1. WHO IS NOAM AVRAM CHOMSKY?

A. Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, politician, cognitive scientist, and

activist. Most cited living person, 4000 citations in Arts and Humanities Citation Index
from the period 1980-1992; 1619 citations in the Science Citation Index (1947-1992);
AWARDS: India, Japan, China. Japanese equivalent to Nobel Prize: 1988 Kyoto prize ;
PRODUCTIVITY: linguistics(30 titles), philosophy, politics, cognitive science,
psychology(over 40 titles); 8 volumes(more than 100 articles) discussing his work;
CAREER: MIT, associate professor at the age of 29, full professor at the age of 32.
2. WHEN WAS CHOMSKY BORN?
A. Born in Philadelphia, December 7, 1928; PARENTS: father; William Chomsky
( emigrated from Russia 1913; teacher of Hebrew; Ph.D. thesis medieval Hebrew;
published a grammar of Hebrew.; MOTHER: Elsie Simonofsky: taught Hebrew,
politically sensitive
3. WHICH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL DID CHOMSKY ATTEND?
A. He attended an experimental school in Philadelphia called Oak Lane Country Day
School; he started his education at a remarkably young age – just prior to his second
birthday. It was experimental in the sense that there was no grades, no competition
between children, but rather emphasis on their creativity. One of Chomsky’s activities
was writing in school newspapers where he wrote about Spanish Civil War when he
was 10.
4. WHICH HIGHSCHOOL DID CHOMSKY ATTEND?
At the age of 12 he enrolled to Central High School in Philadelphia. He was a good
student, but he didn’t like the competitive atmosphere in the school. He was rather active in
the school, participating in activities of various school clubs.
5. WHAT WAS THE INFLUENCE OF CHOMSKY'S UNCLE?
A. His uncle, a man without formal education, but very intelligent and self-educated had a
lasting impact on Chomsky. He taught Chomsky about Freud and about “Marxist
sectarian policies – Stalinist, Trotskyite, non-Leninist sects of one sort or another
6. WHERE DID CHOMSKY BEGAN HIS STUDIES?
A. He started his undergraduate studies at the University of Pennysylvania when he was
16. He enrolled in a general program of study, but he didn’t like his undergraduate
experience so at one point he considered to drop out and go to Palestine. Two facts
changed his plans – he began dating Carol Doris Schatz, a childhood friend and he met
Zelling Harris in 1947
7. WHY DID CHOMSKY WANT TO GO TO PALESTINE?
A. He wanted to join a kibbutz in order to try to become involved in efforts at Arab-Jewish
cooperation within a socialist framework. Against the idea of establishing a separate
state of Jews in Palestine because of marginalization and poverty that would occur
because of religion.
8. WHY DID CHOMSKY CHANGE HIS PLANS ABOUT GOING TO PALESTINE?
Two events(1947) > started dating Carol a childhood friend whom he married in 1949; >he
met Zellig Harris a respected professor of linguistics.
9. WHAT WAS THE INFLUENCE OF ZELLIG HARRIS ON CHOMSKY?
Political attitudes and linguistic works had an influence on Chomsky.
A. Zellig Harris was a structural linguist who founded the linguistics department at the
University of Pennsylvania; Zelling encouraged Chomsky to take graduate courses in
philosophy and mathematics. It was during the period in which Chomsky wanted to
drop out, so Harris influenced him not to do that. Chomsky was also influenced by his
linguistic work. At that time Harris completed his best known book “Methods in

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 Structural Linguistics” and gave proofs of his book to Chomsky to read; Best known
book of Harris: METHODS IN STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS

