McGill University

Faculty of Science

Midterm Examination
Math 264 Advanced Calculus for Engineers
(Version A)

Examiner: Dr. A. Wan Date: October 31, 2017

Time: 6:05 PM - 7:25 PM

First and Last name:

Student number:

This exam contains a total of 6 pages (including this cover page) and 5 questions.

Instructions

• Print your full name and student number clearly on each page. Question Points Score
• Answer all 5 questions directly on the exam; show all your work. 1 12
• If you need more space, use the back of the pages. 2 10

• This is a closed book exam. 3 10

• Calculators, notes, formula sheets are not permitted. 4 10

5 8
Total: 50
Full Name: Student number:

1. (12 marks) Circle only one of True (T) or False (F) to the following statements.

Assume φ, F and G below are all smooth functions.

Line integral of a vector field is independent of parameterization along the

(a) T F
same curve with the same orientation.
´
T rue . The integrand of Γ F · T̂ ds is fixed once the orientation is chosen and hence reduces to
a scalar line integral, which is independent of parameterization.

If ∇ × F = 0 on a simply-connected domain D, then F = ∇φ for some scalar

(b) T F
potential φ on D.

T rue . This is the sufficient condition for conservative vector fields discussed in class. Recall
∇ × F = 0 is equivalent to the necessary conditions of conservative vector field being satisfied.

Line integral of a non-conservative vector field over any closed curve must
(c) T F
be nonzero.

F alse . For example, the line integral along the closed curve in A1-Q5c was zero even though
the vector field was not conservative.

(d) T F The flux integral can be defined for any surface in R3 .

F alse . The surface needs to be at least orientable (i.e. a well-defined normal vector), which
excludes surfaces like the Möbius strip as discussed in class.

(e) T F If F is solenoidal on a domain D, then F = ∇ × G for some vector potential G on D.

F alse . In general, D needs to satisfy additional domain properties such as, every closed surface
in D bounds an enclosed subdomain D0 contained in D as discussed in class.
˝
Let F = f (r)r̂ be a vector field in R3 with f (1) = 0, then R∇ · F dV = 0,
(f) T F
where R is the solid unit sphere.

T rue . By divergence theorem and that the outward normal of R is n̂ = r̂,

˚ ‹ ‹ ‹
∇ · F dV = F · n̂dS = f (1)r̂ · r̂dS = f (1) dS = 0.
R S S S

Math 264 Midterm Examination (Version A) Page 2 of 6

Full Name: Student number:

2. Let a, b be real numbers. Consider the vector field:

  
2

5+y
F (x, y) = 3x + a log(1 + y) − b log(1 − y) î + sin y + x ĵ
1 − y2

(a) (4 marks) Find all value(s) of a, b for which F is conservative.

∂F2 ∂F1
In R2 , if F is conservative, then = . So we verify the necessary condition:
∂x ∂y
∂F2 5+y
=
∂x 1 − y2
∂F1 a b a(1 − y) + b(1 + y) a + b + (b − a)y
= + = =
∂y 1+y 1−y (1 + y)(1 − y) 1 − y2

So the necessary condition holds if a + b = 5 and b − a = 1. I.e. a = 2, b = 3 .

(b) (6 marks) Find a potential function for all cases when F is conservative and specify its domain.

We find φ by solving F = ∇φ for a = 2, b = 3:

∂φ
= 3x2 + 2 log(1 + y) − 3 log(1 − y)
∂x
⇒ φ(x, y) = x3 + x (2 log(1 + y) − 3 log(1 − y)) + f (y)

   
5+y ∂φ 2 3
sin y + x = =x + +f 0 (y)
1 − y2 ∂y 1+y 1−y
| {z }
5+y
=
1 − y2

So f 0 (y) = sin y ⇒ f (y) = − cos(y) + C and a potential function for F is

φ(x, y) = x3 + x (2 log(1 + y) − 3 log(1 − y)) − cos(y) + C

Since log(z) is defined for z > 0, the domain for log(1 + y) is y > −1 and for log(1 − y) is y < 1.
In other words, the domain for φ (and also for F ) is D = { (x, y)| x ∈ R, −1 < y < 1} .

