Pushover Analysis for Steel Structure

Abstract
The project analyze of the frame steel structure with linear, nonlinear and buckling analysis and
subjected the frame to plastic hinges to calculate the first and second inelastic analysis. The frame
consisted to kinds of support the first pin-pin and the second fixed-fixed so it must be to analysis the
frame for two times with various applied load.

1-Introduction:
The frame was planned on 2d with applied lateral load 50, 150 KN on joint 2 and vertical load equal
to 500 , 1500 KN on joint 2 and 3 TO determine the linear analysis and plot it in sheet excel . The
support of frame consist into cases which the first case was subjected to pin-pin support and the second
case was subjected to fixed-fixed support.
2. Purpose and Objectives
This study is intended to evaluate whether the structure system is still safe or insecure against
workloads and know the performance of the frame structure when the plan earthquake occurs.
If the existing structural system is not secure then what retrofitting action should be done to
make the structure system safe. Then the performance of this frame will be expressed in the
form of plan displacement which will be calculated based on the guidance of FEMA-356 and
in the form of performance point which will be calculated based on ATC-40 guideline.

3. Methodology of project and modeling

The method used for analysis the frame was the program Sap2000.V.20
1- Pin-Pin support
a) Defined the frame: in figure (1) showed the dimension of structure which the height
of frame equal to 3 and width equal to 6.

Figure (1). 2D frames with story height 3

and width 6

b) Defined the section of frame steel: as in figure (2) we subjected the section W 8*24 of steel member
from library in program go to define > section properties > frame section and then we choose wide
flange W 8*24.
 Figure (2). Steel section properties

c) Applied load to the frame structure.

Applied load linear analysis Applied load nonlinear analysis

Joint number 2 3 Joint number 2 3
Fx (load) 50 0 Fx (load) 0.1 0
Fy (load) 500 500 Fy (load) 1 1
Fx (load) 150 0 Applied load Nonlinear analysis represent in
Fy (load) 1500 1500 (push)

In figure (3) illustrate the frame with applied load and from load pattern created Dead load for linear
analysis with zero self-weight and created push load (pushover) to calculated the nonlinear analysis.

Figure (3). Steel Frame with applied load and consist Pin- Pin support
 d) Analysis the frame for 5 step
1- Step one First order elastic analysis: according to load cases the Dead load it is define as linear static.
From options analyze Select 2D frame analyze. And go to run analyze > set Dead load as active analyze
> run now. the result of linear static shown in table (1) it consist the displacement of frame and figure
(4) show the deformation of frame .

Joint OutputCase CaseType U1 U2 U3 R1 R2 R3

Text Text Text m m m Radians Radians Radians
1 DEAD LinStatic 0 0 0 0 0.08258 0
-
2 DEAD LinStatic 0.201068 0 0.004681 0 0.033573 0
3 DEAD LinStatic 0 0 0 0 0.082397 0
-
4 DEAD LinStatic 0.200576 0 0.005173 0 0.03345 0

Table (1)

applied load displacement

0 0
500 67.023
1500 201.068

Figure (4) displacement of frame in linear analysis

2- Step two second order elastic analysis (nonlinear analysis)

First step define the push load as nonlinear from load cases figure (5) show that procure. Go define > load cases
> push load > modify > set to analysis type nonlinear > geometric parameter set to P-dalta plus large displacement
> go to modify load application in figure (6) set to displacement control > from control displacement set to use
monitored displacement > load to monitored displacement equal to 0.12 > Set DOF U1 and at joint 2 > ok from
figure (7) go to modify results saved > set to multiply states > ok.
 Figure (5) define load cases add nonlinear static load (Push load)

Figure (6) load case - nonlinear static

Figure (7) modify load application control for nonlinear and results saved for nonlinear static
load cases

Figure (8) showed the results of nonlinear analysis pushover curve and in table (2) described
the relationship between the displacements and base force for 10 step load cases
 Figure (8) nonlinear analysis