10. WHEN DID CHOMSKY FINISH HIS STUDIES?

A. University of Pennsylvania 1949 with the B.A. thesis MORPHOPHONEMICS IN
MODERN HEBREW.
11. WHEN DID CHOMSKY BEGAN HIS GRADUATE STUDIES?
A. Fall semester 1949 at the University of Pennsylvania
Finished in 1951
MA thesis: revision of B.A. thesis.
12. WHAT WAS CMOSKY'S FIRST PUBLISHED PAPER AND WHERE IT WAS
PUBLISHED?
A. SYSTEMS OF SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS in The Journal of Symbolic Logic.
13. WHEN DID CHOMSKY BEGIN HIS STUDIES AT HARVARD AND HOW?
A. He began his studies at Harvard after two years of graduated studies at the University
of Pennsylvania thanks to his philosophy teacher Nelson Goodman. After 2 years at the
University of Pennsylvania Chomsky was awarded a prestigious scholarship to study in
Harvard. In 1951 he was named a Junior Fellow to his famous Harvard society. He met
many famous people at Harvard one of them was Roman Jakobson and Morris Halle.
14. WHY IS CHOMSKY PERCEIVED AS AND ANTI-ZIONIST BY AMERICAN JEWS?
A. They perceived him as an anti-Zionist because he was against the creation of Israel as
a Jewish country. He supported the plans to establish a socialist state in Palestine with
equal participation of Arabs and Jews.

15. WHY DID CHOMSKY FIRST VISIT ISRAEL?

A. Visited Israel first in 1953. Lived in a kibbutz for 6 weeks with his wife Carol. He worked
as an agricultural laborer with little food and lots of hard work.
16. WHEN DID CHOMSKY RECEIVE HIS PH.D. ?
A. Received his Ph.D. from University of Pennsylvania in 1955. He just submitted one
chapter of the book he was working on. Title of the book: THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE
OF LINGUISTIC THEORY.
17. WHEN DID CHOMSKY ARRIVE TO MIT?
A. In 1955 Roman Jakobson recommended Chomsky for a position of a researcher at the
MIT, he was assigned to a machine translation project since there was no linguistic
department at the time of his arrival

18. WHAT DID CHOMSKY TEACH AT THE BEGINNING?

A. Courses of French and German to graduate students. In addition, he began to teach
undergraduate philosophy courses at MIT.

19. WHAT WAS HIS FIRST PUBLISHED BOOK?

A. 1957, SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES.; First review: journal Language in 1957(reviewer
Robert Lees)
20. WHERE DID CHOMSKY HAVE HIS CONFRONTATION WITH STRUCTURALISTS?
A. At Texas Conferences on problems of Linguistic Analysis in English language. In 1958
and 1959.
21. WHICH BOOK DID CHOMSKY CRITICIZE AND WHY?
A. He criticized Skinner’s book Verbal Behaviour and his review was published in the
journal Language in 1959.

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22. WHEN DID CHOMSKY ESTABLISH A GRADUATE PROGRAM IN LINGUISTICS AT
MIT?
A. In the spring of 1959 Chomsky and his friend Morris Halle established the graduate
linguist. program and Jerry Fodor, Jerry Katz, Paul Postal, Robert Lees joined the
program.
23. WHICH PERIOD WAS CHARACTERIZED AS CHOMSKY’S CLASSIC PERIOD?
A. During the 1960s he published : Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, Topics in the
Theory of Generative Grammar, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Cartesian Linguistics:
a Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought, and this period is regarded as
Chomsky’s Classic Period.
24. WHAT DID CHOMSKY DISCUSS IN CARTESIAN LINGUISTICS?
A. He elaborated the relationship between empiricist and rationalist approaches. He
identifies himself as a follower of the seventeenth and eighteenth-centuries rationalist
tradition. He claims that language creativity is actually a renewal of the same ideas that
were present in the works of tome linguists and philosophers from earlier centuries.

25. WHAT WAS THE ORIGIN OF CHOMSKY’S EMPHASIS ON LANGUAGE CREATIVITY?

A. He claims that his emphasis on language creativity is actually a renewal of the same
ideas that were present in the works of tome linguists and philosophers from earlier
centuries, such as Humboldt in eighteenth century.
26. WHAT WAS THE ORIGIN OF CHOMSKY’S IDEAS OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN
DEEP AND SURFACE STRUCTURE?
A. His ideas of the distinction between deep and surface structure might be traced back to
both the grammar and the logic described in the Port-Royal Grammaire Generale et
raisonnee(philosophical grammar).
27. WHY DID CHOMSKY BECOME THE INTELLECTUAL IN DEMAND IN THE 1960S?
A. He gave lectured, travelled frequently. He started to express his opinions about the
current political situation: he raised his voice against violations of human rights, the
invasion of Vietnam, and all forms of oppression in various parts of the world.

