B47AD Foundation Engineering B

Introduction to Bioprocessing for

Chemical Engineers

Assistant Professor Graeme Collie

Version Jan 2017 © Heriot-Watt University 1

 Introduction Lecture

• To the course – structure, timings and

assessment

• To bioprocessing – what is it? Why

should I care about it?

Version Jan 2017

Graeme Collie
Assistant Professor,
Heriot-Watt University

G.J.Collie@hw.ac.uk

4381 NS 2.02
PATHOGEN MONITORING – concentration, separation
and detection

MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS
 What (are we going to cover in this course)?
•TAXONOMY (3)

•BIOCHEMISTRY (3)

•CELL BIOLOGY AND MICROORGANISMS (2)

•CELL MEMBRANE AND OSMOLARITY (2)

•ENZYMES (3)

•METABOLISM (3)

•BIOTECHNOLOGY/BIOPROCESSING (2)
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 How (are we going to win knowledge)?
18 Lectures & 7 tutorials/peer marking/revision workshop (25
hours)Tues and Thurs mornings. Extra sessions on Wednesday - as
required.

Coursework (45%) (marking within lecture time – 3 hours)

Exam (55%)

Recommended reading:

Study Guide (on Vision)

The Cell: A molecular approach ; Cooper and Hausman; 6th Ed.
Biology; Campbell, Reece and Mitchell; 5th Ed.
Chemistry; Blackman, Bottle, Schmid, Mocerino, Wille, 2nd Ed.
Bioprocess Engineering Principles, Pauline M. Doran

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 Expectations (mine and yours)
Check the lesson plans on Vision to find out what work is required before the
next lecture.

Lesson plans outline the required pre-reading and pre-lecture questions, the
aims of the session and after lecture work.

Lectures will include aspects of group work, questionnaires, tutorial style

working through questions.

I will not give out lecture note handouts – COMING SOON to a Vision site
near you

Expectations: DO THE READING AND QUESTIONS, ENGAGE WITH THE

LECTURE ACTIVITIES, PROFESSIONAL IN WORKING WITH OTHERS AND IN
GIVING FEEDBACK ON OTHERS WORK

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 How (is the course assessed)?
55% final exam – past papers available on Vision
- A workshop at the end of the course (exam format
questions to be attempted before the tutorial session)
– serve as revision class

45% coursework
- Set of questions after each subtopic (2/3 lectures)
- 6 subtopics so each set worth 7.5% of total mark
- PEER MARKING (within small groups in a lecture;
discuss answers)
- Hand in dates to be confirmed
- Biochemistry and Taxonomy hand in 6th February
Monday before 12:00 TBC
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Why (do we need to learn about it)?
• Many chemicals are produced for biological effects (e.g.
antibiotics and pharmaceuticals).

• Many compounds are produced by biological agents.

• Biological materials form a large proportion of industrial

chemicals (e.g. enzymes).

• For reasons of Sustainability – biological materials are

renewable resources.
• For Environmental Reasons - toxicology, waste water
treatment, Bioremediation.
http://www.novozymes.com/en/about-us/our-business/what-are-enzymes/Pages/finding-
and-producing-enzymes.aspx
http://arzeda.com/what-we-do/our-science-technology/

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 Bioprocessing

In bioprocessing living organisms and components

thereof are used to manufacture useful products or
solve problems

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 Products from bioprocessing
Price per tonne (US$, 1993) Products Proteins from mammalian cell culture
100,000,000

1,000,000 Vitamin B12

10,000 Penicillin

100 Baker’s yeast

1 Treated wastewater

Version Jan 2017 Complexity of bioprocessing

© Heriot-Watt University 10
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE IN GROUPS – ASSIGNMENT 1

IN THE NEXT FEW SLIDES I WILL BRIEFLY DESCRIBE

SOME CURRENT USES OF BIOPROCESSING.

LISTEN CAREFULLY.

TAKE NOTES.

AT THE END OF THE LECTURE YOU WILL BE ASKED TO

WRITE A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE ON ONE OF THE
ASPECTS OF BIOPROCESSING.

