Basics Surveying Manual - SJBIT

|| JAI SRI GURUDEV ||
Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust ®
S J B Institute of Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Basics of Surveying
Lab Manual
Student Name :
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Basic Surveying Practice
BASIC SURVEYING PRACTICE (15CVL38)

SEMESTER-III (CBCS SCHEME)
SL EXERCISE Page
No. No.
1 a)Measurements of distances using tape along with horizontal planes and
slopes, direct ranging.
b) Setting out perpendiculars. Use of cross staff, optical square.
2 Obstacles in chaining and ranging – Chaining but not ranging, ranging

but not chaining, both ranging and chaining.
3 Measurements of bearings / directions using prismatic compass, setting

of geometrical figures using prismatic compass.
4 Measurement of bearings of sides of a closed traverse and adjustment of

closing error by Bowditch method.
5 Determination of distance between two inaccessible points using

compass and accessories.
6 Determination of reduced levels of points using dumpy level / auto level

(simple leveling)
7 Determination of reduced levels of points using dumpy level / auto level

(differential leveling and inverted leveling)
8 To determine the difference in elevation between two points using

Reciprocal leveling and to determine the collimation error
9 To conduct profile leveling, cross sectioning and block leveling. Plotting

profile and cross sectioning in excel. Block contour on graph paper to
scale.
10 Measurement of horizontal angle by repetition and reiteration methods

and measurement of vertical angles using theodolite.
11 Determination of horizontal distance and vertical height to a base

inaccessible object using theodolite by single plane and double plane
method.
12 To determine distance and elevation using tachometric surveying with

horizontal and inclined line of sight.
13 Closed traverse surveying using Theodolite and applying corrections for

error of closure by transit rule.
14 Demonstration of Minor instruments like Clinometer, Ceylon Ghat

tracer, Box sextant, Hand level, Planimeter, nautical sextant and
pentagraph.
S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 1

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
Linear measurements Foot units

1 mile = 5280 feet 1 foot = 12 inches
= 1760 yards 1 yard = 3 feet
= 320 rods 1 chain = 66 feet
= 80 chains
Linear measurement Metric (SI) units

1 kilometer = 1000 meter
1 Meter = 100 centimeter
1 Centimeter = 10 millimeter
1 Decimeter = 10 centimeter
1 Hectare (ha) = 10,000 m2
Foot-to-metric conversion Angular measurement

1ft = 0.3048 m (exactly) 1 revolution = 360°
1 inch = 25.4 mm (exactly) 1 degree = 60'
1 km = 0.62137 miles (approx.) 1 minute = 60"
1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acre (approx.)
1 km2 = 247.1 acres (approx.)

CHAIN SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS USED IN CHAIN SURVEYING

Objective: Study of various instruments used in chain surveying and their uses
Instruments
1.Chains or Tapes
2.Arrows
3.Ranging Rods
4.Cross Staff
5.Optical Square
6.plumb bob
7. Pegs
1. a. Chain
The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire 4mm in diameter
called links .The ends of each link are bent into a loop and together by means of three oval
rings. The ends of the chain are provided with brass handles for dragging the chain on the
ground, each with a swivel joint so that the chain can be turned without twisting. The length
of the chain is measured from the outside of one handle to the outside of another handle.
Following are the various types of chain in common use:
1) Metric chain 4) Revenue chain

2) Gunter` s chain or surveyors chain 5) Steel band or Band chain
3) Engineers chain
Metric Chain
Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Tallies are fixed at every five-meter length
And brass rings are provided at every meter length except where tallies are attached.

Figure 1.1: Detail of Metric Chain
1. b. Tapes
The following are the various types of tapes

i. Cloth tape
ii. Metallic tape
iii. Steel tape
iv. Invar tape
i. Cloth or Linen Tapes: Linen tape may be used for taking subsidiary measurements such as
offsets. It is very light and handy. It is affected by damp. If wet it shrinks.
ii. Metric Woven Metallic Tape: These tapes are widely used in surveying. A metallic tape
is made of varnished strip of waterproof linen interwoven with small brass, copper or bronze
wires. These are light in weight and flexible. The denominations of the tape measures are made
in lengths of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30 & 50 meter.
iii .Metric Steel Tape: The denominations of the tape measure are 1, 2, 10, 30 & 50 meters. The
tape is of steel or may be provided with vinyl coating.
iv. Invar Tape: Used in measurement of base lines in triangulation.

Cross Staff
Figure 1.2: Different types of cross staffs
Cross-Staff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i.e taking offsets from
a chain line. It is easier and quicker method, but not very accurate. If great accuracy is desired,
the work should be carried out by the theodolite.
Three different types of cross staffs are used for setting perpendicular offsets. All cross staffs
are having two perpendicular lines of sights. The cross staffs are mounted on stand. First line
of sight is set along the chain line and without disturbing setting right angle line of sight is
checked to locate the object. With Open Cross Staff it is only possible to set perpendicular,
whereas with French Cross Staff even 45º angle may be set.
3. Optical Square
Optical Square is used to set out perpendicular. It consists of a circular metal box of about 5cm
in diameter and 1.25cm deep. It has a metal cover, which slides round so as to cover the
penning’s and thus protects the mirrors from dust when not in use (Fig 1.3).
4. Ranging Rods
The ranging rods are used for marking the positions of stations conspicuously and for ranging
lines. They are shod at bottom with a heavy iron point. Ranging rods are divided into equal
parts 0.2m long and they are painted alternately black and white or red and white or red, white
and black. When they are at considerable distance, red and white or white and yellow flags
about 25 cm square should be fastened at the top. (Fig 1.4)

Figure 1.3: Optical Square Figure 1.4: Ranging Rod
5. Arrows
Arrows are used to mark the end of chain line during the process of chaining. It is made of
hardened and tampered steel wire of 4mm diameter and a minimum tensile strength of
700N/mm2. It is of 400mm in length and is pointed at one end and the other end is bent into a
loop or circle.(Fig 1.5)
Figure 1.5: Arrow

6. Pegs
These are rods made from hard timber and tapered at one end, generally 25mm or 30mm square
and 150mm long. Wooden pegs are used to mark the position of the station on. (Fig 1.6)

Figure 1.6: Peg
7. Plumb Bob
While chaining along sloping ground, a plumb bob is required to transfer
The points to the ground.
Fig 1.7 Plumb bob

PRACTICING UNFOLDING AND FOLDING OF A CHAIN

Objective: To learnt the technique of unfolding and folding of a metric chain.
Instruments: Metric chain
PROCEDURE
Unfolding: Remove the strap of the folded chain and take both the handles in the left hand
and hold the remaining portion of the chain in the right hand.
Holding both the handles in the left hand, throw the remaining portion of the chain in the
forward direction on the ground.
Now the follower stands at the starting station by holding one handle and directs the leader to
move forward by holding the other handle until the chain is fully stretched.
Folding: Bring the two handles together on the ground by pulling the chain at the center.
Commencing from the center two pairs of links are taken at a time with the right hand and
placed alternatively in both directions in the left hand. When the chain is completely folded the
two brass handles will appear at the top. Now tie the chain with leather strap.
RANGING OUT SURVEY LINES

Two men are required for chaining operation; the chain man at the forward end of chain is
called the leader while the other man at the rear end is known as the follower.
Duties of leader & follower
Leader
 To put the chain forward

 To fix arrows at the end of chain
 To follow the instruction of the follower
Follower
 To direct the leader to the line with the ranging rod

 To carry the rear end of the chain
 To pick up the arrows inserted by the leader
Chaining
 The follower holds the zero handle of the chain against the peg &directs the leader to
be in line of the ranging rod.
 The leader usually with to arrows drags the chain alone the line.

 Using code of signals the follower directs the leader as required to the exactly in the
line. The leader then fixes the arrows at the end of chain the process is repeated.
Ranging
 Place ranging rods or poles vertically behind each point

 Stand about 2m behind the ranging rod at the beginning of the line.
 Direct the person to move the rod until the three ranging rods appear exactly in the
straight line.
 Sight only the lower portion of rod in order to avoid error in non-vertically.
 After ascertaining that three rods are in a straight line, ask the person to fix up the
rod.

