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(Imogene king)
Nursing is an observable behavior found in the bealth care systems in society”(king, 1971,
p.125). the goal of nursing is to help individuals maintain their health so they can function I
their roles “(king, 1981,pp. 3-4). Nursing is an interpersonalprocess of action, reaction,
interaction, and transaction. Perceptions of a nurse and a patient also influence the
interpersonal process.
Keperawatan.
Perawatan adalah perilaku yang dapat diamati ditemukan dalam sistem perawatan bealth
dalam masyarakat "(raja, 1971, hal.125). tujuan keperawatan adalah untuk membantu individu
menjaga kesehatan mereka sehingga mereka dapat berfungsi I peran mereka "(Raja, 1981, hlm.
3-4). Perawatan adalah interpersonalprocess aksi, reaksi, interaksi, dan transaksi. Persepsi
perawat dan pasien juga mempengaruhi proses interpersonal.
Neuman (1982) believes nursing is concerned with the whole person. She views nursing as a
“unique professional in that it is concerned with all of the variables affecting an individuals
response to stress”(p. 14). The nurse’s perceptions influences the care given, therefore,
neuman (1995b) states that the perceptual field of the caregiver and the client must be
assessed. She has developed an assessment and intervention tool to help with this task.
Specific assumptions relating to persons, or individuals, are detailed in A theory for nursing
systems, concepts process (king,1981). In addition, the following assumptions are detailed in
king’s subsequent works :
a. Individuals are spiritual beings (I. King, personal communication, july 11,1996)
b. Individuals have the capacity to think ,know make choices, and select alternative
courses of action (king. 1981)
c. Individuals have the ability through their iangnage and other symbols to record their
history and preserve their culture (king, 1986)
d. Individuals are open systems in transaction with the environment. Transaction connotes
that no separateness exists between human beings and the environment (king,1981)
e. Individuals are unique and holistic, are of intrinsic worth, and are capable of rational
thinking and decision making in most situations (king,1995b).
f. Individuals differ in their needs, wants and goals (king,1995b)
orang
Asumsi tertentu yang berkaitan dengan orang, atau individu, yang rinci dalam Sebuah teori
untuk sistem keperawatan, konsep proses (Raja, 1981). Selain itu, asumsi-asumsi berikut yang
rinci dalam karya-karya selanjutnya raja:
a. Individu adalah makhluk spiritual (I. Raja, komunikasi pribadi, Juli 11,1996)
b. Individu memiliki kapasitas untuk berpikir, tahu membuat pilihan, dan pilih program
alternatif tindakan (raja. 1981)
c. Individu memiliki kemampuan melalui iangnage mereka dan simbol lain untuk merekam
sejarah mereka dan melestarikan budaya mereka (raja, 1986)
d. Individu adalah sistem terbuka dalam transaksi dengan lingkungan. Transaksi berkonotasi
bahwa tidak ada keterpisahan ada antara manusia dan lingkungan (Raja, 1981)
e. Individu yang unik dan holistik, yang dari nilai intrinsik, dan mampu berpikir rasional dan
pengambilan keputusan dalam kebanyakan situasi (raja, 1995b).
f. Individu berbeda dalam kebutuhan mereka, keinginan dan tujuan (raja, 1995b)
Neuman considers her work a wellness model. She views health as a continuum of wellness to
illness that is dynamic is nature and is constantly subject to change, as follows: “Optimal
wellness or stability indicates that total system needs are being met. A reeducated state of
wellness is the result of unmet system needs . the client is in a dynamic state of either wellness
or illness,in varying degrees, at any given point in time “(1995b, p.46)
Kesehatan
Neuman menganggap dia bekerja model kesehatan. Dia memandang kesehatan sebagai
kontinum kesehatan untuk penyakit yang dinamis alam dan terus-menerus dapat berubah,
sebagai berikut: "kesehatan Optimal atau stabilitas menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kebutuhan
sistem terpenuhi. Sebuah negara pendidikan ulang dari kesehatan adalah hasil dari kebutuhan
sistem terpenuhi. klien dalam keadaan dinamis baik kesehatan atau sakit, dalam berbagai
derajat, pada suatu titik waktu tertentu "(1995b, p.46)
Health (imago king)
Health is a dynamic state in the life cycle, illness is an interference in the life cycle. Health
implies continuous adjustment to stress in the internal and external environment throught
optimum use of one’s resources to achieve maximum potential for daily living (king,1981, p .5)
King (1981) believes that “an understanding of the ways that humn beings interact with their
environment to maintain health is essential for nurses”(p. 2). Open systems imply that
interactions occur between the systems and the systems environment inferring that the
environment is constantly changing. “ Adjustments to life and health are influenced by (an)
individuals interactions with environment. Each human being perceives the world as a total
person in making transactions with individuals and things in the environment” (king, 1981, p.
