Scientific resource in India

Introduction :
After independence, Jawaharlal Nehru initiated reforms to promote higher education, science and
technology in India.[2] The Indian Institute of Technology(IIT) – conceived by a 22-member
committee of scholars and entrepreneurs in order to promote technical education – was
inaugurated on 18 August 1951 at Kharagpur in West Bengal by the minister of education
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.[3] More IITs were soon opened in Bombay, Madras, Kanpur and
Delhi as well in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the Soviet
Union enabled the Indian Space Research Organisation to rapidly develop the Indian space
program and advance nuclear power in India even after the first nuclear test explosion by India
on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran.

India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on research and development in Asia and the
number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the five years to 2007.[citation needed] However,
according to former Indian science and technology minister Kapil Sibal, India is lagging in
science and technology compared to developed countries.[4] India has only 140 researchers per
1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States.[4] India invested US$3.7 billion in
science and technology in 2002–2003.[5] For comparison, China invested about four times more
than India, while the United States invested approximately 75 times more than India on science
and technology.[5] The highest-ranked Indian university for engineering and technology in 2014
was the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay at number 16;[6] natural science ranks lower.[7]
One study argued that Indian science did not suffer from lack of funds but from unethical
practices, the urge to make illegal money, immense misuse of power, frivolous publications and
patents, faulty promotion policies, victimisation for speaking against wrong or corrupt practices

While India has increased its output of scientific papers fourfold between 2000 and 2015
overtaking Russia and France in absolute number of papers per year, that rate has been exceeded
by China and Brazil; Indian papers generate fewer cites than average, and relative to its
population it has few scientists.[8] Based on the index of ISI indexed articles in India in 2017, it
ranked 6th with 83,074 scientific papers, while this rating is far higher based on the number of
articles per population.[9] According to StatNano's 2017 report, India's rank in this indicator in
the field of nanotechnology is third in the world after China and USA, which points to its focus
on this technology.[10]

Space exploration
Mars Orbit Mission

The Mars Orbiter Mission, also called "Mangalyaan",[24] was launched on 5 November 2013 by
the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[25][26][27][28] It is India's first interplanetary
mission,[29] making ISRO the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program,
NASA, and the European Space Agency,[30][31] the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the
first nation to do so on its first attempt.[32][33][34][35]
Chandrayaan-1

On 18 November 2008, the Moon Impact probe was released from Chandrayaan-1 at a height of
100 km (62 mi). During its 25-minute descent, Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer
(CHACE) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time.[36]
On 24 September 2009 Science journal reported that the Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice
on the Moon.[37]

Thirty Meter Telescope

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a planned, eighteen story, astronomical observatory and
extremely large telescope to be built on the summit of Mauna Kea in the state of Hawaii. The
TMT is designed for near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared (0.31 to 28 μm wavelengths) observations,
featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. The TMT will be at the highest
altitude of all the proposed ELTs. The telescope has government-level support from several
R&D spending nations: China, Japan, Canada and India.

Science academies in India

The idea of science academies in India has evolved along with the Indian independence
movement. The three major science academies Indian National Science Academy, Indian
Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, India were all founded in the pre-
independence era (pre-1947) between 1930 and 1935. The countries resulting from partition of
the sub-content have subsequently founded their own academies, namely Pakistan which
founded Pakistan Academy of Sciences in 1953 and later Bangladesh with the Bangladesh
Academy of Sciences founded in 1973.

Indian Academy of Sciences

Also referred to colloquially as the "Bangalore Academy", Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS)
was founded in 1934 by C. V. Raman, the eminent physicist of his time in Bangalore (now
Bengaluru), Karnataka (formerly known as the State of Mysore), India.[38]

National Academy of Sciences, India

The founder and first president of the National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) was Dr.
Meghnad Saha in 1930 in Allahabad (Prayag), Uttar Pradesh, India.[39]

Indian National Science Academy

Founded in 1935 based on a proposal by the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) and
National Institute of Science of India (NISI) with Dr. Meghnad Saha's blessings,[40] Indian
National Science Academy (INSA) is based in New Delhi, India. According to its charter, the
historical aim of the INSA was to be similar to the Royal Society, London, a gathering of learned
people to exchange ideas and further science.
 Science has benifited us but has it civilized us

Introduction:
Modern age is the age of science. Everyday new inventions are made. Everything
the man uses has been given to him by science. He cannot live without science
even for a single day. Science has given eyes to the blind, ears to the deaf and
limbs to the cripple. It has made man fly in the sky like birds. It has achieved
wonders. Let us here consider some of its important effects on human civilization.

It is said that modern civilization is a scientific civilization. It is true as far as the

material aspects of civilization are concerned; man lives in great comfort today. He
enjoys the cinema, the radio and the television. He can talk with his friends
thousands of miles away from him through the telephone. Science has increased
human comfort and lessened human drudgery. He has no longer to travel on foot.
He can travel comfortably without any fatigue in cars, air-conditioned trains,
buses, etc. he has no longer to bear the hardships of weather. In the summer, he can
cool his house by electric cooler and in winter heat them by electric heaters. Day
and night make no difference to him, for night can turn into day by electric light.