EXERCISE –1
MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE
1. a) Measurements of horizontal planes using tape direct ranging.
Aim: To measure distance between two points using direct ranging.
Instruments: Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods and Arrows.
Procedure
 Let A and B be the two points at the ends of a survey line.
 One ranging rod is erected at B while surveyor stands with another ranging rod at A.
 The assistant then goes with another ranging rod and establishes the rod at a point
approximately in the line with AB at distance not greater than one chain length from A.
 Surveyor at A signals the assistant to move transverse to the chain line, till he is in
line with A and B. Similarly, other intermediate points can be established. Now
measure the distance between the points A and B. (fig 1.8)
Fig. 1.8 Direct Ranging
RESULTS: - The distance between AB = __________ m.

Stepping Method
The horizontal distances are directly measured by the process of stepping.
Procedure
A path of chain or tape is stretched out from ‘P’.
The path length of chain or tape depends on the steepness of the ground.
The follower holds the zero end of the chain at ‘P’ and directs the leader at P1 to be in the line
of PQ and stretch the chain or tape above the ground in horizontal line.
The leader then transfers the point ‘P1’ to P2 on the ground by means of plumb bob or dropping
a pebble or an arrow,
Now the followers take the new position ‘P2’ and directs the leader to move forward and stretch
the tape or chain in a line of PQ.
Now the followers take the new position ‘P2’ and directs the leader to move forward and stretch
the tape or chain in a line of PQ and the new position is P3.
Again the leader transfers the point P3 to P4 on the ground as done earlier.
This process is repeated till the point Q is reached.

ERECTION OF PERPENDICULAR
1. b) To erect perpendicular from a given chain line to a given point using chain
and tape only
Aim: To erect perpendicular from a given chain line to a given point using chain and tape
only.
Procedure
Let AB be the given chain line and C be the given point on AB at which it is desired to erect
a perpendicular
First Method (3-4-5 method)
 Establish a point E at distance of 3m from C.

 Put the zero end of the tape at E and the 10m end at C.
 The 5m and 6m marks are brought together to form a
loop of 1m.
 Fastening the ends E and C stretch the tape tightly.
 The point D is thus established. (Fig. 1.9)
 Join DC, point D gives the position of the perpendicular
CD at C on the Chain line AB.
Fig. 1.9 Erection of perpendicular

Second Method
 Select E and F equidistant from C.

 Hold zero end of the tape at E and hold the 10 m end at F.
 Pick up 5 m mark, stretch the tape tight and establish D. (Fig. 1.10)

 Join DC, point D gives the position of the perpendicular CD at C on the chain line
AB.
Fig. 1.10: Erection of perpendicular (Second Method)

Third Method
 Select any point F outside the chain, preferably at 5 m distance from C.

 Hold the 5 m mark at F and zero end of the tape at C, with F as center draw an arc to
cut the chain line at E.
 Join EF and produce it to D such that EF = FD = 5 m.
 Thus, point D will lie at the 10 m mark of the tape laid along EF with its zero end at
E.(Fig. 1.11)
 Join DC, point D gives the position of the perpendicular CD at C on the chain line
AB.
Fig. 1.11 Erection of perpendicular

To erect perpendicular from a given chain line to a given point using Cross – Staff
Aim: To erect perpendicular from a given chain line to a given point using Cross - Staff.
Instruments: Cross Staff, Chain, Pegs
Fig 1.12 Cross staff
Procedure
 Let AB be the given chain line and C be the given point on AB at which it is desired
to erect a perpendicular.
 Erect ranging rods at both the ends of the chain line AB.
 The cross - staff is set up at a point C on the chain line from which the perpendicular
is to erect.
 Now cross - staff is turned until one line of sight passes through the ranging rod at the
end of the chain line AB.
 The line of sight through the other two vanes will be a line at right angles to the chain
line AB and a ranging rod may be established in that direction at D. Join C and D.
 CD will be the perpendicular to the chain line AB. (Fig 1.12)

To erect perpendicular from a given chain line to a given point using optical
square.
Aim: To set out perpendiculars to a given chain line using optical square.
Instruments required: Tape or chain, ranging rods, arrows, optical square.
Procedure
 To set a right angle on a survey line, the instrument is held on the line with its centre
on the point at which perpendicular is erected.
 The slits F and G are directed towards the ranging rod fixed at the end of the line.
 The surveyor (holding the instrument) then directs person holding a ranging rod and
standing in a direction roughly perpendicular to the chain line, to move till the two
images described above coincide.
Fig 1.13: Optical Square

EXERCISE –2
OBSTACLES IN CHAINING AND RANGING

AIM;-To measure distance between two points by chaining across different types of
Obstacles encountered by indirect method.
APPARATUS;- Chain, tape, cross-staff , ranging rods, arrows.
PROCEDURE;-Obstacles to chaining prevent chainmen to measuring directly between Two

points and give rise to a set of problems in which distances are found by indirect
Measurements.
Obstacles to chaining are of three kinds.
1. Obstacles to ranging but not chaining.E.x (High level ground)

2. Obstacles to chaining but not ranging. E.x(Pond,river)
3. Obstacles to both chaining and ranging. E.x(building)
A) OBSTACLES TO RANGING BUT NOT CHAINING;-
This type of problem comes, when a rising ground or a forest area interrupts the chain
line. The end station are not inter visible
There may two cases of this obstacle.

1. Both ends of line may be visible from intermediate points on line.
2. Both ends of line may not be visible from intermediate points on line.
Case-1;-
Both the stations are visible from intermediate points on the line
1. In this case reciprocal ranging is adopted and chaining is done by stepping method
2. A and B are two end stations, which are not inter visible due to a hill in between
them.
3. Select two intermediate points Pl and Ql, such that from each station point A and B
are visible.
4. Two persons take up the positions Pl and Ql with ranging rods.
5. First the person standing at Pl directs the person at Ql to come in line of Pl B, and his
new position will be Q2.
6. Now, the person standing at Q2, directs the person at p1, to come in line of Q2 A, and
his new position will be P2.
7. Now, the person standing at P2, directs the person at Q2, to come in line of P2 B, and
his new position will be Q3.

8. This process is continued until the intermediate points P and Q are located in such a
way that the person standing at P, see Q and B in the line, and the person standing at
Q, see P and A in the line.
9. Distance AB = AP+PQ+QB
RESULTS: The distance between AB =

Case-2;-
The end stations are not visible from the intermediate points on the line:
 This is the case when trees ,bushes or jungle comes across the chain line
 In this case the method of random line is most suitable
 In fig let PQ1 be the line in which P and Q1 are not visible from intermediate Point on
it.
 Through P draw a random line PQ in any convenient direction but as nearly to
Towards Q1 as possible.
 The points Q should be so chosen that, Q1 is visible from Q and Q,Q1 is in random
Line.
 Measure QQ1 select points S1 and R1 on random line and erect perpendicular SS1 and
RR1 on it.
 Make SS1= PS1/ PQ1 x QQ1 And RR1 = PR1/PQ1 x QQ1
 Join SR and prolong.

B) OBSTACLES TO CHAINING BUT NOT RANGING:-
There may be two cases of this obstacle.
1. When it is possible to chain round the obstacle. i.e. A POND.

2. When it is not possible to chain round the obstacle. i.e. A RIVER.
CASE (1); - Following are the methods.
Method (a);-
1. Select two points P AND Q on either side.

2. Set out equal perpendicular PR and QS as shown in fig
3. Measure RS = PQ.
Method (b);-
1. set out PR perpendicular to chain line as shown in fig

2. Measure PR and QR
3. The length PQ is calculated from the relation
PQ = √QR²-PR²
Method (c);-
1. By cross staff find a point R .which subtends 90° with P and Q as Shown in fig.
Measure PR and QR.
2. The length PQ is calculated from relation PQ = √PR²+QR².


Method (e);-
1. Select any point T and range R in line with PT, making PT = TR.
2. Range S in line with QT and make QT=TS as shown in fig.
3. Measure SR then PQ=RS.
Method (f);-
1. Select any suitable point E and measure AE and BE.

𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐸
2. Mark C and D on AE and BE such that CE = and DE = .
𝑛 𝑛
3. Measure CD; Then
4. AB = n CD

CASE (2); - Following are the methods.
Method (a):
1. Select point B on one side and A and C on the other side.

2. Erect AD and CE as perpendicular to AB and range B,D and E in One line as shown in fig(a).
3. Measure AC, AD and CE.
4. If a line DF is drawn parallel to AB, cutting CE in F perpendicularly, The triangle ABD and
FDE will be similar.
Fig (a)
Method (b):
1. Erect a perpendicular AC and bisect it at D.

2. Erect perpendicular CE at C range E in line with BD.
3. Measure CE (fig b). Then AB = CE.
Fig (b)

Method (c):
1. Erect a perpendicular AC at A and choose any convenient point c.

2. With the help of an optical square, fix a point D on the chain line in such a way that
BCD is a right angle.
3. Measure AC and AD.
4. Triangles ABC and DAC are similar.
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 2
Hence = 𝐴𝐷 Therefore, AB =
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷
90°
Method (d):
1. Fix point C in such a way that it subtends 90° with AB.

2. Range D in line with AC and make AD = AC.
3. At D, erect a perpendicular DE to cut the line in E fig (d).
4. Then AB = AE.
'90/

C) OBSTACLES TO BOTH CHAINING AND RANGING;-
A Building is the typical example of this type of obstacles. The problem lies
In prolonging the line beyond the obstacle and determine the distance across it.
Method (a);-
1. Choose two points A and B to one side erect perpendicular AC and BD of equal length.
2. Join CD and prolong It pass the obstacles.
3. Choose two points E and F on CD and erect perpendicular EG and FH equal to AC or BD as
shown in fig (a).
4. Join GH and prolong it. Measure DE.
5. BG=DE.
Fig: Obstacles to chaining
Method (b);-
1. Select a point B and erect a perpendicular BC of any convenient Length.

2. Select another point A on chain line such that BA=BC.
3. Join A and C and prolong it. To any convenient point D.
4. At D set a right angle DH such that DH=DA.
5. Choose another point E on DH such that DH=DC with E as centre and BA as radius. Draw an
arc with H as center draw another arc of same Radius to cut previous arc in G
6. Join GH which will be in range with chain line. Refer the fig (b)
7. Measure CE then BG = CE.

Method (C);-
1. Select two points A and B on the chain line and construct an equilateral triangle ABC
by swinging arcs.
2. Join AC and produce it to any point D.
3. On AD, choose any point E and construct an equilateral triangle DEF.
4. Join D and F and produce it to H such that DH = DA.
5. Choose a point I on DH and construct an equilateral triangle GHI.
6. The direction GH is in range with the chain line fig (c).
7. The length BG is given by
BG = AH – AB - GH = AD - AB - GH
Method (D);-
1. Select two points A and B on the chain line and set a line CBD at any angle.
2. Join A and C and produce it to E such that AE = n.AC.
3. Similarly join A and D and produce it to F such that AF = n.AD.
4. Join E and F and mark point G on it such that EG = n.BC.
5. Similarly, produce AE and AF to I and J respectively such that AI = n1.AC and
AJ = n1.AD.
6. Join I and J and mark H on it in such a way that IH = n1.CB.
7. Join GH, which will be in range with chain line.
8. The obstructed distance BG is given by fig (d)
BG = AG – AB, But AG = n AB
BG = n AB-AB = (n-1) AB.

COMPASS SURVEYING
INSTRUMENTS USED IN COMPASS SURVEYING (PRISMATIC COMPASS)
Objective: To identify different parts of prismatic compass and to know their functions
Figure 3.1 Prismatic Compass

1. Magnetic Needle 10. Focusing stud
2. Pivot 11. Sun glasses
3. Prism Cap 12. Compass box
4. Graduated Disc 13. Glass cover
5. Slit Metal Frame 14. Lifting pin
6. Thread 15. Light spring
7. Mirror 16. Break pin
8. Reflecting Prism with Cap 17. Lifting lever
9. Eye Vane 18. Support to fit on

tripod
DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS
Compass Box: It is a circular box of diameter 85 to 110 mm having pivot at the center and
covered with plain glass at top.
Magnetic Needle: It facilitates in taking the bearings of survey lines with reference to the
magnetic north.
Graduated Ring: The bearings are marked inverted on the graduated rings from 0° to 360°
in a clockwise starting 0° from south.
Pivot: Magnet is freely held with this.
Object Vane: It consists of prism with a sighting slit at the top. The prism magnifies and
erects the inverted graduations.
Brake Pin: It is pressed to stop the oscillations of the graduated ring.
Lifting Pin: On pressing it brings the lifting lever into action.
Color Glasses: Red and blue glasses are provided with the prism to sight luminous objects
ADJUSTMENT OF THE PRISMATIC COMPASS
The compass may be held in hand; but for better results it should be fitted at the top of tripod
having ball and socket arrangement. The adjustment of a compass is done in the following
three steps.
1) Centering: The compass fitted over the tripod is lifted bodily and placed approximately on
the station peg by spreading the leg of a tripod equally. The centre of the compass is checked
by dropping a small piece of stone from the centre of the bottom of the compass, so that it falls
on the top of the station peg. A plumb bob may be used to judge the centering either by
attaching it with a hook providing at the bottom or otherwise by holding it by hand.
2) Levelling: After the compass is centered, it is leveled by means of ball and socket
arrangement so that the graduated circle may swing freely. It can be checked roughly by
placing a round pencil on the top of the compass, when the pencil does not move, that is roughly
the horizontal position.
3) Focusing the Prism: The prism attached is moved up and down so that graduation on the
graduated circle should become sharp and clear.

EXERCISE – 3
1.To set out rectangle in the field using tape/chain and compass
Aim: To set out Rectangle in the field using tape/chain and compass
Instruments: Prismatic Compass, Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods and

Arrows.
Figure 3.2 Construction of Rectangle Using Compass
Procedure:
1. Calculate the necessary data to construct the Rectangle in field using the
following relations
Sum of all Included Angle___________
Where, n = Number of sides
Each Included Angle = Sum of all Included Angle/ Number of sides = (2n-4)90/n
Deflection Angle = 1800 - Included Angle
Bearing of any line = Fore bearing of previous line + Deflection Angle Bearing of AB =
Given
Bearing of BC = Bearing of AB + Deflection Angle
Bearing of CD = Bearing of BC + Deflection Angle
Bearing of DA = Bearing of CD + Deflection Angle

CHECK:
 Bearing of AB – 3600 = Given Bearing of AB.
 Set the compass at A and set given bearing of AB by turning the compass, with the
zero end of the tape pointed at A and an arrow held at a distance equal to length of
AB, swing the tape around A till the arrow is bisected by the cross-hairs. Thus the
point B is fixed.
 Now shift the compass to other stations (such as B, C and D) and repeat the step-2 till
the points C and D are fixed.
 Join the points A, B, C and D. Thus the Rectangle is formed. (Fig. 3.2)
Observations & calculations:
SL No Lines Length Fore bearing Back bearing

(FB) (BB)
1 AB
2 BC
3 CD
4 DE
5 EF
RESULT:

2.To set out Pentagon in the field using prismatic compass
Aim: To set out Pentagon in the field using prismatic compass.
Instruments: Prismatic Compass, Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods

and Arrows.
Procedure:
Calculate included interior angle using the following relation.

Included interior angle = (2n-4)90/n
Included Interior Angle = 1080
Deflection Angle = 1800 – Included Angle
Deflection Angle = 180˚-108˚ =72°

Bearing of any line = Force bearing of previous line + Deflection Angle
Bearing of AB = 50 0
Bearing of DE = Bearing of CD + Deflection Angle
Bearing of EA = Bearing of DE + Deflection Angle
Figure 3.3 Construct of pentagon using compass

CHECK:
1) Bearing of AB - 360°= Given Bearing of AB

2) Set the compass at A and set given bearing of AB. Fix the ranging rod along the
bearing of AB at B at a distance 10m from A.