141).
Environment and person are identified as the basic phenomena of the neuman system. Model
with relationship between environment and person being reciprocal. Environment is defined as
being all the internal and external factors that surround or interact with person and client.
Stressors (intrapersonal, interpersonal and extrapersonal) are significand to the concept of
enfirortment and are described as environmental forces that interact with and potentially altes
system stability.
Neuman (1995b) identifies the folloeing three relevant environments: (1) internal (2) external,
and (3) created. The internal environment is intrapersonal, with all interaction contained within
the client . the external environment is interpersonal or extrapersonal . with all interactions
occurring outside the client. The created environment is unconsciously developed and is used
by the client to support protective coping. It is primarily intrapersonal. The created
environment is dynamic in nature and mobilize all system variables to create an insulating
effect that helps the client cope with the threat of environmental stressors by changing the self
or the situation. Examples are the useof denial (psychological variable) and life cycle
continuation of survival patterns (developmental variable). The created environment
perpetually influences and is influenced by changes in the client’s perceived state of wellness
(neuman 1995b)
lingkungan
Lingkungan dan orang diidentifikasi sebagai fenomena dasar dari sistem neuman. Model
dengan hubungan antara lingkungan dan orang yang timbal balik. Lingkungan didefinisikan
sebagai semua faktor internal dan eksternal yang mengelilingi atau berinteraksi dengan orang
dan klien. Stresor (intrapersonal, interpersonal dan ekstra-personal) yang Signifikan dengan
konsep enfirortment dan digambarkan sebagai kekuatan lingkungan yang berinteraksi dengan
dan stabilitas sistem berpotensi altes.
Neuman (1995b) mengidentifikasi folloeing tiga lingkungan yang relevan: (1) dalam (2)
eksternal, dan (3) dibuat. Lingkungan internal intrapersonal, dengan semua interaksi yang ada
di klien. lingkungan eksternal antarpribadi atau ekstra-personal. dengan semua interaksi yang
terjadi di luar klien. Lingkungan diciptakan secara tidak sadar dikembangkan dan digunakan
oleh klien untuk mendukung mengatasi pelindung. Hal ini terutama intrapersonal. Lingkungan
diciptakan bersifat dinamis dan memobilisasi semua variabel sistem untuk menciptakan efek
isolasi yang membantu klien mengatasi ancaman stres lingkungan dengan mengubah diri atau
situasi. Contohnya adalah penolakan useof (variabel psikologis) dan siklus hidup kelanjutan dari
pola hidup (variabel perkembangan). Lingkungan diciptakan terus-menerus mempengaruhi dan
dipengaruhi oleh perubahan klien yang dirasakan keadaan kesehatan (neuman 1995b)
the neuman systems model has broad relevance for nursing practice. Use of the model by
nurses facilitates goal directed , unified, wholistic approaches to client care. Yet it is also
appropriate for multidisciplinary use to prevent fragmentation of client care. The model
delineates a client system and classification of stressors that can be understood and used by ali
members of the health care team (mirends 1986). Guidelines have been published for use of
the model in clinical nursing practice (freese,et. Al 2002) and for the administration of health
care services (shambaugh, Neuman, & Fawcett, 2002)
neuman has developed several instrumens to facilitate use of the model, these instrumens
include an assessment and intervention tool to assist nurses in collecting and synthesizing client
data, a format for prevention as intervention , and a format for application of the nursing
process within the framework of the neuman systems model (neuman 2002a:Russell, 2002) the
neuman nursing process format consists of the following three steps (1) nursing diagnosis (2)
nursing goals and, (3) nursing outcomes. Nursing diagnosis involves obtaining a broad ,
comprehensive database from which variances from wellness can be determined. Goals are
then established by negotiation with the client for desired prescriptive changes to correct
variances from wellness.