Table of content:

Chapter one: Introduction

1.1. Ge eral i troductio …………………………………………………….

1.2. “cope & o jectives of the project……………………………...…

1.3. A stract………………………………………………………………………..4

Chapter two: Loads

2.1. Introductio ………………………………………………………………...5

2.2. Loads esti atio ………………….…………………………………..….

2.3. Loads of structural e ers……………………………….……..13

Chapter three: Slabs

3.1. I troductio …………………………………………………………….… 5

3.2. Depth esti atio ………………………………..……….…………… 7

3.3. Bea s a d ri s desig procedure ………….….………..……. 8

3.4. One way ribbed slab desig ……….…….…………………………25

3.5. Two way ri ed sla desig …………………………..……………44

Chapter four: Columns

4.1. Introductio …………………………………….…………………………

4.2. Desig procedure…………………………………….…………………72

4.3. Columns design and detailing………….…………………………74

-
Chapter five: Shear walls

5.1. Introductio ………………………..………………………………..……83

5.2. Shear wall desig procedure…………………………………..….85

5.3. Results of a alysis……………………….………………………..……89

5.4. Ma ual desig …………………………………………………………...92

5.5. Detaili g ………………………………………………………………….

Chapter six: Foundations

6.1. I troductio ……………………………………………………………..102

6.2. Types of footi g…………………………………………...……….…103

6.3. Desig co sideratio …………………………………………….….104

6.4. Desig data……………………………………………………………… 4

6.5. Desig procedure…………………………………………………..…105

6.6. Manual design…..………………………………………………..…...112

6.7. Outputs of a alysis…..………………….……………………..…... 9

6.8. Ma ual desig …..…………………………………………………….. 22

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..…..128

-
 1 INTRODUCTION

THIS CHAPTER
WILL INCLUDE THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION, THE SCOPE &
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT & THE APSTRACT. THE BUILDING
CONSISTING OF FOUR FLOORS AND A PLAN AREA OF 20,000 M2,
WHILE THE DESIGN WILL BE DIVIDED TO ITS STRUCTURAL
COMPONENT, I.E. TO SLABS, BEAMS, COLUMNS, WALLS AND
FOOTINGS, AND MATERIAL USED IN THIS PROJECT.
1.1. General introduction:
In any activity includes structural analysis, Structures are
Analyzed to determine their behavior under the different types of
the acting loads. This analysis is to determine all the needed data,
Such as: axial forces, moment, or shear, from the external or own
loads. To design the final safe member size and area of steel for the
total structure.

1.2. Scope and objectives of the project:

1.2.1. Project Description:

 This Project is the designing of a reinforced concrete structure for a
School building in Amman city.
 Al-Qamim school is a building consists of 4 stories (Ground, 1st , 2nd &
3rd); with total build-up area of 1,400 m2
 The target of this project is to design a safe, stable, effective,
serviceable and economical structure.
1.2.2. Design Data:
 In this project the reinforced concrete material will be used consists
of reinforced steel and fresh concrete mix placed in the forms to
form the final required cross section.
 This structure is designed according to:
 American Concrete Institute Code 2014 (ACI-14) for structure
concrete.
 Uniformed Building Code 1997 (UBC-97) for shear walls only.
 Jordanian Loads and forces Code for loads.
 The co crete co pressive stre gth fc’ = 28 Mpa.
 The steel yielding stress due to tension Fy = 420 Mpa.
 The steel yielding stress due to shear Fyv = 280 and 420 Mpa.
1.2.3. Building Components:
 Structural Elements:
 Floor slabs: are made from reinforced concrete and it rests on
beams at each floor.
 Beams: are made of reinforced concrete and they rest on the
columns at each Floor level.
 Columns: are made of reinforced concrete and they rest on the
reinforced concrete base and extend vertically to the level of
the ground floor ceiling.
 Foundations: Reinforced concrete footings are structural
members used to support columns and walls and to transmit
and distribute their loads to the soil.

 Non-Structural Elements:
 Partitions: are made of masonry or brick and used to fill the
openings between columns.
 Doors and windows: are made of different materials such as
wood, steel, glass, and so on.
 Floor fi ish: Tiles of grou d as cera ic, ar le, porcelai … etc.
 Wall fi ish: Pai t, plaster, wall paper… etc.

1.2.4. Design Codes:

 American Concrete Institute Code 2014 (ACI-14) for structure
concrete.
 Uniformed Building Code 1997 (UBC-97) for shear walls only.
 Jordanian Loads and forces Code for loads.

2
1.2.5. Programs Used:
 Design and Analysis Programs
 CSI ETABS 2016.
 CSI SAFE 2016.
 PROKON 3.