3) Now shift the compass to other stations such as B, C, D and E and repeat the step-2 to
get points C, D and E respectively.
4) Join the points A, B, C, D and
E.
5) Thus the Pentagon is formed.

(FB) (BB)
1 AB
2 BC
3 CD
4 DE
5 EF
RESULT:

3.To set out Hexagon in the field using prismatic compass.
Aim: To set out Hexagon in the field using prismatic compass.
Instruments: Prismatic compass, Pegs, Tripod stand, Plumb

bob
Fig 3.4 Construction of Hexagon using Compass

Procedure
Calculate included interior angle using the following relation.
Included interior angle = (2n-4)90/n
Included Interior Angle = 1200
Deflection Angle = 1800 - Included Interior Angle
= 180 0-1200 = 60
Bearing of AB = 500
Bearing of DE = Bearing of CD + Deflection Angle

Bearing of EF = Bearing of DE + Deflection Angle
Bearing of FA = Bearing of EF + Deflection Angle
 Set the compass at A and set given bearing of AB. Fix the ranging rod along the
bearing of AB at B at a distance 10m from A.
 Now shift the compass to other stations such as B, C, D, E and F and repeat the step-2
to get points C, D, E and F respectively.
 Join the points A, B, C, D, E and F.
 Thus the Hexagon is formed.

(FB) (BB)
1 AB
2 BC
3 CD
4 DE
5 EF
RESULT:

EXERCISE – 4
MEASUREMENT OF BEARING OF SIDES OF CLOSED TRAVERSE

ANDADJUSTMENT OF CLOSING ERROR
Aim: Measurement of bearings of the sides of a closed traverse and adjustment of closing
error by Bowditch’s method
Instruments: Prismatic Compass, Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods and Arrows.
Figure 4.1 Compass Traverse

Procedure:
1. To run a compass traverse ABCDEA, the compass is centered over the starting station
A and leveled. The ranging rod at E is sighted and the back bearing of the line EA is
measured. Then the ranging rod at B is sighted and the fore bearing of the line AB is
taken.
2. The traverse line AB is ranged as in chain surveying and its length is measured with a
chain or tape.
3. The compass is then shifted to the station B, centered and leveled. The back bearing of
the line AB and the fore bearing of the line BC are measured. The traverse line BC is
then ranged and its length is measured with a chain or tape.
4. The compass is then shifted to the station C, D, and E, respectively, and the processes
of taking bearings, ranging and chaining are repeated. Thus the traverse is completed.
(Fig 4.1)
5. According to Bowditch’s rule,

i. Correction to latitude of a line is given by,
CL = -∑L* l/ ∑l
Where, ∑L= total error in latitude

l = length of line
∑l = perimeter of traverse
ii. Correction to departure of a line is given by,
CD = - ∑D*l/ ∑l
Where, ∑D= total error in departure
6. In this method, it is assumed that error in linear measurement are directly proportional to
√l and error in angular measurement are inversely proportional to √ .
Where, l = length of line.
7. According to Transit rule,
i. Correction to latitude of a line is given by,
CL = -∑L* L/ LT
ii. Correction to departure of a line is given by,
CD = - ∑D*D/ DT
Where, L = Latitude of the line
LT = arithmetic sum of latitudes of all sides

D = departure of the line
DT = arithmetic sum of departure of all

sides

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Bowditch’s method:
Sl Length(l) Latitude Departure Correction Corrected

Line Bearing
No. in m L=lcosθ D=lsinθ Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
1
2
3
4
5
∑L = ……………..
∑L = ……………....
∑D = ……………....
RESULT:

EXERCISE – 5
DETERMINATION OF DISTANCE BETWEEN INACCESSIBLE POINTS
Aim: To determine the distance between two inaccessible points by using tape/chain and
compass.
Instruments: Prismatic Compass, Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods and Arrows
Figure 5.1 Plan of station points A & B and inaccessible points P & Q
Procedure:
Set the compass over the station A and make temporary adjustments.
1) Establish a point B almost parallel to the line PQ at certain distance “D” from A such that
the triangles formed (Fig 2.6) are well conditioned.
2) Measure the bearings of lines AP, AQ and AB bisecting the points P, Q and B.
3) Shift the instrument to station B and measure the bearings of lines BA, BP and BQ by
bisecting points A, P and Q.
calculations:
From measured bearings calculate the angles as shown below

Using following equations
θ1 =Bearing of line AQ + (3600 – Bearing of line AP)
θ2 =Bearing of line AB – Bearing of line AQ
θ3=Bearing of line BP – Bearing of line BA

θ3 =Bearing of line BQ + (3600– Bearing of line BP)
Now, in the triangle AQB,
θ5=1800- ( θ2+ θ3+ θ4)
In the triangle ABQ, applying sine rule,
Distance AQ = AB * Sin (θ3 + θ4 )/ Sin θ5
In the triangle ABP, θ6=180-( θ1+ θ2+ θ3)
Distance AP = AB*(Sin θ3 / Sin θ6)
From the triangle APQ, applying cosine rule,
PQ=√( AP2 +AQ2 − 2 ∗AP∗AQ∗Cosθ1)
RESULTS:

LEVELLING
Figure: Dumpy Level

The Major Components of a Dumpy Level
1. Leveling head 2. Telescope
3. Eye-piece 4. Diaphragm
5. Focusing knob 6. Ray-shade
Telescope: It contains of two metal tubes, one of which slides within the other one tube
carries the object glass and the second one carries eyepiece and diaphragm.
Focusing Screw: The telescope is focused by turning the focusing screw either forward or
backward.
Bubble Tubes: The telescope is attached with two bubble tubes. One is longitudinal and the
other is cross bubble tube. These two are placed at right angles to each other.
Diaphragm: It carries cross hairs.
Tribrach and Trivet: The telescope with vertical spindle is supported by two parallel
triangular plates. The upper plate is called tribrach and the lower plate is called trivet

Foot Screws: By turning the foot screws, the tribrach can be raised or lowered to bring the
bubble to the center of its run
THE LEVELLING STAFF
It is used for measuring the vertical distance of the points above or below the horizontal line
of sight. The different staves in use are
1. Folding staff
2. Solid staff
3. Target staff
Folding Staff
It is made of well-seasoned timber such as deodar, blue pine or aluminum. It is 4m long, 75mm
wide, 18mm thick. It has two lengths of 2m each which are connected at the middle by a hinge
so that the upper portion can be folded over the lower one. The minimum division on the staff
is 5mm.The lengths of meter in numerals are marked on the left and painted in black. The
entire background is painted in white. The graduations are inverted and hence when viewed
through the telescope, they appear erect.
Solid Staff
It consists of only one length and is usually 3m long. It is also graduated in divisions of 5mm.
This is used for precise leveling work.
Target Staff
It consists of two lengths, one sliding over the other. It is graduated from top downwards. The
target is equipped with Vernier, which is adjusted by the staff man. The target is to be moved along
the rod until its center is bisected by the line of sight. The target is then clamped and reading is
taken. Target staves are used when the sights are long, say more than 100m.
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF DUMPY LEVEL

These adjustments are performed at each set-up of the level before taking any observation.
Temporary adjustments are carried out in three phase:
a) Setting up of the level
b) leveling up
c) Elimination of parallax

a) Setting up of the level
1. Release the clamp screw of the instrument
2. Hold the instrument in the right hand and fix it on the tripod by turning round only the
lower part with the left hand.
3. Screw the instrument firmly.
4. Bring all the foot screws to the center of its run.
5. Spread the tripod legs well apart.
6. Fix any two legs firmly into the ground by pressing them with the hand.
7. Move the third leg to the right or left until the main bubble is approximately in the center.
8. Then move the third leg in or out until the bubbles of the cross-level is approximately
in the center.
9. Fix the third leg firmly when the bubbles are approximately in the centers of their run.
b) Leveling up
Fig : Foot Scre

