1935 Constitution 1973 Constitution 1987 Constitution

ARTICLE III.—BILL OF RIGHTS ARTICLE IV ARTICLE III

BILL OF RIGHTS
SECTION 1. (1) No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or Bill of Rights
property without due process of law, nor shall any person be Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property
denied the equal protection of the laws. without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the SECTION 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or
equal protection of the laws. property without due process of law, nor shall any person be
(2) Private property shall not be taken for public use without just denied the equal protection of the laws.
compensation. Section 2. Private property shall not be taken for public use
without just compensation. SECTION 2. The right of the people to be secure in their
(3) The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable
papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures Section 3. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest
probable cause, to be determined by the judge after examination seizures of whatever nature and whatever purpose shall not be shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined
under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses violated, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue personally by the judge after examination under oath or
he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be except upon probable cause to be determined by the judge, or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. such other responsible officer as maybe authorized by law, after produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched
examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the and the persons or things to be seized.
(4) The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place
limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired. to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. SECTION 3. (1) The privacy of communication and
correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of
(5) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be Section 4. the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as
inviolable except upon lawful order of the court or when public prescribed by law.
safety and order require otherwise. 1. The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be
inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding
(6) The right to form associations or societies for purposes not safety and order require otherwise. section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
contrary to law shall not be abridged.
2. Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding SECTION 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of
(7) No law shall be made respecting an establishment of Section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and the free peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, Section 5. The liberty of abode and of travel shall not be of grievances.
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. impaired except upon lawful order of the court, or when
No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or necessary in the interest of national security, public safety, or SECTION 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment
political rights. public health. of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
(8) No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, or Section 6. The right of the people to information on matters of without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed.
of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or
and petition the Government for redress of grievances and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, political rights.
transactions, or decisions, shall be afforded the citizen subject to
(9) No law granting a title of nobility shall be enacted, and no such limitations as may be provided by law. SECTION 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same
person holding any office of profit or trust shall, without the within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except
consent of the National Assembly, accept any present, Section 7. The right to form associations or societies for upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be
emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any foreign purposes not contrary to the law shall not be abridged. impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety,
state. or public health, as may be provided by law.
Section 8. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of
(10) No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free SECTION 7. The right of the people to information on matters of
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records,
(11) No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts,
No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research
(12) No person shall be imprisoned for debt or nonpayment of a political rights. data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the
poll tax. citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
Section 9. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of
(13) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a speech, or the press, or the right of the people peaceably to SECTION 8. The right of the people, including those employed
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or
convicted. societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
Section 10. No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be
(14) The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be enacted. SECTION 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use
suspended except in cases of invasion, insurrection, or rebellion, without just compensation.
when the public safety requires it, in any of which events the Section 11. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be
same may be suspended wherever during such period the passed. SECTION 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall
necessity for such suspension shall exist. be passed.
Section 12. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be
(15) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense enacted. SECTION 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial
without due process of law. bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any
Section 13. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non- person by reason of poverty.
(16) All persons shall before conviction be bailable by sufficient payment of a poll tax.
sureties, except those charged with capital offenses when SECTION 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the
evidence of guilt is strong. Excessive bail shall not be required. Section 14. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of
except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have his right to remain silent and to have competent and
(17) In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall be presumed been duly convicted. independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person
to be innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with
right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the
nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a be suspended except in cases of invasion, insurrection, or presence of counsel.
speedy and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face and rebellion, or imminent danger thereof, when the public safety
to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of requires it. (2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other
witnesses in his behalf. means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him.
Section 16. All persons, shall have the right to a speedy Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other
(18) Bo person shall be compelled to be a witness against disposition of their cases in all judicial, quasi-judicial, or similar forms of detention are prohibited.
himself. administrative bodies.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or
(19) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel and unusual Section 17. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.
punishment inflicted. offense without due process of law.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for
(20) No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for Section 18. All persons, except those charged with capital violations of this section as well as compensation to and
the same offense. If an cat is punished by a law and an offenses when evidence of guilt is strong shall, before rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their
ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties. Excessive bail shall families.
bar to another prosecution for the same act. not be required.
SECTION 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses
(21) Free access to the courts shall not be denied to any person Section 19. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is
by reason of poverty. presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties,
the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The
the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the
speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be
face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance required.
of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf.
However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding SECTION 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a
the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly criminal offense without due process of law.
notified and his failure to appear is unjustified.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed
Section 20. No person shall be compelled to be a witness innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to
against himself. Any person under investigation for the be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature
commission of an offense shall have the right to remain silent and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy,
and to counsel, and to be informed of such right. No force, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face,
violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
the free will shall be used against him. Any confession obtained witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf.
in violation of this section shall be inadmissible in evidence. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding
the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly
Section 21. Excessive fines shall not be imposed nor cruel or notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
unusual punishment inflicted.
SECTION 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall
Section 22. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when
punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law the public safety requires it.
and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act. SECTION 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy
disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or
Section 23. Free access to the courts shall not be denied to any administrative bodies.
person by reason of poverty.
SECTION 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself.

SECTION 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason

of his political beliefs and aspirations.

(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a

punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted.

SECTION 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor

cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall
death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it.
Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion
perpetua.

(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading

punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of
substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt with by law.

SECTION 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-

payment of a poll tax.

SECTION 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of

punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law
and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.

SECTION 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be

enacted.