He has no longer to work hard like his uncivilized forefathers. Neither does he
follow barbarous practice of having slaves. Science has given him slaves of a new
kind, which do all his work for him. Machines are the slaves of modern scientific
civilization. These slaves do all his work for him while he himself lives like a lord.
They cook his food for him and even serve it to him. They manufacture everything
that he uses from morning till night. They plough fields for him, sow seeds and
reap crops for him.

Human pain and suffering have been conquered by science. Modern civilized man
has not to suffer like his forefathers. Many diseases have been conquered and
operations can be performed without the patient feeling any pain. Many wonderful
drugs have been discovered and man’s life on this earth has become longer and
happier. Man lives in comfort likes the lord and master of nature. He has
conquered even outer space, mastered weather and all other living creatures. He is
powerful like gods are not supposed to have.

But there is another side also to this picture. Science affects only the material
aspects and makes man materialistic. Radio, television, cinema and costly furniture
and dresses are the symbols of this artificial civilization. But civilization has
material as well as spiritual elements. Science helps only the growth of the material
aspects and has no influence on the spiritual element.

Science has made man morally bankrupt. It has degraded him. He is no longer
inspired by noble ideas. He thinks only of the body and not the soul. Science has
made irreligious. He has lost faith in religion of god. He has no longer truth-loving
and self-sacrificing. In order to satisfy his wants and desire, he uses dishonest
means. By hook or by crook, he wants to posses the luxuries provided to him by
science. No moral considerations influence his actions or his thoughts.

Art and literature are also essential aspects of civilization, but science does nothing
to promote them. Rather it has an adverse effect on the growth of art. There is
inherent opposition between art and science. Science is utility, observation and
experiment, reason and good sense, while art is the worship of beauty. It is an
inspiration. Science has killed the artistic sense of man and has made him a
worshipper of worldly wealth. He now dissects and kills objects of nature instead
of enjoying their beauty. As the poet William Wordsworth has said, man now
murders to dissect, and perhaps he would botanize even on his mother’s grave. His
emotions and passions have all dried up and he has become a monster guided by
reason alone.

No doubt science has given man power fit for the gods, but it has not increased his
wisdom or his morality. It has given him the right use of those weapons. It has
given him machines, but machines are now becoming his masters. Man today does
not know when to cure and when to kill. He has got the atomic energy but he does
not know how to use it for his own good and prosperity. In this way, science has
brought human civilization to the verge of ruin.
 Wonder of Electricity
Introduction:
Electricity has brought a revolution in the life of Man. It is really a boon to
mankind. We cannot imagine life without electricity these days. Electricity has
made our domestic life sweet and comfortable. This energy has been used for
human happiness and comforts in different ways.

The wonders of electricity can be seen on all sides. Chief among them is electric
light and fans. All comforts and luxuries of our life are owing to these two things.
The use of electricity is growing day by day. Every house feels the absence of
electricity. Electric light keeps our hoses, shops, roads, streets and other places
illuminated. Its use has added to the beauty of towns and cities. Electric fans help
us in the fight against heat and cold. In summer the work in the office is done with
the help of electric fans. In winter our rooms are kept warm by electric heaters.
Rooms are kept clean by the help of electric cleaners. We wash our clothes in
washing machine. We use cooler in summer. Lift always reminds the importance
of electricity.

The next boon of electricity is the invention of electric tramways and railways.
They are the quick means of travelling electric trains are far better than the trains
driven by steam engine. In the field of industry, the service of electricity is
indispensable. Mills and factories cannot work without the electricity. Our
necessities of life like cloth, sugar, paper and thousand other things are the
products of machines which are run by electricity.

Discussion:
Electricity is a good means of communication. It sends messages easily between
two countries. As a result of the telegraph, we have telegrams and cablegrams
which are very useful to the modern world. Telegrams carry messages on land
while cablegrams do the same work on seas. Telephone messages control serious
riots and save the happening of accidents and disasters.

All the scientific discoveries and inventions owe to the use of electricity. If there
had been no electricity, no scientific progress would have been possible.
Electricity is also used for defence purposes. By the help of Radar, Mine Liner,
Mine Sweeper we can protect and defend our country against enemy. Electric –
barbed wires are also used in defence.
Electricity has done a lot in the treatment of human diseases. It is due to electricity
that new discoveries and inventions have been made in the field of medicine. It
cures many diseases. It has been found useful in the treatment of Cancer. X- Ray is
a boon of Science. It helps in finding out internal diseases and fracture of bone.
Thus we see that electricity plays an important role in the restoration of health .
even proper light is necessary for operation in theatre.

Conclusion:

Electricity has proved itself of great use in our industrial development. It turns
huge and heavy machines in mills and factories. Big canals and wells can be dug
with the help of electricity. We can use the tube wells for irrigation purposes.
Electric tools can make bridges and can change the course of rivers. Television,
radio and cinema are the wonderful contributions of Electricity. Through radio we
can hear songs, stories, dialogues, speeches and the current happenings in the
world. Cinema has become the cheapest means of recreation. Photography has also
played an important role to make our world beautiful.

In domestic life electricity is a boon. It does many of our small works like an
obedient servant. It keeps our houses lighted at all times. It cooks our food, boils
our milk and water, washes and irons clothes, sweeps, cools or heats our rooms
and does various other jobs. Electric fans give us fresh and cool air. Thus done a
great service to mankind. Modern civilization is incomplete in its absence.

Electricity is the pivot of modern civilization. Without it life will be deprived of

modern charms.