1. Place the telescope parallel to a pair of foot screws.
2. Bring the bubble to the center of its run by turning the foot screws equally either both
inwards and both outwards.
3. Turn the telescope through 90º so that it lies over the third foot screw.
4. Turn this third foot screw so that the bubble corners to the center of its run.
5. Bring the telescope back to the original position without reversing the eye-piece and object
glass. (Fig. 4.2)
6. Repeat the above operations until the bubble remains in the center of its run in both the
positions.
7. Turn the telescope through 180º and check whether the bubble remains central.
Elimination of parallax
1. Remove the lid from the object glass.
2. Hold a sheet of white paper in front of the object glass.
3. Move the eyepiece in or out until the cross hairs are distinctly visible.
4. Direct the telescope towards the staff.
5. Turn the focusing screw until a clear and sharp image in formed in the plane of the cross
hairs.
INTRODUCTION TO LEVELLING
Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation of different
object/points on the surface of earth is called levelling. It deals with measurement in vertical
plane. By levelling operation, the relative position of two points is known whether the points
are near or far off. Similarly, the point at different elevation with respect to a given datum can
be established by levelling.
Types of Levelling
Simple levelling: In this type of levelling the difference in elevation between two points are
determined by single instrument station.
Differential levelling: Determining the difference in elevation between two points without
any regard to the alignment of the points is called differential levelling.

Fly levelling: It is an operation of levelling in which a line of levels is run to determine the
elevations of ground points by taking consecutive back sight and foresight readings.
Fly back levelling: It is an operation to check the accuracy of levelling work starting from last
point of survey work to the starting point by taking consecutive back sight and fore sight
readings
Profile levelling: The process of determining elevations at points at short measured intervals
along a fixed line is called Longitudinal or profile levelling.
Cross sectioning: It is a method of levelling to know the nature of Ground on either side of the
centerline of the proposed route. Levels are taken at right angles to the proposed Direction of the
road end at suitable distances and levelling is carried out along this cross Section.
Booking and reading the level

The observations are recorded in level book. There are two methods of booking and reducing
the levels of the points from the observed staff readings.
 Height of instrument method or plane of collimation method.


 Rise and fall method.

EXERCISE – 6
To determine difference in elevation between two points using fly levelling technique &
to conduct fly back levelling using Rise and Fall method. (OR)
Determination of reduced levels of points using dumpy level / auto level (simple
leveling)
Aim: To determine difference in elevation between two points using fly levelling technique
& to conduct fly back levelling using Rise and Fall method.
Fig :Fly back leveling
 The instrument is set up at a convenient point P1 and back sight is taken on the staff
held on the temporary benchmark of assumed RL.
 The staff reading is taken at the starting point and is entered in fore sight column.
Determine rise or fall by comparing B.S and F.S readings.
R.L of forward point = RL of preceding point Rise or Fall

The instrument is shifted to the position P2 and staff reading is taken at starting point and is
entered in back sight column in level with fore sight reading from previous station.
Above procedure is repeated for rest of the points.
Arithmetic check is made using the following equation.

Observations and tabulations
Station BS IS FS HI RL REMARK
∑BS ∑FS
STATION BS IS FS HI RL REMARK
∑BS ∑FS

RESULT
1. The difference of elevation b/n two points______
2. RL of BM after fly back levelling_______
3. Percentage of error________

EXERCISE – 7
To determine difference in elevation between two points using fly leveling technique
& to conduct fly back leveling using height of instrument method (OR)
Determination of reduced levels of points using dumpy level / auto level (differential
leveling and inverted leveling)
Aim: To determine difference in elevation between two points using fly levelling
technique & to conduct fly back levelling using height of instrument method.
Fig: Fly levelling

1. The staff reading is taken at the starting point and is entered in fore sight column.
The R.L. of the starting point is determined by subtracting staff reading from height of the
instrument.
R.L. of starting point = Height of the instrument – Fore sight
2. The instrument is shifted to the position P2 and staff reading is taken at starting point
and is entered in back sight column in level with fore sight reading from previous station
in the level book. The new height of the instrument is determined.
3. Above procedure is repeated for rest of the points.
Arithmetic check is made using the following
equation.
BS- FS = Last RL – First RL
Observations and tabulations

1. Fly Levelling

Station BS IS FS HI RL REMARK
∑BS ∑FS
2. Fly Back Levelling
STATION BS IS FS HI RL REMARK
∑BS ∑FS

RESULT
1. The difference of elevation b/n two points___________
2. RL of BM after fly back levelling__________
3. Percentage of error_____________

EXERCISE – 8
To determine the difference in elevation between two points using
reciprocal leveling and determine the collimation error
Aim: To determine the difference in elevation between two points using reciprocal
levelling and determination of collimation error.
Instruments Required: Dumpy level with tripod and Levelling staff.
Fig: Reciprocal Levelling

Let A and B be the points on the opposite banks of a river. The following procedure is
used.
Procedure
 Drive pegs at A and B.Set up the instrument near the peg A. Take readings ℎ and ℎ
on the staffs held at A and B. The reading ℎ should be taken through the objective
if the instrument is very near to A.
 Shift the instrument near to the peg B. Take the readings ℎ′ and ℎ′ on the staff held
at A and B respectively.
 Determine the true difference in elevation using
following relation
True Difference in elevation = 12[(ℎa′ -ℎb′ ) + (ℎa -ℎ b)]
Determine the collimation error ‘e’ by using following

relation
e= 12 [(ℎa′ -ℎb′ ) - (ℎa -ℎb)]
Where, e = collimation error, assumed positive when the line of collimation is inclined
upwards d=distance between two points A and B
ha = Staff reading on A When instrument is near A.
hb=Staff reading on B When instrument is near A.
ha' = Staff reading on A When instrument is near B.
hb'=Staff reading on B When instrument is near B.
Determine the angle of inclination using the following relation
α=tan-1(error/ distance)
Observations and Tabulations:
Instrument Staff Reading on Remarks

RESULT:

EXERCISE – 9
To conduct profile leveling for water supply/sewage line and to draw the longitudinal
section to determine the depth of cut and depth of filling for a given formation level.
Aim: To conduct profile leveling for water supply/sewage line and to draw the
longitudinal section to determine the depth of cut and depth of filling for a given
formation level.
Instruments required: dumpy level with tripod, chain, tape, levelling staff, compass,
Ranging
rods and Arrows.
Fig : Profile levelling

Procedure
Temporary B.M of known elevation say 100.000 m is selected.
Dumpy level is set at a commendable position on the ground and Temporary adjustment is
made.
Keep the levelling staff on the B.M. and staff reading is taken and entered in B.S column.
Height of the instrument is calculated using the equation:
H .I. = R.L. of B.M. + B.S.
Staff readings are taken from starting point at regular intervals of say10 m along the
alignment and entered in I.S column till the instrument is shifted to the next point.
When instrument is to be shifted, F.S. and B.S. readings are taken at the change point and
new Height of the instrument is calculated.
Above procedure is repeated for the next succeeding points till the last point is reached.
Bearings are taken using prismatic compass at the points change in alignment. Also
Bearings are taken corresponding to important ground features on ground along the
alignment. Knowing reduced levels at points of equal intervals along the alignment and
drawing is prepared by selecting proper vertical scale and horizontal scale. Vertical scale
should be exaggerated.
Select suitable gradient and find out depth of cut and height of embankment.
Tabulations and Calculations
Station Distance BS IS FS HI RL Remark

L C R

RESULT:

INTRODUCTION ON THEODOLITE
Theodolite is a survey instrument widely used in survey for its capability of being
employed in the very accurate determination of horizontal and vertical angles.
There are two types of theodolite, namely:

1) Transit theodolite.
2) Non-transit theodolite.
Transit theodolite:
A transit theodolite is one in which the line of sight is reversed by revelling the
o
telescope through 180 in the vertical plane. This complete revolution is known as
transit theodolite.
Fig: Transit theodolite

Non-Transit theodolite:
A non-transit theodolite is either plain theodolite or Y- theodolite in which the

telescope can not be rotated in a vertical plane through complete revolution. The
transit is mainly used & non-transit theodolite is now become absolute. The transit
theodolite contents the following parts,
1. Telescope 12. foot screw

2. Clamp screw 13 trivet
3. Focussing screw 14 tripod stand
4. Horizontal axis 15 wing nut
5. tangent screw 16 plumb bob
6. standard 17 plate bubble
7. upper plate 18 index bar
8. Lower plate 19. tabular compass
9. inner axis 20 altitude bubble
10. outer axis 21 adjustable mirror
11. Tribranch 22 vertical circle
Trivet: It is a circular plate having a central threaded hole for fixing the theodolite on the
tripod stand by a wingnut.it is also called the base plate. Three foot screws are secured to
this plate by means of a ball and socket arrangement.
Foot screws: These are meant for levelling the instrument the lower part of the foot screws
are secured in the trivet by means of a ball and socket arrangements and the upper threaded
part passes through the threaded hole in the tribranch plate.
Levelling head: The trivet, foot screws and the tribranch constitute a body which is known
as the levelling head.
Spindles: The theodolite consists of two spindles or axes one inner and the other outer,
inner axis is solid and conical and the outer is hollow. Two spindles are co-axial.