Math 264 Midterm Examination (Version A) Page 3 of 6

Full Name: Student number:

3. (10 marks) Let S be a part of the surface of the cylinder x2 + z 2 = 1 in the first octant and bounded
2
above by the plane y + z = 1. Compute the line integral of F (x, y, z) = (xz 3 , x2 + z cos y, sin y + ez )
along the closed curve Γ by traversing clockwise (when projected on yz-plane) on the boundary of S.

We apply Stokes’ theorem to compute the line integral of F (otherwise difficult to compute directly).
√
From sketching the
√ surface S or from Figure 1a, we see that S is a graph of z = g(x, y) := 1 − x2
2
or x = h(y, z) := 1 − z . We first solve this by describing S as z = g(x, y).

(a) S is part of the cylinder highlighted in red which de-

(b) Domain D in xy-plane highlighted in red.
notes the boundary curve Γ = ∂S.

Figure 1: Surface S and its domain D in xy-plane.

To find the domain of S, note that S is part of the cylinder in first octant; i.e. 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y. For
2 2 2 2
√ bound of y, solving for the intersection of x +z = 1 and y +z = 1 gives x +(1−y)√= 1 ⇒
the upper
y = 1 ± 1 − x . Since the plane z = 1 − y ≥n0 when y ≤ 1, we take negative sign foroy = 1 − 1 − x2
2
√
as the upper bound. So the domain is D = (x, y)| 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − 1 − x2 , see Figure 1b.
Also, from Figure 1a, the clockwise boundary curve Γ is positively oriented (when projected on
yz-plane) if the normal n has component pointing in the −k̂ direction. So by Stokes’ theorem, since
 
 î ĵ k̂
 

 
2 2
 ∂


∇ × F =  ∂x ∂ ∂ 
= cos y − cos y, 3xz , 2x = 0, 3xz , 2x ,
∂y ∂z

 
 3 2
xz x2 + z cos y sin y + ez 

˛ ¨   ¨  
∂g ∂g x
0, 3xz 2 , 2x · − √


⇒ F · dr = ∇ × F · − − , − , 1 dA = , 0, 1 dA
∂x ∂y 1 − x2
Γ
¨
D D

=− 2xdA
D
ˆ 1 ˆ 1− 1−x2
√

=− 2xdydx
0 0
ˆ 1  1   
p
2 2 2 2 32 2 1
=− 2x − 2x 1 − x dx = − x + (1 − x ) = − (1 + 0) − 0 + = −
0 3 0 3 3

Alternatively, using x = h(y, z) would lead to a simpler domain D = { (y, z)| 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − y}:
˛ ¨   ˆ 1 ˆ 1−y
2

∂h ∂h z 1
F · dr = 0, 3xz , 2x · − 1, − , − dA = − x √ 2 dzdy = · · · = −
2
Γ D ∂y ∂z 0 0 1−z 3

Math 264 Midterm Examination (Version A) Page 4 of 6

Full Name: Student number:

4. (10 marks) Let a, b be positive constants with a > b. Using the divergence theorem with
F (x, y, z) = z k̂, compute the volume of a torus enclosed by the parameterized surface

x(u, v) = (a + b cos u) cos v

y(u, v) = (a + b cos u) sin v
z(u, v) = b sin u

where 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π.