 Detailing Programs:
 Microsoft Office Word 2016.
 Microsoft Office Excel 2016.
 Autodesk AutoCAD 2018.
1.3. Abstract:

This project has a mixed structural system of braced

frames and shear walls. The evaluation will include static & dynamic
loads. The Structure interaction analysis in 3D view, in order to
approach the actual models as much as possible.
Two methods will be used:
1. Manual analysis: assuming 1D structural elements, using
recommendation of ACI code.
2. Programs analysis:
 Assuming 3D views, 1D and 2D structural elements, using
structural analysis program Prokon.
 Finite element analysis Safe and ETABS.

After that the design sections and areas of steel are from ETABS
and safe, checked by Prokon and manual.

4
2 LOADS

THIS CHAPTER
WILL INCLUDE THE FORCES ACTING ON THE STRUCTURE
OR IN OTHER WORDS THE FORCES WHICH THE
STRUCTURE DESIGNED TO CARRY AND MAINTAIN SAFE
WITHOUT COLLAPSING.
2.1. Introduction:

Perhaps the most important and most difficult task faced by the
structural designer is the accurate estimation of the loads that may be
applied to a structure during its life. No loads that may reasonably be
expected to occur may be overlooked. After loads are estimated, the next
problem is to decide the worst possible combinations of these loads that
might occur at one time. For instance, would a highway bridge completely
covered with ice and snow be simultaneously subjected to fast-moving
lines of heavily loaded trailer trucks in every lane and to a 90-mile lateral
wind, or is some lesser combination of these loads more reasonable?
The next few sections of this chapter provide a brief introduction to the
types of loads with which the structural designer must be familiar. The
purpose of these sections is not to discuss loads in great detail but rather
to give the reader a feel for the subject. As will be seen, loads are classed
as being dead, live, or environmental.

5
 Dead loads:
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one
position. They include the weight of the structure under consideration
as well as any fixtures that are permanently attached to it. For a
reinforced concrete building, some dead loads are the frames, walls,
floors, ceilings, stairways, roofs, and plumbing.
To design a structure, it is necessary for the weights or dead loads of
the various parts to be estimated for use in the analysis. The exact
sizes and weights of the parts are not known until the structural
analysis is made and the members of the structure are selected. The
weights, as determined from the actual design, must be compared
with the estimated weights. If large discrepancies are present, it will
be necessary to repeat the analysis and design using better estimated
weights. Reasonable estimates of structure weights may be obtained
by referring to similar structures or to various formulas and tables
available in most civil engineering handbooks. An experienced
designer can estimate very closely the weights of most structures and
will spend little time repeating designs because of poor estimates.
The approximate weights of some common materials used for floors,
walls, roofs, and the like are given in Table 2.1.

TABLE 2.1 Weights of Some Common Building Materials

 Live loads:

Live loads are loads that can change in magnitude and position. They
include occupancy loads, warehouse materials, construction loads,
overhead service cranes, equipment operating loads, and many
others. In general, they are induced by gravity.

 Environmental Loads
Environmental loads are loads caused by the environment in which
the structure is located. For buildings, they are caused by rain, snow,
wind, temperature change, and earthquake. Strictly speaking, these
are also live loads, but they are the result of the environment in which
the structure is located. Although they do vary with time, they are not
all caused by gravity or operating conditions, as is typical with other
live loads.

2.2. Load estimation:

In our project we have used:
1. One-way ribbed slab
2. Two-way ribbed slab

So, we will describe how to estimate loads for each kind of slabs with
some details for estimating the loads for each structural element.
 Dead load for one way ribbed slab:

 Slab own weight:

Topping slab = thickness * � concrete
Hollow block = weight of 1 h.b * number in meter / b e flange
Rib space = (top width + bottom width)*0.5 * depth * �c
/ b e flange
 Super imposed dead load:
Fill (sand + aggregate) = thickness * � fill
Mortar + tiles = thickness * � mortar, tiles
Plaster = thickness * � plaster
Partitions = 2.38 KN/m2 from Jordanian code for loads include
double face of plastering

8
 Dead load calculations for one way ribbed slab: (31 cm)

1- Own weight of slab:

-Topping = 0.07 * 25 = 1.75 KN/m2

-Hollow block = 0.18 * 5 / 0.55 = 1.63 KN/m2
-Rib spacing = 0.5(0.15+0.19) * 0.24 * 25 / 0.55 = 1 KN/m2

2- Super imposed dead load:

-Fill (sand + agg.) = 0.15 * 15.7 = 2.355 KN/m2

-Mortar + Tiles = 0.05 * 22 = 1.1 KN/m2
-Plaster = 0.025 * 22 = 0.55 KN/m2
-Partitions = 2.38 KN/m2

-Total D.L = 10.78 KN/m2

9
 Dead load for two way ribbed slab:

Weight of typical unit (1.04m x 1.04m)

Note that: (1.04m x 1.04m) contains 8-Hollow blocks.