TABLE: Pushover Capacity Curve

LoadCase Step Displacement BaseForce AtoB BtoIO IOtoLS LStoCP CPtoC CtoD DtoE BeyondE Total
Text Unitless m KN Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless
push 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 1 0.012 165.483 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 2 0.024 307.356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 3 0.036 430.197 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 4 0.048 537.605 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 5 0.06 632.319 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 6 0.072 716.467 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 7 0.084 791.729 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 8 0.096 859.447 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 9 0.108 920.707 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 10 0.12 976.396 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table (2) Pushover Capacity Curve nonlinear analysis
3-Buckling load
To analysis the frame on buckling load it must change the option on type of analysis from load
case and select buckling showed in figure (9) and set the load factor to 6 times . The results
showed sex modes these modes represented the load factor. To show the real results in
program it must be get less value of load factor shows in table (3) which is mode is equal to
1064 if this value multiply by applied load 1 KN the buckling load equal to 1064 KN

TABLE: Buckling Factors

OutputCase StepType StepNum ScaleFactor Buckling
Text Text Unitless Unitless load
push Mode 1 1064 1064
push Mode 2 10590.39757
push Mode 3 14357.99101
push Mode 4 45807.4382
push Mode 5 55046.557
push Mode 6 105687.2849

Figure (9) buckling load setting Table (3)

Figure (9). Buckling load factor modes shapes deformation

4- First order inelastic analysis: in the beginning the frame must be defined as plastic
hinge and applied load same nonlinear analysis just set the p-delta to none and define
hinges in frame shows in figure 10 and run analysis. Figure (11) shows steps of plastic
hinges analysis in step 7 the joint 4 deformed to First yield and the next step 8 the joint
2 and 4 deformed to Immediate Occupation so in step 10 the plastic hinges developed to Life
Safety in joint 4. In step 11 the frame steel reach to Collapse level at joint 4. Finally table (4)
represent the displacement in First order inelastic analysis.

Figure (10) assign hinges to frame steel.

Step 7 Step 8

Step 10 Step 11

Figure (11) performance level in plastic hinges first order

 TABLE: Pushover Capacity Curve
LoadCase Step Displacement BaseForce AtoB BtoIO IOtoLS LStoCP CPtoC CtoD DtoE BeyondE Total
Text Unitless m KN Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless
push 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 1 0.012 179.267 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 2 0.024 358.534 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 3 0.036 537.801 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 4 0.048 717.069 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 5 0.06 896.336 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 6 0.072 1075.603 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 7 0.073924 1104.345 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 8 0.080505 1139.33 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 9 0.092505 1154.358 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 10 0.101153 1165.882 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 4
push 11 0.101155 442.291 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4
push 12 0.10896 481.697 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4
push 13 0.12 481.712 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4
Table (4) first order inelastic analysis displacements

5- Second order inelastic analysis: in the beginning the frame must be defined as plastic
hinge same procure first order inelastic analysis but change the geometric nonlinear
parameter to P-delta large displacement and applied load same nonlinear .Figure (12) shows
steps of plastic hinges analysis in step 7 the joint 4 deformed to cause first yield and the next
step 9 the joint 4 deformed to Immediate Occupation and joint 2 deformed to first yield so in step
11 the plastic hinges developed to Life Safety in joint 4 and at joint 2 it cause Immediate Occupation
level. In step 12 the frame steel reach to Collapse level at joint 4. Finally table (5) represent the
displacement in second order inelastic analysis.

TABLE: Pushover Capacity Curve

LoadCase Step Displacement BaseForce AtoB BtoIO IOtoLS LStoCP CPtoC CtoD DtoE BeyondE Total
Text Unitless m KN Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless
push 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 1 0.015 203.04 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 2 0.03 371.197 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 3 0.045 512.439 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 4 0.06 631.685 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 5 0.075 735.338 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 6 0.09 825.68 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 7 0.092578 840.137 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 8 0.105319 845.094 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 9 0.120319 810.465 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 10 0.135319 780.008 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4
push 11 0.142198 767.287 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 4
push 12 0.142199 293.029 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4
push 13 0.15 304.102 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4
Table (5)
 step 7 step 9

step 11 step 12

Figure (12) performance level in plastic hinges second order

6- Final result and summary Pin-Pin

In frame steel with pin-pin support we get results in plastic hinges performance level it
shows us the damage of frame steel under the applied load. the frame pass for various level
of deformation in figure (11,12) In particular step 8 and 9 the demand curve intersects the
capacity curve at event IO (immediate occupation), plastic hinges occurred so the structure
remains stable with the onset of damage privileges. And the Collapse in plastic hinges
member occurred in the final step. Buckling Load caused in the first mode because it has less
value. Finally the results plots of all analysis represented in figure (13) it shows the linear
and nonlinear analysis and plastic hinges analysis and buckling. The buckling load shows
that it did not happen first because of the value of buckling load too higher so we will expect
the failure in plastic hinges at first.
 1600 pushover curve analysis
1400 nonlinear
analysis

