Prof R-J Wang

Die effek van die magnetiese veld: ‘n resensie

eind  ( v  B)  l

F  i (l  B )
F  ilB sin 

Geïnduseerde krag in ‘n draad Geïnduseerde spanning in ‘n geleier

• ‘n Tyd varieerende magneetveld omsluit deur ‘n geslote draadlus induseer ‘n

spanning in die lus – Faraday se wet
• ‘n Magneetveld induseer ‘n krag op ‘n stroom-draende geleier wat binne die veld is
• ‘n Magneetveld induseer ‘n spanning in ‘n geleier wat in die veld beweeg
Lineêre GS masjien: werking
• Dieselfde masjien kan funksioneer as beide motor of
generator
• Die verskil is die rigting van die aangeleg-de eksterne
kragte ten opsigte van die rigting van beweging
• Hoë aansitstroom van ’n lineêre GS motor kan
ernstige skade veroorsaak (hoekom?)
 Ch7. DC machinery fundamentals

1. A simple rotating loop between curved pole faces (Ch7.1)

2. Commutation in a simple 4-loop dc machine (Ch7.2)
3. Problems with commutation in real machines (Ch7.4)
4. The internal generated voltage and induced torque equations of
real dc machines (Ch7.5)
5. Power flow and losses in dc machines (Ch7.7)
Voltage induced in a rotating loop
 Here we assume that the magnetic flux lines across a curved
pole face perpendicularly
 The flux density is uniform under magnet poles and vanishes
midpoint between poles (Neutral plane)

 A single loop of wire rotating about a

fixed axis is called the rotor, and the
stationary part is the stator.

 Since the air gap is of uniform width,

the reluctance is the same everywhere
under the pole faces.
Voltage induced in a rotating loop
 When the loop (rotor) is rotated, a voltage is induced in the loop
 To determine the magnitude and shape of the voltage,
examine the figure below:
 The voltage on each segment is
given by: eind = (v x B)  l
 By summing the voltages in
each segment, the total induced
voltage on the loop is:
eind = 2vBl
 The total induced voltage on
the loop is given by

2vBl under the pole faces

eind= eba + ead + edc + ecb =  beyond the pole edges
 0
Voltage induced in a rotating loop
When the loop rotates through 180°, the direction
of the voltage on the segment reverses, but its
magnitude remains constant.
Voltage induced in a rotating loop

 An alternative way to express the

eind equation

 The tangential velocity v of the

edges of the loop can be expressed
as v = rω

 The area under each pole is Ap = πrl

Thus 2 2
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴𝑝 𝐵𝜔 = ∅𝜔
𝜋 𝜋
Voltage induced in a rotating loop

 Thus the magnitude of the induced electrical voltage

depends on the following factors:
2
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = ∅𝜔
𝜋

 The flux in the machine ∅

 The speed of rotation 
 A constant representing the construction of the
machine 2/
Getting dc voltage out of the rotating loop

 The voltage out of the loop consists

of alternately a constant positive and
a constant negative value

 To produce a dc voltage instead of

the ac voltage, a mechanism called
commutator and brushes can be used,
which in effect is a mechanical rectifier
Getting dc voltage out of the rotating loop

 Each time the voltage in the loop

change direction, the contacts also
switch connections, which is called
commutation
 The resultant output is shown below
Induced torque in the rotating loop

 Suppose a battery is now connected to the machine as

shown here, together with the resulting configuration
Induced torque in the rotating loop
 The force on a segment of the loop is given by 𝐅 = i(𝐥 × 𝐁),
and the torque on the segment is 𝜏 = rF sin 𝜃
 The resulting total induced torque in the loop is 𝜏ind = 2rilB
 Considering that 𝐴p = 𝜋rl and ∅ = 𝐴p B, the torque
expression becomes
2
𝜏ind = ∅𝑖
𝜋
Thus, torque in the machine depends on the following factors:
 The flux in the machine ∅
 The current in the machine i
 A constant representing the construction of the machine 2/
Example 7-1

r = 0.5 m
R = 0.3W
L= 1 m
VB = 120 V
B = 0.25 T
Linear versus rotating DC machines
The calculation steps are very similar,
with the exception that: we now
work with rotational quantities