Lower plate:
The lower plate is attached to the outer axis and is also known as the scale plate. It
is bevelled and the scale is graduated from 0o to 360o in a clockwise direction each degree
is again subdivided in to two, three or four divisions. Thus the value of one small division
may be 30, 20 &15 respectively.
The lower plate is provided with a clamp screw and a tangent screw which control
its movements when the clamp screw is tightened. This plate is fixed with the outer axis for
fine adjustment of the lower plate. The tangent screw is rotated to the extent
required the size of the theodolite is designated according to the diameter of the lower plate.
Upper plate:
The upper plate contains the vernier scales A & B. it is attached to the inner axis.
Its motion is controlled by the upper clamp screw and upper tangent screw. When the clamp
screw is tightened the vernier scales are fixed with the inner axis and for fine adjustment of
the scale the tangent screw is rotated.
Plate bubble :
Two plate bubbles are mounted at right angle to each other on the upper surface of
the vernier plate. one bubble is kept parallel to the horizontal axis of the theodolite
sometimes one plate bubble is provided on the vernier plate. The bubble is provided on the
vernier plate the bubbles are meant for levelling the instrument at the times of measuring
the horizontal angles.
Standard or A-frame
Two frames (shaped like the letter A) are provided on the upper plate to support the
telescope, the vertical circle and the vernier scales. These frames are known as standards
or A frames.
Telescope:
The telescope is provided between the standards at right angles to the horizontal
axis it can be rotated about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane. The telescope is provided
with a focussing screw clamping screw and tangent screw.
Vertical circle:

The vertical circle is rigidly fixed with the telescope and moves with it. It is divided
in to four quadrant, each quadrant is graduated from 0 90 in opposite direction with the zero
mark at the ends of the horizontal diameter through vertical circle.
The line joining the zero marks corresponding to the collimation. The sub divisions
of the vertical circle are similar to these of the horizontal circle. The vertical circle can be
clamped or finely adjusted with the help of the clamping screw and the tangent screw
provided along with the telescope
Index bar or T-frame:

The index bar is provided on the standard in front of the vertical circle. It carries
two verniers(C&D) at the two ends of the horizontal arm the vertical leg of the index bar
is provided with a clip screw at the lower end by means of which the altitude bubble can
be brought to the centre.
Altitude bubble:
A long sensitive bubble tube is provided on the top of index bar, the bubble it
contains is known as the altitude bubble. This bubble is brought to the centre by the clip
screw at the time of measuring the vertical angle. A mirror is provided on the top of the
bubble to help observe it when the instrument is set up above normal height.
Compass:
Some times a circular box compass is mounted on the verneir scale between the
standard in modern theodolites, an adjustable through compass or tabular compass can be
fitted with a screw to the standard. The compass is provided for taking the magnetic bearing
of a line.

Figure:
Face Left Swing Right Face Right Swing Right Avg.

Instrument station
Horizontal
Horizontal Horizont
To
No of Repetitions
No of Repetitions
A B Mean A B Mean
Angle
Angle al Angle
Sighted
° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘

EXERCISE – 10
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL ANGLES

Exercise 10.1
Aim: To measure the horizontal angles AOB W.R.T. O by the method of repetition
Instruments used:
Sl.
Particulars Specification Quantity
No.
1. Theodolite 01
2. Tripod 01
3. Ranging Rods 02
Theory: Method of repetition is used to measure a horizontal angle to a finer degree of accuracy
that is obtainable with the least count of the vernier. In this method, the angle is measured 2 or more
times by allowing the vernier to remain clamped each time at the end of each measurement instead
of setting it back to zero. Thus, an angle reading is added several times depending upon the number
of repetitions. The average horizontal is then obtained by dividing the final reading by the number
of repetitions.
Procedure:
1. Set up the instrument at O and level accurately
2. Adjust the plates such that the vernier A reads zero(vernier B shall read 180° if there is no
instrumental error). Bring the vertical circle to the left of the telescope.
3. Loose the lower clamp and turn the instrument towards A.Bisect A accurately using the
lower tangent screw.(There shall be no change in readings as the upper plate is clamped).
4. Unclamp the upper clamp and rotate the instrument in the clockwise direction to bisect B.
Clamp the upper clamp and use the upper tangent screw to bisect B accurately. Note the
reading of vernier A & B to get the approximate value of angle AOB
5. Unclamp the lower clamp and turn the telescope clockwise to sight A again. Bisect A
accurately using the lower tangent screw. The vernier readings will not change as the upper
plate is clamped.

Clamp the upper clamp and use the upper tangent screw to bisect B accurately.
7. Repeat the process till the angle is repeated the required number of times.
8. Change the face by transiting the telescope and repeat the whole process for the other face
readings
9. The average horizontal angle is then obtained by taking the mean of the two readings with
different faces
Figure:


RESULTS:- The average horizontal angle = _________

Exercise No. 10.2
Aim: To measure the horizontal angles AOB, BOC, COD etc by the method of
reiteration
Instruments used:
Sl.
No.
1. Theodolite 01
2. Tripod 01
3. Ranging Rods 04
Theory: This method is suitable for measurements of the angles of a group having a common vertex
point. Several angles are measured successively and finally the horizon is closed (closing the
horizon is the process of measuring the angles around a point to obtain a check on their sum, which
should be 360°
Procedure:
1. Set up the instrument at O and level accurately
2. Adjust the plates such that the vernier A reads zero(vernier B shall read 180° if there is no
instrumental error). Bring the vertical circle to the left of the telescope.
3. Loose the lower clamp and turn the instrument towards A (or any other reference
point).Bisect A accurately using the lower tangent screw.
Clamp the upper clamp and use the upper tangent screw to bisect B accurately. Note the
reading of vernier A & B the mean of the vernier readings will give angle AOB
5. Similarly bisect C and D successively, thus closing the circle. Each included angle is
obtained by taking the difference between two consecutive readings
6. On the final sight to A, the reading of the vernier should be either 0° or 360°.If not note the
vernier readings and find the error due to slip, and if the error is small distribute it equally
to all the angles. If large repeat the procedure and take fresh readings.
7. Repeat the step with the other faces.