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NEWSPAPER ARTICLE IN GROUPS – ASSIGNMENT 1

1. What questions do you have about this piece of

research? - AS INDIVIDUALS
2. Share and discuss your questions - GROUP
3. Rank questions for press conference - GROUP
Steps 1-3 10 mins

4. 10 mins to ask me questions - CLASS

5. 5 mins for further planning - GROUP
6. After the lecture complete the article - GROUP

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NEWSPAPER ARTICLE IN GROUPS
WRITE 500 WORDS NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

HEADLINE – summarise the story in one sentence

CONTENT/FORMAT –
• Catch The Reader’s Attention - what is interesting/useful
• What impact would be
• Who, what, when, why?
• Use easily understandable comparisons
• Highlight strengths and limitations
• Each paragraph should stand alone (stories are cut from the bottom up
by editor)

LEVEL – as if explaining to an educated 12 year old

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Enabling Bioprospecting: Solving Antibacterial Resistance

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iE-JbtxB6w#t=102 – how do antibiotics work

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oavgheHGPFw – new discovery 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEWtHcorLnM – new discovery 2 iChip
Wastewater Treatment
Food
Production
Food
Production

6 proteins
8 fatty acids

DNA from dairy cows

Insert it into yeast

Culture the yeast in

bioreactor

In a few days harvest the

milk

Similar process to create

artificial meat
£125,000!
Biomedical
Biomedical
 Bioremediation

Bioremediation for marine oil spills can be approached in two different

ways depending on the case:

1) Biostimulation which involves adding supplemental nutrients to the

affected site to aid the existing oil degrading microorganisms.

2) Bioaugmentation which involves introducing oil degrading,

microorganisms to the affected site.

•Type and concentration of oil

•Climatic conditions
•Conditions in the area (waves,
tides, currents)
•Nutrient content (e.g., nitrogen,
phosphorus, and oxygen)
•pH of the water
http://www.ted.com/talks/magnus_larsson_turning_dunes_into_architecture.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXMJobWlXks
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE IN GROUPS – ASSIGNMENT 1

1. What questions do you have about this piece of

research? - AS INDIVIDUALS
2. Share and discuss your questions - GROUP
3. Rank questions for press conference - GROUP
Steps 1-3 5 mins

4. 10 mins to ask me questions - CLASS

5. 5-10 mins for further planning - GROUP
6. After the lecture complete the article - GROUP

Version Feb 2017 © Heriot-Watt University 22

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE IN GROUPS
WRITE 500 WORDS NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

TOPLINE – summarise the story in one sentence

STORY STRUCTURE –
• Catch The Reader’s Attention - what is interesting/useful
• What impact would be
• Who, what, when, why?
• Use easily understandable comparisons
• Highlight strengths and limitations
• Each paragraph should stand alone (stories are cut from the bottom up
by editor)

LEVEL – as if explaining to an educated 12 year old

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Bioprocessing has a number of unique features
Unity of life: all living organisms consist of cells

All cells have a similar architecture, consist of similar molecules, use

similar manufacturing processes, and use similar instructions

Cells are able reproduce themselves

Cells respond to environmental changes

Cells can grow on a variety of substances

Production can be done under mild conditions

Complex molecules can be produced with high precision and high

specificity
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Bioprocessing also faces unique challenges:
Scale up from lab processes to industrial size

Delivery and even distribution of reagents

Removal of waste products

Purification techniques

Substances and substrates which promote growth

Maintaining optimum conditions throughout the process.

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 Biology is the study of living systems

Biology
What are the characteristics of living systems?

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 Biology is the study of living systems
An organism is an individual living system (such as an animal, plant,
fungus, or micro-organism).

Some of the characteristics of living systems include:

•presence of metabolism
•reproduction
•differentiation
•sensing & communication
•homeostasis- ability to keep conditions constant (e.g. osmotic
pressure)
•movement
•Evolution

But not all living systems will have these characteristics!

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 Cells Biology

All living materials consist of cells.

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 Discovery of the cell (~1700)

Robert Hooke Image of cork drawn by Hooke

Further investigations into cell structure had to wait until the development of
better microscopes in the Victorian age

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The seven points of the cell theory
1. All known living things are constituted of one or more cells

2. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division

3. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living
organisms

4. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent

cells

5. Metabolism and biochemistry occurs within cells

6. Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA
found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm

7. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of

similar species

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Lecture 2 - Taxonomic and Phylogeny
From lowest to highest taxonomic division:

•Species FUNDAMENTAL UNIT

•Genus
•Family
•Order
•Class
•Phylum
•Domain/Kingdom

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