28. WHAT WERE THE TITLES OF THE FIRST POLITICAL ARTICLE AND BOOK?
A. First article: RESPONSIBILITY OF INTELLECTUALS/ New York Review of Books: First
political book: American Power and the New Mandarins/1969.

29. WHAT WAS CHOMSKY’S ROLE ON DRAFT RESISTANCE AND THE MARCH ON THE
PENTAGON?
In 1966 Chomsky supported the draft resistance and the event led to the formation of the
organization called RESIST that became involved in all form of resistance to authority.
Resist was also involved in the organization of the March on the Pentagon. Thousands of
people interested in participating in the March on Pentagon. During this march Chomsky
and many other participants were arrested and spent the night in a police station.

30. WHAT IS CHARACTERISTIC FOR CHOMSKY’S ACTIVITIES IN THE 1970?

He became known as a severe critic of American policy, especially foreign policy, but he
was marginalized in the sense that the media didn’t give him space to make his views
known to a wider audience.
Three linguistic books: Reflections on Language, Essays on Form and Interpretation,
Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory

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 Three political books: The Political Economy of Human Rights, Counter-Revolutionary
Violence, and Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media.

31. WHY WAS CHOMSKY MARGINALIZED IN THE MEDIA?

He became known as a severe critic of American policy, especially foreign policy, but he
was marginalized in the sense that the media didn’t give him space to make his views
known to a wider audience.

32. WHICH PROBLEMS DID CHOMSKY ADDRESS IN HIS BOOK REFLECTIONS ON

LANGUAGE? EXPLAIN THEM.
Chomsky addressed three problems which he called ‘Plato’s Problem’, ‘Orwell’s Problem’,
and ‘ Descartes’s Problem’
PLATO’S PROBLEM: How comes it that human being, whose contacts with the world are
brief and personal and limited, are nevertheless able to know as much as they do know?
ORWELL’S PROBLEM: to explain why we know and understand so little, even though the
evidence available to us is so rich.
DESCARTES’S PROBLEM: How can we account for the many “mysteries for humans” or
even determine what lies beyond epistemic bounds?

33. WHOM DID CHOMSKY START TO COLABORATE WITH IN THE 1970s AND WHICH
NEW PHASE WAS STARTED?
Chomsky decided to start collaborating with Edward S. Herman and a new phase began:
where he analyzed the role of media in the society, in addition to the political analysis of
current events.
34. WHICH BOOK BY CHOMSKY AND HERMAN WAS CENSORED AND WHY?
The book Counter-Revolutionary Violence was censored because Warner
Communications claimed that it was a pack of lies and an attack on Americans.

35. WHAT WAS THE CAUSE OF CHOMSKY’S CONFRONTATIONS WITH

INTELLECTUALS AND OTHER GROUPS?
Because of his critical views Chomsky became an enemy and a threat to many groups:
Jews, Zionists, Intellectuals, other linguists, political scientists.

36. WHY DID CHOMSKY’S POLITICAL TALKS PROVOKE CONTROVERSY IN VARIOUS

SECTORS OD SOCIETY?
A. His political talks caused many controversies. Regarding Israel he advocated the
traditional left bi-nationalist solution of the problem in order to resolve Israeli question in
the long term. Jews didn’t like him because he was a Jew in favour of a democratic
state in Israel which wouldn’t be the sovereign state for only the Jewish people, Zionists
attacked him because he was a Zionist who advocated a gradual move towards a bi-
nationalist state, intellectuals didn’t like him because he criticized the collaboration
between governments and intellectual elites etc.
37. WHICH GROUP DIDN’T LIKE HIM AND WHY?
Jews: because he was in favour of a democratic state in Israel.
Zionists: because he advocated a gradual mode towards bi-nationalist state.
Intellectuals: because he criticized the collaboration between government and intellectual
elites.
Other linguists: because he abandoned the old structuralist theories.
Political scientists: because he characterized as fraud most of the work done by political
scientists.

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38. WHICH EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION DID CHOMSKY COOPERATE WITH?
With the GLOW Association, at the conference in Pisa. And he gave a series of lectures all
in a book called LECTURES ON GOVERNMENT AND BINDING.