1200
1 order
1000 plastic
hinge
applied load

800 2 order
plastic
hinges
600

linear
400 analysis

200
buckling
load
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
displacement

Figure (13) pushover curve analysis

1 order plastic 2 order plastic

linear analysis nonlinear analysis hinge hinges buckling load
Load dis dis load dis load dis load load dis
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1064 0
500 67 12 82.7415 12 89.6335 15 101.52 1064 300
1500 201 24 153.678 24 179.267 30 185.5985
36 215.0985 36 268.9005 45 256.2195
48 268.8025 48 358.5345 60 315.8425
60 316.1595 60 448.168 75 367.669
72 358.2335 72 537.8015 90 412.84
84 395.8645 73.924 552.1725 92.578 420.0685
96 429.7235 80.505 569.665 105.319 422.547
108 460.3535 92.505 577.179 120.319 405.2325
120 488.198 101.153 582.941 135.319 390.004
101.155 221.1455 142.198 383.6435
108.96 240.8485 142.199 146.5145
120 240.856 150 152.051
Table (6) pushover curve analysis
1- Fixed-Fixed
In Fix-Fix case just define the support to the Fixed and take the horizontal force ratio
P*0.91 it from the Gs number 51091. Figure () shows the frame steel with the Fixed-
Fixed support.

Figure (14)
a) For liner analysis the applied loads shows in table (7) and the result of displacement
in table (8)

Fy Fx
0 0 Table (7) applied loads for linear analysis
500 455
1500 1365
TABLE: Joint Displacements
Joint OutputCase CaseType U1 U2 U3 R1 R2 R3
Text Text Text m m m Radians Radians Radians
1 DEAD LinStatic 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 DEAD LinStatic 0.416733 0 -0.004092 0 0.11447 0
3 DEAD LinStatic 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 DEAD LinStatic 0.412267 0 -0.005762 0 0.112749 0
TABLE: Joint Displacements
Joint OutputCase CaseType U1 U2 U3 R1 R2 R3
Text Text Text m m m Radians Radians Radians
1 DEAD LinStatic 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 DEAD LinStatic 0.138911 0 - 0 0.038157 0
0.001364
3 DEAD LinStatic 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 DEAD LinStatic 0.137422 0 - 0 0.037583 0
0.001921

Table (8) the results of displacement for linear analysis

 b) Nonlinear analysis: when defined push load case in Fx=0.91 and Fy = 1 and analysis
as nonlinear the result of pushover curve shows in figure (15) and the table (9) shows
the relationship between the applied load base shear and displacement.

Figure (15) nonlinear analysis curve

LoadCa Step Displac BaseForce Ato BtoIO IOtoLS LStoCP CPtoC CtoD DtoE Beyond Total
se ement B E
Text Unitles m KN Unitl Unitles Unitles Unitles Unitles Unitles Unitles Unitles Unitles
s ess s s s s s s s s
push 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 1 0.1 730.589 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 2 0.2 1358.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 3 0.3 1906.42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 4 0.4 2392.519 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 5 0.5 2829.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 6 0.6 3227.146 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 7 0.7 3592.407 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 8 0.8 3934.022 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 9 0.9 4256.119 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
push 10 1 4563.174 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table (9) displacement nonlinear analysis

c) Buckling analysis
In factor. It showed as the result for 5 mode and each mode represent in the figure
(16). The case 1 it was the factor that buckling failure happened because it the less
value in the cases mode that is mean the failure happened first in mode one and the
table (10) it is load buckling factor.
 1 2 3