Let R be the torus region and S be the surface enclosing R parameterized as above. Then by the
divergence theorem,
˚ ˚ ‹
Volume(R) = dV = ∇ · F
| {z } dV = F · n̂dS
R R S
=1

∂r ∂r
Since F is only nonzero in the z-component, it’s enough the compute z-component of × .
∂u ∂v
 
î ĵ k̂ 
 

∂r ∂r  
× =  −b sin u cos v −b sin u sin v

b cos u
∂u ∂v  
 
−(a + b cos u) sin v (a + b cos u) cos v 0 


= ∗, ∗, −b sin u(a + b cos u) cos2 v + sin2 v
 
= ∗, ∗, −b sin u(a + b cos u)

We pick “−” sign for the outward normal of R since b sin u(a + b cos u) ≥ 0 when a > b and sin u ≥ 0
for 0 ≤ u ≤ π (upper part of torus). Also you can deduce the sign so the final volume value is positive.
‹
Volume(R) = F · n̂dS
S
‹  
∂r ∂r
= (0, 0, b sin u) · − × dudv
D ∂u ∂v
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
= b2 sin2 u(a + b cos u)dudv
0
0 
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π 
2
= 2πb  a sin2 udu + b sin2 u cos udu  ( or by substituting z = sin u )

 0
|0

{z }
=0 (area cancels on [0,π] and [π,2π])
ˆ 2π
1 − cos(2u)
= 2πb2 a du (double angle identity: cos(2u) = 1 − 2 sin2 (u) )
2
0 
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
2 
 
= πb a  du − cos(2u)du

0
|0 {z }
=0
2 2
= 2π b a

Math 264 Midterm Examination (Version A) Page 5 of 6

Full Name: Student number:

5. Let C1 , C2 be real constants and let F be a conservative vector field with a potential φ on a domain
D in R2 . Denote level curves of the field lines of F as G(x, y) = C1 for some smooth function G.
(a) (4 marks) Show that the level curves of φ(x, y) = C2 is perpendicular to the level curves of
G(x, y) = C1 , if both F and ∇G are non-zero on D. (Hint: The field lines of F parameterized
by t satisfies G(x(t), y(t)) = C1 .)

Since G(x(t), y(t)) = C1 for a ≤ t ≤ b, differentiating both sides with respect to t shows that

d
0= G(x(t), y(t)) = ∇G(x(t), y(t)) · (x0 (t), y 0 (t)) (by chain rule)
dt
= ∇G(x(t), y(t)) · F (x(t), y(t)) (since field lines satisfy r 0 (t) = F (r(t)))
= ∇G(x(t), y(t)) · ∇φ(x(t), y(t)) (since F = ∇φ).

Since both ∇G and ∇φ = F do not vanish on D, the above implies ∇G is perpendicular to

∇φ. Recalling that ∇G and ∇φ are perpendicular to the level curves of G(x, y) = C1 and
φ(x, y) = C2 , this implies the two level curves are perpendicular.

(b) (2 marks) Show that the work required to move a particle in the force field F along any segment
of the level curve φ(x, y) = C2 is zero. Do not assume the particle move in a closed curve.

Let r(t) be any segment on the level curve of φ(r(t)) = C2 . Since F is conservative,
ˆ
F · dr = φ(r(b)) − φ(r(a)) = C2 − C2 = 0.
Γ

dr
Another approach is the following: Since the velocity vector is to be tangent to φ(r(t)) = C2 ,
dt
dr
must be perpendicular to ∇φ. In other words,
dt
ˆ ˆ b ˆ b
dr dr
⇒ F · dr = F· dt = ∇φ(r(t)) · (t) dt = 0.
Γ a dt a | {z dt }
=0

(c) (2 marks) Use part (b) to explain why satellites in space can remain in orbit without requiring
additional energy. (Hint: The 
gravitational
 force of the earth felt by a satellite at a distance r
1
away is proportional to F = ∇ and a satellite in orbit move in circular arcs of radius r.)
r

1 1
Since the level curve of φ = = C1 is the circle of radius r = and a satellite moves along
r C1
level curve of φ = C1 , the work required to remain in orbit is zero by part (b).

Math 264 Midterm Examination (Version A) Page 6 of 6