39. WHICH ACCUSATIONS AGAINST CHOMSKY APPEARED AT THE END OF THE 1970s
AND WHY?
He was accused of being pro-Soviet because he criticized actions of the American
government towards the Soviet Union.
Of being anti-Soviet: for criticizing Bolshevism and the Soviet government.
Of being pro-Arab: criticized the treatment of Arabs by Jews.
Of being Anti- Arab: because he applied the similar principles to Arab politics.
Of being anti- Semitic: whenever he pointed the wrongdoings of Israelis.
Of being pro- Khmer Rouge when he criticized the propaganda campaign in the West
concerning Cambodia.
Of being pro-Nazi because of his opposition to censorship against those who claim that the
Holocaust never happened.

40. WHAT WAS CHOMSKY’S ROLE IN THE SO-CALLED FAURISSON AFAIR?

1979 : Chomsky was asked to sign a petition in favor of the freedom to express opinions
without persecution. It was a response for professor Faurisson’s questioning the
Holocaust. His critics later claimed that Chomsky was sympathetic to Faurisson’s ideas.
That was not true, he only wanted to sing the petition in order to favor the freedom to
express opinions without persecution.

41. WHY WAS CHOMSKY ACCUSED OF PROTECTING POL POT IN CAMBODIA?

In his book (1979) which he wrote together with Herman called The Political Economy of
Human Rights Chomsky made a comparison between atrocities in Cambodia and Timor
and evaluated the different ways in which media reported about these events. The
comparison between Cambodia and Timor was interpreted as Chomsky’s protection of pol
Pot in Cambodia.
42. IS CHOMSKY STILL ACTIVE AS A TEACHER?
He is over eighty and retired but still active as a teacher. He teaches a graduate course in
the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy of the Massachusetts Institute of technology
(MIT). His classes are attended by hundreds of people – graduate students, but also
linguists, and scholars in the field of philosophy, psychology and mathematics.
He supervised 67 doctoral dissertations at MIT in the period from 1964-1991.

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43. WHICH SCIENTIFIC FIELDS DO CHOMSKY’S BOOKS DEAL WITH?
Linguistics, philosophy, cognitive science, history, politics and the media.
44. WHAT IS THE ONE THING THAT ALL HIS POLITICAL BOOKS HAVE IN COMMON?
They represent a continuous fight against structures of authority and power.

45. CHOMSKY IS MARGINALIZED IN THE U.S. BUT NOT ABROAD. EXPLAIN.

There is some kind of media collusion not to give him space to express his opinions. But
he has his supporters in the popular press and his readers in Z Magazine. In contrast to his
marginalization in the U.S. Chomsky makes regular appearances in the media
abroad( U.K., Sweden, etc.)

SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES
46. WHICH MODELS FOR LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE ARE DISSCUSED IN SYNTACTIC
STRUCTURES?
Three models.
First: communication theoretic model of language
Second: incorporates immediate constituent analysis.
Third: transformational model for linguistic structure.
47. HOW DOES CHOMSKY DEFINE SYNTAX AND WHAT ARE GOALS AND RESULTS OF
SYNTACTIC INVESTIGATION?
Syntax is the study of principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in
particular languages.
Goal of syntactic investigation should be the construction of a grammar that can be viewed
as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis.
The result of syntactic investigation should be a theory of linguistic structure in which the
descriptive devices utilized in particular grammars are presented and studied abstractly,
with no specific reference to particular language.
48. WHICH SENTENCES DID CHOMSKY USE TO ILLUSTRATE THE INDEPENDECE OF
GRAMMAR? DISCUSS.
A. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
B. Furiously sleep ideas green colorless.
Grammaticalness cannot be semantically based. The ability of humans to produce and
recognize grammatical utterances is not based on meaning.
49. EXPLAIN A PHRASE STRUCTURE MODEL OF LANGUAGE; GIVE SOME PS RULES
AND EXPLAIN THEM?
The new form for grammars associated with constituent analysis
RULES:
A. S -> NP + VP
B. NP -> T + N
C. VP -> Verb + NP
D. T -> the
E. N -> man, ball, etc.
F. Verb -> hit, took etc.
50. WHAT ARE GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AD WHAT ARE THEIR
PROPERTIES?