4 5 6
Figure (16) buckling factor

TABLE: Buckling Factors

OutputCase StepType StepNum ScaleFactor
Text Text Unitless Unitless
push Mode 1 4176.165801
push Mode 2 12429.87418
push Mode 3 23895.49182
push Mode 4 81552.3177
push Mode 5 85836.8872
push Mode 6 114489.0047
Table (10) Factor modes buckling

d) First order Inelastic analysis: in the beginning the frame must be defined as plastic
hinge same Pin-Pin support and applied load same nonlinear analysis just set the p-
delta to none and run analysis. Figure (17) shows steps of plastic hinges analysis in
step 2 the joint 1 and 3 deformed to First yield and the next step 3 the joint 1 and 3
deformed to Immediate Occupation so in step 6 the plastic hinges developed to Life Safety
in joint 1 and 3 at joint 2 and 4 it cause Immediate Occupation level . In step 10 the frame steel
reach to Collapse level at joint 1 and 3. Finally table (11) represent the displacement in First
order inelastic analysis.
 Step 3 Step 6
Step 2

Step 8 Step 10
Step 7
Figure (17) performance level in plastic hinges first order

TABLE: Pushover Capacity Curve

LoadCase Step Displacement BaseForce AtoB BtoIO IOtoLS LStoCP CPtoC CtoD DtoE BeyondE Total
Text Unitless m KN Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless
push 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 1 0.04 316.36 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 2 0.04655 368.167 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 3 0.08655 452.906 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 4 0.097326 475.734 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 5 0.137326 487.048 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 6 0.177326 498.361 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 7 0.217326 509.675 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 6
push 8 0.22775 512.623 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 6
push 9 0.227754 277.399 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 6
push 10 0.240183 299.789 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 6
push 11 0.240187 201.151 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 6
push 12 0.262664 241.644 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 6
push 13 0.302664 244.489 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 6
push 14 0.342664 247.333 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 6
push 15 0.382664 250.178 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 6
push 16 0.4 251.411 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 6
Table (11) Pushover Capacity Curve
 e) Second order Inelastic analysis: in the beginning the frame must be defined as plastic
hinge same Pin-Pin support and applied load same nonlinear analysis just set the p-
delta to none and run analysis. Figure (18) shows steps of plastic hinges analysis in
step 4 the joint 1 and 3 deformed to cause Immediate Occupation and the next step 5 the
joint 1 and 3 deformed to Immediate Occupation and joint 2 and 4 deformed to first yield so
in step 8 the plastic hinges developed to Life Safety in joint 1 and 3 at joint 2 and 4 it cause
Immediate Occupation level. In step 9 the frame steel reach to Collapse level at joint 1 and 3.
Finally table (12) represent the displacement in second order inelastic analysis.

TABLE: Pushover Capacity Curve

LoadCase Step Displacement BaseForce AtoB BtoIO IOtoLS LStoCP CPtoC CtoD DtoE BeyondE Total
Text Unitless m KN Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless Unitless
push 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 1 0.04 305.867 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 2 0.046798 355.963 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 3 0.047407 358.686 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 4 0.087407 427.963 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 5 0.097783 445.376 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 6 0.137783 443.97 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 7 0.177783 442.784 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6
push 8 0.217783 441.733 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 6
push 9 0.227626 441.556 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 6
push 10 0.201642 203.682 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 0 6

Table (12) the displacement in second order Inelastic analysis

Step 4 Step 5

Step 8 Step 9

Figure (18) performance level in plastic hinges second order

f) Final result and summary Fixed-fixed: In frame steel with fixed-fixed support we
get results in plastic hinges performance level it shows us the damage of frame steel
under the applied load. the frame pass for various level of deformation in figure (17,18)
In particular step 3 and 4 the demand curve intersects the capacity curve at event IO
(immediate occupation), plastic hinges occurred so the structure remains stable with
the onset of damage privileges. And the Collapse in plastic hinges member occurred
in the final step. Buckling Load caused in the first mode because it has less value.
Finally the results plots of all analysis represented in figure (19) it shows the linear and
nonlinear analysis and plastic hinges analysis and buckling. The buckling load shows
that it did not happen first because of the value of buckling load too higher so we will
expect the failure in plastic hinges at first.

pushover curve
4500

4000

3500

3000

2500 linear
applied load

nonlinear analysis
2000 1 order Inelastic analysis
1 order Inelastic analysis
1500 buckling load

1000

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
displacement

Figure (19)