jar down.
4.5
Accelerator Description
The functions of a drilling accelerator can be summarised as follows:
• To compensate for the lack of stretch in a short string.
• To compensate for slow contraction of the drill string due to high hole drag.
• Act as a reflector to the shock wave travelling up the string from the jar blow.
• Intensify the jar blow.
Drilling and fishing accelerators (also called jar intensifiers ) are basically the same design. The Drilling equipment has an
up-rated spline drive mechanism to enable the tool to withstand 300-500 rotating hours.
The accelerator consists of an outer barrel and an inner mandrel. The inner mandrel slides in / out of the outer barrel.
The two are connected by an interference fit between a piston chamber on the outer barrel and piston on the inner
mandrel. The piston chamber contains a solid or fluid or gas that acts as a spring. When a force is applied to the
accelerator the tool opens. The extension is dependent upon the applied force. When the extending force is released, the
tool closes under the spring force of the fluid inside the piston chamber. Dual acting accelerators work in similarly with
both the up jar and down jar.
4.6
Jar and Accelerator Positioning
Jar positioning programs do exist but all are configured to position the jars for maximum up jarring effect, which is not
always the desired direction for jarring. To make a full analysis of optimum jar position many factors must be taken into
account. However, this is not normally done for drilling operations. Usually the jars are run in a position determined by
field / personal experience or company policy.
There are a number of issues that should be considered when positioning jars in a drill string.
• Likely places for sticking to occur.
• Most likely jarring direction required.
• Well bore contact / differential sticking risk.
• Position of the Axial neutral point when drilling with maximum WOB.
• Depth of hole section.
• Drag in hole section.
• Minimum allowable measured weight for plastic buckling when not rotating.
5.
COMMUNICATION
5.1.1 Meetings
Regular meetings are a vital tool in the maintenance of the team spirit and provide a vehicle for two way communication.
It will be necessary to determine what is appropriate for each locality, but the following meetings are suggested.
There must be a clear statement of who is responsible for organising and leading each meeting. This will again depend on
the location, but consider offering the Rigsite Champion, Drilling Supervisor and other senior staff some facilitation training
if possible.
Questions for planning a successful meeting.
Are the right people attending?
Is there a clear agenda?
Is the room set-up satisfactory?
Is there enough time?
How will information, actions etc., be recorded?
Are important instructions passed onto the crews?
How are the attendees comments recorded?
Are follow up actions identified?
Who should receive a copy of the minutes?
5.1.2 Handovers
Most stuck pipe incidents happen within two hours of the Driller's shift change. This is due in part to inadequate briefing of
their relief.
Stagger handovers so that there is sufficient overlap between Tool pushers, Tour Pushers, Drillers, Assistant Drillers and
Mud Loggers. Allow some to work 12 until 12, and others 6 until 6 or 9 until 9 which will improve continuity.
Consider the use of pre-printed handover forms that help to give the personnel coming on shift a much better idea of the
way the hole has been behaving. Examples of a Driller's and a Shaker hand's handover forms are shown in the appendix .
These are only examples and it may be best for each crew to design their own so that it is most relevant for their rig and
their operation. It is everyone's responsibility to ensure they have given or received a comprehensive handover.
5.1.3 Reporting
To learn from every incident it is necessary to fill in a Stuck Pipe Incident Report Form. An example is shown in the
appendices, but again it may be best to draw one up that best suits your local circumstances.
The responsibility for filling in the report form will differ from rig to rig. In some places it will be the Driller, others the Rig
Site Champion and so on. It is essential that the chain must be established in advance so that it is clear who has to fill out
the form, who needs to be copied on it and who is responsible for follow-up actions.
The value of a well filled out report can be seen by searching the Stuck Pipe Incident Report Forms sector of the
Knowledge Base. This provides a power full engineering tool. For every stuck pipe incident, a report form should be sent
to the Knowledge Base administrator. [Currently Ian Pitkethly, BP, Sunbury UK] .
6. APPENDICES
6.1 STUCK PIPE INCIDENT REPORT
The stuck pipe incident report form should be completed at the end of each well by the operations group
whether or not any incidents have occurred. For wells where no incidents have occurred only section
1 needs completing. Wells that are in progress at the end of each quarter should also be reported. A
completed copy should be sent to the stuck pipe focal point for your area through the SDE.
Reporting Guidelines
Exp/App wells: Spud to start of anchor handling or start of rig down less time for testing
E/A wells
Dev wells: Spud to last operation prior to running production casing/liner or pre-wiper
trip.
Test/comp days
Exp/App wells: From running production casing/liner or pre casing wiper trip to final lay
down of test tools.
Dev wells From running production casing/liner or pre casing wiper trip, to suspend
prior to skid.
Well completion date: Record date well operations completed i.e. rig release.
Sticking incident
Lost Time
State lost time in total to recommence operations from where stuck pipe incident occurred. This will
include all time associated in performing a sidetrack and re-drilling relevant hole section to original
depth. Record time spent to free pipe or until attempts aborted i.e. where decision taken to sidetrack.
Cost
Record
• Total cost in US dollars
• Total cost of fish in US dollars
Note: obtain respective exchange rate or QTR from you local accounts rep.
6.2
Pipe Stretch Calculation Example
Field Units
735294*W * e
Using formula 1 L= ft
dP
735294 * 19.5 * 30
Length of free pipe L= ft = 8602.9 ft
50000
dP 25 kN differential pull
26374
. *W * e
Using formula 1 L= m
dP
26.374 * 30 * 200
Length of free pipe L= m = 6329 m
25
6.3
Torque and Pull Calculation Example
Allowable simultaneous torque and pull on drillpipe tube.
Field Units
PI 4 4
0.096167 × [ ( D − d )]
P2
× (Ym × SF ) − 2
32
Q(lbs) =
2
D A
P 450000 lbs
Q 30831 ft.lbs Minimum torsional yield under tension
PI
1154
. × [ ( D4 − d 4 )]
P2
× (Ym × SF ) − 2
32
Q( N ) =
2
D A
6.4
Jarring Calculation Formulae
NB1: In a non-vertical well BHA.Wt.below.jars = BHA.Wt.below.jars x cos(Inclination)
NB2: trip force = the force (tension or compression) at the jar that is being used to fire it.
NB3: Jar fric is usually about 5000lbs. It is ignored for the firing stroke.
1 Formula for calculating the surface weight required to fire jar up (once it has been cocked ). Apply a measured
weight of at least Uj.
2 Formula for calculating the surface weight required to cock the jar to enable it to be fired up. Setdown to at least
a measured weight of Uc (more may be required).
3 Formula for calculating the surface weight required to fire jar down o
( nce it has been cocked ). Setdown to at
least a measured weight of Dj.
2 Formula for calculating the surface weight required to cock the jar to enable it to be fired up. Apply a measured
weight of at least Dc.