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 A grammatical transformation T operates on a given string (or a set of strings) with a given
constituent structure and converts it into a new string with a new derived constituent
structure.
PROPERTIES: an order of applications on these transformations must be defined; certain
transformations are obligatory whereas others are only optional.
51. What kind of speaker-hearer should linguistic theory be concerned with
A. linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-learner, in a completely
hegemonies speech – community, who knows his language perfectly and is unaffected
by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory, limitations, errors in applying
his knowledge of the language in actual performance
52. Explain the distinction between linguistic competence and performance
A. Linguistic competence is actually the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his language, and
performance is the actual use of language in concrete situations. Chomsky points out
that performance could be a direct reflection of competence only under the idealization
described, but in actual fact, it does not happen.
53. What does Chomsky mean by generative grammar? What do speaker possess in
their mind
A. By a generative grammar Chomsky means simply a system of rules that in some
explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentence, every speaker
has a mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge
of his language.

54. Explain the distinction between the notions “acceptable” and “grammatical” and
give examples
A. He uses the term “ acceptable” to refer to utterances that are natural and immediately
comprehensible. a)I called up the man who wrote the book that you told me about. b)I
called the man who wrote the book that you told me about up.Sentence A is more
acceptable than the sentence B because it is more likely to be produced, more easily
understood, less clumsy, and more natural. Chomsky emphasizes that the notion
“acceptable” is not to be confused with “grammatical”. Acceptability is a concept that
belong to the study of performance whereas the grammaticalness belong to the study
of competence. The sentence in B is less acceptable than the sentence A but it is still
grammatical.

55. What kind of a system is a generative grammar and what are its major components
A. A generative grammar must be a system of rules that can iterate to generate an
indefinitely large number of structures .this system or rules that can be analyzed into
the three major components of a generative grammar: the syntactic, phonological and
semantic components.

56. What is the ultimate standard for determining the accuracy of any grammar?(explain
ambiguity)
A. The speaker-hearers linguistic intuition is the ultimate standard that determines the
accuracy of any propose grammar or linguistic theory; Flying plains can be dangerous” - In
this sentence is presented in an appropriately constructed context, the listener will interpret it
immediately in a unique way and will fail to detect the ambiguity. His intuitive knowledge of the
language is such that both of the interpretations ( corresponding to “ Flying planes are
dangerous” and “ Flying planes is dangerous”) are assigned to the sentence by the grammar
he has internalized in some form.

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LANGUAGE AND MIND
57. WHAT ARE THE TOPICS OF THE THREE LECTURES CONTAINED IN THE BOOK
LAN&M?
FIRST LECTURE: an attempt to evaluate past contributions to the study of mind based on
research and speculation regarding the nature of language.
SECOND LECTURE: devoted to contemporary developments in linguistics having a
bearing on the study of mind.
THIRD LECTURE: a speculative discussion of directions that the study of mind and
language might take.

58. WHICH QUESTION DOES CHOMSKY FOCUS HIS ATTENTION ON THE FIRST
CHAPTER?
Chapter called: Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: past
QUESTION: What contribution can the study of language make to our understanding of
human nature?
59. WHICH TRADITIONS OF RESEARCH (IN WHICH PERIODS) INFLUENCED THE
CONTEMPORARY STUDY OF LANGUAGE?
One is the tradition of philosophical grammar that flourished from the seventeenth century
through romanticism. The second is the “structuralist” tradition which has dominated
research in the twentieth century, at least until the 1950s.
60. WHAT IS THE MOST APPROPRIATE FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF PROBLEMS
OF LANGUAGE AND MIND?
Chomsky believes that the most appropriate framework for the study of problems of
language and mind is the system of ideas developed as part of the rationalist psychology
of the 17th and 18th centuries, further elaborated in important respects by the romantics.

61. CHOMSKY DISTINGUISHES THE SURFACE STRUCTURE FROM THE DEEP

STRUCTURE. EXPLAIN THE DISTINCTION.
SURFACE STRUCTURE: the organization into categories and phrases directly associated
with the physical signal.
DEEP STRUCTURE: also a system of categories and phrases but with a more abstract
character.
62. WHAT DOES A PERSON WHO KNOWS A SPECIFIC LANGUAGE POSSESS?
That person has control of a grammar that generates( that is, characterizes) the infinite set
of potential deep structures, maps them onto associated surface structures and determines
the semantic and phonetic interpretations of these abstract objects.