Figure:
Face : Left Face : Right

Averag
e
Mean Vertical vertical
Vertical
Instrument At
Sighted To
C D Mean C D
Angl
e Angle
Angle
° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “

Results: The average horizontal angles
AOB =________
BOC= ________
COD=________
DOA=________

Exercise No. 10.3
Aim: To measure the vertical angles and RL of top of the object when the base of the objects are
accessible
Instruments used:
Sl.
No.
1. Theodolite 01
2. Tripod 01
3. Chain 01
4. Tape 01
Theory: Vertical angle is the angle which the inclined line of sight to an object makes with the
horizontal. It may be an angle of elevation or angle of depression depending upon whether the
object is above or below the horizontal plane passing through the trunnion axis of the instrument.
To measure vertical angles, the instrument should be leveled with reference to the altitude bubble.
Procedure:
1. Set up the instrument at O and level with reference to the plate level
2. Level the instrument with reference to the altitude bubble. If the bubble is in adjustment, it
will remain central for all pointing of the telescope.
3. Bring the instrument to face left position
4. Loosen the vertical circle clamp and rotate the telescope in the vertical plane to sight the
bottom and top of the object. Use the tangent screw for accurate bisection
5. Read the verniers C & D of the vertical circle, readings gives the vertical angle
6. Repeat the procedure with face right position
7. The average of the faces gives the vertical angle

Figure:

Averag
e
Vertical
Instrument At
Sighted To
C D Mean C D
Angl
e Angle
Angle
° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “
A P'
Calculations:
H1=D tanө1, H2=D tanө2
H=H1+H2

Results: The average vertical angles = ______
Total height of the object H = ______

Exercise-11
Exercise No. 11.1
SINGLE PLANE METHOD
Aim: To determine the elevation of an object using single plane method when base is inaccessible
Instruments used:
Sl.
No.
1. Theodolite 01
2. Tripod 01
3. Ranging Rods few
4. Tape 01
5 Leveling staff 01
Procedure:
1. Identify the object whose elevation is to be determined
2. Set up the instrument at station A and perform the temporary adjustments. Take the staff
reading on BM keeping the telescope horizontal as s1 (vernier C and D reading zero)
3. Focus the telescope to the top of the object (P1) and measure the angle of elevation ө1 (take
face left and face right observations)
4. Transit the theodolite to reverse the line of sight and fix a point B at a measured distance d.
5. Shift the instrument to B and perform the temporary adjustments. Take the staff reading on
BM keeping the telescope horizontal as s2 (vernier C and D reading zero)
6. Focus the telescope to the top of the object (P1) and measure the angle of elevation ө2 (take
face left and face right observations)
Case 1 : when the instrument station near the object is at lower elevation than the other
Let h1 = P11 P1

h2 = P111 P1
s1 = Reading of staff kept on BM from instrument station A

s2 = Reading of staff kept on BM from instrument station B
ө1 = Angle of elevation from A1 to P1
ө2 = Angle of elevation from B1 to P1
d= Horizontal distance between two instrument stations
D = Horizontal distance between A and P
Considering triangle A1 P1 P11

tanө1=h1/D
h1 = D tanө1 (1)
Considering triangle B1P1 P11 tan
ө2=h2/(d+D)
h2 = (d+D) tan ө2 (2)
From (1) & (2)
D = (dtan ө2+s)/(tan ө1-tan ө2) (3)
1
RL of P from A = RL of BM + s1+ h1
Check: RL of P1 from B = RL of BM + s1+ h1 s
is +ve when station A is lower than B
s is –ve when station A is higher than B
Figure:


Averag
e
Horizo Horizo
Horizo Mean ntal ntal
ntal
Instrument At
Sighted To
A B Mean A B
Angl
e Angle
Angle
° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “

Average
Instrument At
Sighted To

Vertical
C D Mean C D
Angle Angle
Angle
° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “ ° ‘ “
A P'
B P’

Results:
RL of P1 = _________m

Experiment No. 11.2

DOUBLE PLANE METHOD
Aim: To determine the distance and difference in elevation between two inaccessible points
using double plane method.
Instruments used:
Sl.
No.
1. Theodolite 01
2. Tripod 01
3. Ranging Rods few
4. Tape 01
5 Levelling staff 01
Theory: Method is said to be double plane when the instrument stations are not in same vertical
plane as that of elevated objects
Let A & B = Instrument stations

P = Base of the object
ө1 = Angle of elevation from A1 to P1
ө2= Angle of elevation from B1 to P1
s1 = Reading of staff kept on BM from instrument station A
s2 = Reading of staff kept on BM from instrument station B
Considering triangle ABP
We have
α & β = Known(measured)
Therefore ø =(180- α - β )

Applying sine rule
AP/sin α =BP/sin β = AB/sin ø
But AB=d
Therefore
AP = d sin α/sin ø, BP = d sin β/sin ø
To determine the elevation of P1

RL of P1 = RL of BM + s1 + AP tan ө1
RL of P1 = RL of BM + s2 + BP tan ө2
Procedure:
1. Set up the theodolite at A and measure distance d accurately to mark B

2. Measure angle BAP (β)
3. Sight P1 and measure the vertical angle ө1
4. With the telescope horizontal take the staff reading s1 on the BM
5. Shift the instrument to station B and measure the horizontal angle PBA (α)
6. Sight P1 and measure the vertical angle ө2
7. With the telescope horizontal take staff reading s2 on the BM
Figure:

Staff Reading Multiplying Additive

Distance Staff Intercept
Upper Hair (m) Lower Hair (m) Constant K Constant C
Results: Difference in elevation b/w two inaccessible stations = _______m
Distance b/w two inaccessible stations = _______m

EXPERIMENT NO. 12
TACHEOMETRY
Aim: To determine the tacheometric constants using horizontal line of sight.
Instruments used:
Sl.
No.
1. Theodolite 01
2. Tape 01
3. Ranging Rods 03
4. Arrows few
5. Leveling staff 01
6. Chain 01
Procedure:
1. Measure a total distance of 80m on the ground and put pegs at 20m interval (on a fairly
level ground)
2. Set the tacheometer at the zero chain age and do the temporary adjustments
3. Take the stadia readings keeping the levelling staff at 20m, 40m, 60m and 80m keeping
the telescope horizontal thought

Figure:
Staff Reading Multipying Additive

Distance Staff Intercept
Upper Hair (m) Lower Hair (m) Constant K Contant C

Calculations:
D1=Ks1+C
D2=Ks2+C … so on
Solving any 2 equations we get set of K & C values.
Results:
Average value of the tachometric constants
K=______
C=_______

Exercise No. 11.2
Aim: To determine the tacheometric constants using inclined line of sight.
Instruments used:
Sl.
No.
1. Theodolite 01
2. Tape 01
3. Ranging Rods 03
4. Arrows few
5. Leveling staff 01
6. Chain 01
Procedure:
1. Measure a total distance of 80m on the ground and put pegs at 20m interval (on a fairly
level ground)
2. Set the tacheometer at the zero chainage and do the temporary adjustments
3. Fix the telescope to some angle and take the stadia readings keeping the levelling staff at
20m, 40m, 60m and 80m.
Calculations:
D1=Ks1cos²ө+cosө
D2=Ks2cos²ө+cosө … so on
Solving any 2 equations we get set of K & C values.

Results:
Average value of the tachometric constants
K=______

EXPERIMENT NO- 12
CLOSED TRAVERSE SURVEYING USING THEODOLITE
AIM: Locating given building by theodolite traversing
APPARATUS:- Theodolite, three ranging rods
THEORY:
Theodolite Traversing: A traverse survey is one in which the framework consists of a series of
connected lines, the lengths and direction of which are measured with the help of tape or chain
and an angle measuring instrument.
When the lines from a circuit which ends at the starting point, the survey is termed a closed
traverse, if the circuit does not close, the traverse os known as open one.
The closed traverse is suitable for wide areas and for locating the boundaries of the lakes,wood
etc. ,where an open traverse is carried out in the of long strips of country as in the case of canal,
road , railway etc. In theodolite traversing, theodolite is used for measurement of angles or tape or
chain, preferable, steel tape is used for linear measurement .This method is applied for accurate
and precise survey.
Method of traversing: The method of measuring the angle and bearing of a traverse may be
divided into classes:
a) Those in which the angle at different stations are measured directly and the bearing
subsequently calculated from the measured angles and the given bearing of an initial line
b) By direct observation of bearing of different survey lines by a theodolite.
A) Theodolite Traversing by Direct Observation of Angle:- In this method ,horizontal angles

measured at different stations may be either, Department of Civil Engineering Survey-I
i. Included Angle, or
ii. Defection Angle

1) Traversing by the method of included angles:- In a closed traverse included angles can be
measured by running a traverse in clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
The common practice is to run a closed traverse in counterclockwise direction, but it is well to
adhere to a regular of routine of measuring angles.
Generally interior angles are obtained it the traverse is run anticlockwise and exterior ones when it
is run clockwise as shown in the fig 1&2.
The angle may be measured by the repetition method and the observation should be taken with
both the faces and also by reading both the verniers.
Then averaging the value of each angle should be calculated.
It will ensure desired degree of accuracy and removal of most of the instrumental errors.
PROCEDURE: - In running a traverse ABCDEFG as shown in figure, set up the thedolite over
the station A and level it accurately .
Observe the magnetic bearing at the line AB and measure the included angle GAB as usual.
Shift the theodolite to each of the successive stations B, C, D,E-----(in anticlockwise direction)
and repeat the process to measure each of the angle ABC,BCD,CDE etc.
Also measure the length of the line AB, BC, CD and so on by means of a steel tape if possible and
take necessary offsets to locate different details on each of the survey line.
The whole work should be recorded carefully in the field note book.