AMERICAN POWER
63. FIRST POLITICAL BOOK; THE MAIN TOPIC; DATE, WHAT IS CONTAINED IN IT,
DEVOTED TO?
A. American Power; DEVOTED TO: the brave young men who refuse to serve in a
criminal war
B. DATE: September 1969
C. NAME: American Power and the New Mandarins
D. CONTAINED IN IT: a collection of essays elaborated versions of lectures given over the
past years highly critical of the role that American intellectuals have played in designing
and implementing policy, interpreting historical events, and formulating an ideology of
social change. It describes American intervention in a civil war in Vietnam that was
converted into a colonial war of the classic type.

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64. WHICH QUESTION DOES CHOMSKY FOCUS HIS ATTENTION ON THE FIRST
CHAPTER?
A. NAME OF THE CHAPTER: Introduction
B. Chomsky ask the question: What about opposition to the war on the grounds that
Americans have no right to stabilize and restructure American Vietnamese society?

65. WHY IS CHOMSKY CRITICAL TOWARDS AMERICAN INTELLECTUALS AND WHAT IS

THE TITLE OF CHAPTER 6?
A. TITLE: Some thoughts on intellectuals and the schools
B. Chomsky is critical because when the bombing in North Vietnam began one comment
was these acts, and the documents produced to justify them simply reveal that the
American leaders regard themselves as having the right to strike where and when they
wish. He believes that American intellectuals are indifferent to the immediate actions of
their government and its long-range policies and their frequent willingness to play a role in
implementing these policies.
66. WHAT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF INTELLECTUALS ACCORDING TO CHOMSKY,
AND WHAT IS THE TITLE OF CH. 7?
A. TITLE: The responsibility of intellectuals
B. Their responsibility is to speak the truth and to expose the lies.
67. WHAT IS THE TITLE IN CH. 8 AND WHAT DOES CHOMSKY DESRIBE IN IT?
A. TITLE: On resistance
B. Chomsky describes Washington demonstrations

68. WHAT DOES HE THINK ABOUT THE VIETNAM WAR AND ABOUT THE FOREIGN
POLICY OF THE U.S.?
A. The Vietnam War is the most obscene example of a frightening phenomenon of
contemporary history- the attempt by the United States to impose its particular concept
of order and stability throughout much of the world.

FATEFUL TRIANGLE
69. THE BOOK ABOUT PALEST.-ISRAELI CONFLICT AND THE ROLE OF THE U.S.,
DATE, FOREWORD?
A. DATE: 1983
B. FOREWORD: Edward Said points out that it may be the most ambitious book ever
attempted on the conflict between Zionism and the Palestinians viewed as centrally
involving the United States.
C. According to Chomsky the U.S. are rejectionists opposed to the peace.

70. WHY IS THE MIDDLE EAST REGION SO IMPORTANT FOR THE U.S., AND WHAT ARE
THE TWO MAIN PROBLEMS?
A. Chomsky points out that the strategic importance of the Middle East region lies
primarily in its immense petroleum reserves. It has been necessary to ensure that this
enormous wealth flows primarily to the West not to the people of the region. He thinks
that his is one fundamental problem that will continue to cause unrest and disorder.
Another problem is the Israel-Arab conflict which has been closely related to the major
U.S. strategic goal of dominating the region’s resources and wealth.
71. WHICH OF ISRAEL’S POLICIES ARE PERTICULARLY CRITICIZED BY CHOMSKY IN
THE FIRST CHAPTER OF THE BOOK?

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 A. Its consistent rejection of any political settlement that accommodates the national rights
of Palestinians, its repression and state terrorism over many years, and its propaganda
efforts, which have been remarkably successful in the United States.

72. HOW IS THE SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE U.S. AND ISRAEL
MANIFESTED, ELABORATED IN CH. 2?
A. The special relationship is manifested through the level of the U.S. military and
economic aid to Israel over many years.
73. HOW DOES CHOMSKY EXPLAIN THE CONCEPTS OF REJECTIONISM AND
ACCOMMODATION IN CH. 3?
A. Rejectionism is used in the United States to refer the position of those who deny the
right of existence of the State of Israel, or who deny that Jews have the right of national
self-determination within the former Palestine.
B. Accommodation is an international consensus where a “two-state settlement” is
taken to be a politically realistic solution that would bring a chance for peace and
security for the inhabitants of former Palestine.

74. WHAT DOES CHOMSKY DISCUSS IN CH. 7 OF THE BOOK? TITLE?

A. Title: The road to Amrmageddon; Chomsky discusses threats for the unresolved Israel-
Arab conflict to Israel and the Palestinians, to the United States and the world, and
considers some prospects fot the resolution of this conflict.
75. The full title of the book about hegemony and survival, date?
A. The book Hegemony or survival: America’s guest for global dominance was published
in 2003.
76. What is discussed in the first chapter of this book and what are two superpowers
today?
A. Chomsky discusses the behavior of the world power that proclaims global hegemony.
The first section of this chapter is devoted to two superpowers: the United States and
world public opinion.
77. What are the “imperial grand strategy”, “preventive war”, where was it undertaken,
and why?
A. Chomsky points out that the imperial grand strategy asserts the right of the United
States to undertake “preventive war” that is the use of military force to eliminate an
imagined or invented threat. He adds that preventive war falls within the category of
war crimes. “Preventive war” was undertaken in Iraq.

78. What are some characteristics and how did this tragedy finish, as discussed in
Chapter3?
A. Chomsky points out that the US could reduce the misery and perhaps clear the way to
a more substantial solution to deeply rooted problems in many parts of the world by
simply withdrawing its support for atrocities. He thinks that it would require a willingness
on the part of the educated classes to look in to the mirror instead of restricting
themselves to criticizing the crimes of official enemies.
79. Why was the progress of Nicaragua in 1980s perceived as the real danger for the
USA?
A. Chomsky emphasizes that the progress of Nicaragua during the early 1980s was
praised by the World Bank and other international agencies as “remarkable” and as

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 “laying a solid foundation for long-term socio-economic development”. So the real
danger was serious: Nicaragua’s remarkable “transformation could have metastasized
to a “revolution without borders”.
MANUFACTURING CONSENT
80. The book about media, co-author, date, what was sketched out in it
A. Chomsky wrote the book Manufacturing Consent in cooperation with Edward Herman.
The book was published in 1988. In the Preface, Herman and Chomsky emphasize that
in this book they sketch out a “propaganda model” and apply it to the performance of
the mass media of the US. They believe that the mass media serve to mobilize support
for the special interests that dominate and state and private activity.
81. Which news ‘filters’ are essential parts of their propaganda model (list five)

A. 1. the size, concentrated ownership, owner wealth and profit orientation of the
dominant mass-media firms; 2- advertising as the primary income source of the mass
media; 3- the reliance of the media on information provided by government, business,
and ‘experts’ funded and approved by these primary sources and agents of power; 4-
“flak” as a means of disciplining the media; 5- anticommunism”- as a national religion
and control mechanism.
82. What is the first filter? explain
A. Size, ownership, and profit orientation of the mass media. Dominant media firms are
quite large businesses, they are controlled by very wealthy people or by managers who
are subject to sharp constraints by owners and other market-profit-oriented forces and
that the large media firms are closely interlocked having important common interests
with other major corporations, banks and government.
83. What is the second filter? explain
A. Advertising as the primary income source of the mass media. The death of the Daily
Herald was in a large measure a result of absence of advertising support. The Herald
with 8.1. precent of nationaly daily circulation, got 3.5% of net advertising revenue.
84. What is the third filter? explain
A. Sources of mass-media news. They point out that the media rely on information
provided by government, business and various “experts”. The mass media establish
relationship with powerful sources of information by economic necessity and reciprocity
of interest. The media need a steady, reliable flow of the raw material of news.
85. What is the fourth filter? explain
A. “Flak” as a means of disciplining the media. It refers to negative responses to a media
statement or program. It may take the form of letters, telegrams, phone calls, petitions,
lawsuits, speeches, and bills before Congress and other modes of complaint, threat,
and punitive action. It may be organized centrally or locally, or it may consist of the
entirely independent actions of individuals.
86. What is the fifth filter? explain