14. MINOR INSTRUMENTS
Abney level (Abney Clinometer)
Figure :Abney level (Abney Clinometer)

Abney level is a light compact bond instrument of low elevation. It is widely used for-Measuring
the angle of elevation or depression.
1) Taking alone of the ground when chaining along the uneven ground.
2) Tracing a great contour or a alignment of a road.
Abney level consist of-

1) A square lighting tube fitted with an eye piece or small telescope at one end at the other end the
mirror is placed at an angle of 450 inside the tube the wire is lanced across the tube behind the
mirror by which object can be bisected.
2) A small bubble tube is attached to the mirror arm which can be rotated by means of worm wheel.
3) A semicircular quadrate arch is marked zero at the middle point. The graduation are made from
0degree – 6degree

Measurement of vertical angle

Direct the instrument towards the object & bisect it with cross wire & at the same times the middle
wheel until the crass wire bisect the reflection of the required angle in the arc by means of the
vernier it may be noted that the bubble tube is always horizontal & the vertical arm vertical ,
whatever may be the inclination of telescope.
Ceylon Ghat Tracer

It is very useful instrument for setting out gradients. It essentially consists of long circular tube having
a peep hole at the other ends. The tube is supported by a A- frame having a hole at its top to fix the
instrument to a straight rod or stand. This is also helpful for locating points on a given contour line.
Figure: Ceylon Ghat Tracer

Box Sextant
It is reflected type of instrument capable of measuring angle up to 1200 & reads to one minute.

Construction: it consist of
A box about 7.5 cm in diameter & 4cm in depth
A cover which server as a handle when occurred to the bottom.
A horizontal glass having the lower half & the nipper half.An index glass wholly.
An Oliver all graduated from 00 to 1400 degrees & half degrees. An index arm carries a vernier which
reads to single minute.
An adjustable magnifying glass. An eye hole in a sliding arm.

A pair of colored glasses for use when observations are taken on the brought object or the sun.
A telescope for a long distance sighting. A slot in the side of the box through which entrees the
rays from the object sighted. A bay for adjusting the instrument.
Uses
The box sextant is a compact hand instrument by setting the Vernier to 90 it may be used as an
optical square & therefore after included in the instrument (equipment) For a chain survey it is very
useful for measuring chain angles Locating inaccessible point at measuring angles for checking
purpose.
Hand Level
A hand level is a simple, compact instrument used for reconnaissance and preliminary survey, for
locating contours on the ground and for taking short cross-sections. It consists of a rectangular or circular
tube of 10 to 15cm long, provided with a small bubble tube at the top.
Figure : Hand level

PLANIMETER

Figure 14.1 Planimeter
A Planimeter is a mechanical integrator is used by engineer for measuring area of figure which is
been plotted scale particularly when the boundaries are irregular are curved mathematically it is
difficult to find the area of such irregular figures. Planimeter is largely used for finding the areas of
contour in determining the capacity of storage server.
There are several types of Planimeter but the ampler polar Planimeter is in most common use It
consists of two arms hinged at a point one is known is anchor arm & it is at fixed length. It has a
needle point called the anchor point which is fixed in paper & hold in position by detachable small
weight the other arm is called trussing arm. it carries a tracing point which is moved along the
periphery of the figure of which the area is to be found out .
Tracing arm is adjustable is length the tracing arm is set to position given by the manufacturer
according to scale used the total normal displacement is measured b rolling wheel. The rolling wheel
carries graduated drum divided into 100 parts. The vernier is provided to read 1/10th parts of the
rolling wheel. The wheel is connected by gears is the counting disc. The counting disc measure one
revolution at every 10 turns of the rolling wheel each complete reading is a figure of four digits.
The zero of rolling wheel is apposite to the zero at vernier. Actually the marks of rise should be
opposite to index mark due to imperfection of the wheel gear. Instrument is equipped with
magnifying lance to read vernier & a check bar or flat bar for testing the Planimeter.

N autical Sextant
The sextant makes use of two mirrors. With this sextant, one of the mirrors (mirror A in the diagram)
is half-silvered, which allows some light to pass through. In navigating, you look at the horizon
through this mirror.
The other mirror (mirror B in the diagram) is attached to a movable arm. Light from an object, let’s
say the sun, reflects off this mirror. The arm can be moved to a position where the sun’s reflection
off the mirror also reflects off mirror A and through the eyepiece. What you see when this happens
is one object (the sun) superimposed on the other (the horizon). The angle between the two objects
is then read of the scale. What makes a sextant so useful in navigation is its accuracy.
Pantagraph
A Pantagraph is an instrument used for reproducing. Enlarging or reducing the maps. It is based on
the principle of similar triangles.
Figure: Pantagraph

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|| JAI SRI GURUDEV ||

Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust ®

BASIC SURVEYING PRACTICE (15CVL38)

2 Obstacles in chaining and ranging – Chaining but not ranging, ranging

3 Measurements of bearings / directions using prismatic compass, setting

4 Measurement of bearings of sides of a closed traverse and adjustment of

5 Determination of distance between two inaccessible points using

6 Determination of reduced levels of points using dumpy level / auto level

7 Determination of reduced levels of points using dumpy level / auto level

8 To determine the difference in elevation between two points using

9 To conduct profile leveling, cross sectioning and block leveling. Plotting

10 Measurement of horizontal angle by repetition and reiteration methods

11 Determination of horizontal distance and vertical height to a base

12 To determine distance and elevation using tachometric surveying with

13 Closed traverse surveying using Theodolite and applying corrections for

14 Demonstration of Minor instruments like Clinometer, Ceylon Ghat

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 1

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Linear measurements Foot units

Linear measurement Metric (SI) units

Foot-to-metric conversion Angular measurement

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 2

INSTRUMENTS USED IN CHAIN SURVEYING

Following are the various types of chain in common use:

1) Metric chain 4) Revenue chain

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 3

Figure 1.1: Detail of Metric Chain

The following are the various types of tapes

ii. Metallic tape

iii. Steel tape

iv. Invar tape

iv. Invar Tape: Used in measurement of base lines in triangulation.

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 4

Figure 1.2: Different types of cross staffs

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 5

Figure 1.3: Optical Square Figure 1.4: Ranging Rod

loop or circle.(Fig 1.5)

Figure 1.5: Arrow

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 6

Figure 1.6: Peg

Fig 1.7 Plumb bob

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 7

PRACTICING UNFOLDING AND FOLDING OF A CHAIN

RANGING OUT SURVEY LINES

Duties of leader & follower

 To put the chain forward

 To direct the leader to the line with the ranging rod

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 8

 Place ranging rods or poles vertically behind each point

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 9

Fig. 1.8 Direct Ranging

RESULTS: - The distance between AB = __________ m.

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 10

The horizontal distances are directly measured by the process of stepping.

A path of chain or tape is stretched out from ‘P’.

This process is repeated till the point Q is reached.

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 11

First Method (3-4-5 method)

 Establish a point E at distance of 3m from C.

Fig. 1.9 Erection of perpendicular

 Select E and F equidistant from C.

S J B Institute of Technology, B’lore Page 12

Fig. 1.10: Erection of perpendicular (Second Method)