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 A. Anticommunism as a control of mechanism; they point out opposition to communism
became the first principle of Western ideology and politics. This ideology helps mobilize
the population against an enemy. It can be used against anybody supporting policies
that threaten property interests or support compromise with Communist state and
radicalism. It therefore serves as a political-control mechanism.
NECESSARY ILLUSIONS
87. What is the book necessary Illusions about, when was it first published, where?
A. The book was first published in the UK in 1989. Chomsky points out that the five
chapter in this book are modified versions of the five Massey lectures that he delivered
over Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio in November 1988. These lectures
suggest certain conclusions about the functioning of the most advanced democratic
system of the modern era, and particularly, about the ways in which thought and
understating are shaped in the interests of domestic privilege.
88. How is thought control conducted in capitalist democracies?
A. Through the agency of the national media.
89. What was the aim of a New World Information Order, what was US reaction, and
why?
A. New World Information Order that would diversity media access and encourage
alternatives to the global media system dominated by the Western industrial powers.
Chomsky adds that a UNESCO inquiry into such possibilities elicited an extremely
hostile reaction in the US. The alleged concern was freedom of the press. Among the
questions Chomsky raises in this chapter are the following: just how serious in this
concern, and what is its substantive content? Additional questions are related to a
democratic communications policy; what it might be, whether it is a desideratum, and if
so, whether it is attainable.
90. Why is ‘citizen participation’ or ‘democratizing the media’ unacceptable in the US?
A. Chomsky claims that the concept of ‘democratizing the media’ has no real meaning
within the terms of political discourse in the US. Citizen participation would be
considered an infringement on freedom of the press, a blow stuck against the
independence of the media that would distort the mission they have undertaken to
inform the public without fear of favor.
91. List three models of media organization according to Chomsky’s classification
A. 1. corporate oligopoly. 2. State-controlled 3. A democratic communications policy as
advanced by the Brazilian bishops.
92. What is amount of democratic participation in the media in these models of media
organization
A. The first model reduces democratic participation in the media to zero. In the case of
state-controlled media, democratic participation might vary, depending on how the
political system functions. The stte media are generally kept in line by the forces that
have the power to dominate thestate, and by n apparatus of cultural managers. The
third model is largely untried in practice.

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MEDIA CONTROL
93. Which conceptions of democracy are presented in the introduction to Media C
A. According to the first conception, a democratic society in one in which the public has
the means to participate in some meaningful way in the management of their own
affairs and the means of information are open and free. An alternative conception is
that the public must be blocked from managing of their own affairs and the means of
information must be kept narrowly and rigidly controlled.
94. What was the first modern government propaganda operation
A. In the first section on Early History of Propaganda, Chomsky begins with the first
modern government propaganda operation. That was in the US under the presidency of
Woodrow Wilson, who was elected President in 1916 on the platform “Peace Without
Victory”. That was in the middle of the WW1.
95. What does it mean to ‘manufacture consent’? who created this phrase?
A. That is, to bring about agreement on the part of the public for things that they did not
using new techniques of propaganda to achieve this goal. This phrase was created by
Walter Lippmann.
96. What was the commitment of the public relations industry?
A. Its commitment was “to control the public mind” as its leaders put it.
97. What was called ‘the crisis of democracy’ by the specialized class?
A. In the 1960s there was another wave of dissidence. It was called by the specialized
class “ the crisis of democracy”. It implies that democracy was regarded as entering
into a crisis in the 1960s.
98. Why is it necessary to completely falsify history and to reconstruct the history of
Vietnam War.
A: That is another way to overcome these sickly inhibitions to make it look as if when
Americans attack and destroy somebody they are really protecting and defending themselves
against major aggressor and monsters. Too many people began to understand what was
really going on. It was necessary to rearrange those bad thoughts and to restore some form
of sanity, namely a recognition that whatever Americans do is noble and right. If Americans are
bombing South Vietnam, that is because they are defending South Vietnam against
somebody, namely, the South Vietnamese, since nobody was there.

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