- Weight of slab with 1.04m x 1.04m (as a concrete solid)

1.04x 1.04 x Total slab depth x25KN/m3 = KN

-Weight of blocks as a concrete solid

0.5*(width at top + width at bottom)*depth*width *8*25 KN/m3

-Weight of hollow blocks

Weight of block x 8 = KN

-Total weight of (1.04m x1.04m)=

(weight as a concrete solid - weight of blocks as a concrete solid
+ weight of hollow blocks)

����� ����ℎ�
Total weight for (1.04m x 1.04m) unit = = KN/m2
. ∗ .
 Dead load calculations for two way ribbed slab: (25 cm)

Weight of slab with 1.04m x 1.04m (as a concrete solid):

1.04x 1.04 x 0.25 x25 KN/m3 = 6.76 KN

Weight of blocks as a concrete solid:

0.5*(0.36+0.4)*0.18*0.2*8*25 KN/m3 = 2.74 KN

Weight of hollow blocks:

0.15 x 8 = 1.2 KN

Total weight of (1.04m x1.04m) unit =

(Weight as a concrete solid - weight of blocks as a concrete
solid + weight of hollow blocks)
6.76 – 2.74 + 1.2 = 5.22 KN

.
Total weight for (1m x 1m) unit = = 4.8 KN/m2
. ∗ .

Dead load + Super imposed dead load = 4.8 + 6.385 = 11.2

 Live load estimation:

Get the live load from the Jordanian Loads and forces Code for loads

Take live load = 3 KN/m2

2
2.3. Loads of structural members:
 Ribs load:
For each rib we can obtain the load acting on it by multiplying the
loads on slab by effective width.
Ribbed slabs:
Dead load of one way ribbed slab = 0.55*10.8 = 6 KN/m.rib
Dead load of two way ribbed slab = 0.52*11.2 = 5.8 KN/m.rib
Live load for one way ribbed slab = 0.55*3 = 1.65 KN/m.rib
Live load for two way ribbed slab = % load by coefficient method
*0.52*3 = KN/m.rib

 Beams load:
For each beam we use tributary area for one way slab and
reactions of rib for two way slab.
 Columns load:
For each column we use tributary area and then multiplying it by
the slab load.

 Shear walls load:

The same procedure of columns.

 Footings load:
It’s equal to the total load from the all stories for each vertical
member.

4
3 SLABS

THIS CHAPTER
WILL INCLUDE THE SLABS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR
FLEXURE AND CHECK THE REQUIREMENT LIMITATION
ACCORDING TO ACI CODE.
3.1. Introduction:

 TYPES OF SLABS:
Structural concrete slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually
horizontal, in building floors, roofs, bridges, and other types of structures.
The slab may be supported by walls, by reinforced concrete beams
usually cast monolithically with the slab, by structural steel beams, by
columns, or by the ground. The depth of a slab is usually very small
compared to its span.

5
Structural concrete slabs in buildings may be classified as follows:
1. One-way slabs: If a slab is supported on two opposite sides only, it will
bend or deflect in a direction perpendicular to the supported edges. The
structural action is one way, and the loads are carried by the slab in the
deflected short direction. This type of slab is called a one-way slab.

 The slabs called one-way :

 If supported just from two opposite direction
 If supported from all direction and the (Length/Width) > 2.

The slabs called two-way: If supported from all direction and the
Length/Width < 2.
3.2. Depth estimation:

 In this Project there are three types of slabs:

- One-way ribbed slab.
- Two-way ribbed slab.
And there are equations related to these two types and start with
them together:

 Thickness of one way ribbed slab:

 Find the cases from the project plans then use most critical case:
In our project there is two cases we must check:

.
1- Case of one end continuous (ℎ �� = . )
.

.
2- Case of two end continuous (ℎ �� = . )

The critical case is one end continuous so, we will take the thickness
of slab = 31 cm.
 Thickness of two way ribbed slab:

1-Find Minimum thickness (deflection requirements):

For slabs of this type the first trial thickness is often taken equal to:

�
ℎ. �

2- Check thickness by let (I slab = I rib):

Calculate (Y) location for rib section by assuming thickness and

dimensions:
∑� �
ȳ= ∑�

3- Find I rib (t-section):

� = ∑ �+�

4- By assuming (I slab = I rib):

� � ℎ∗ℎ
� =� � =

From the previous equation we can find required depth of slab and
then compare it by the assumed depth.

8
 Calculations of thickness for two way ribbed slab:

1- Find minimum thickness:

. + .
ℎ. � = .

**assume slab depth = 25 cm

2- Check thickness for a typical section for slab 25 cm:

∗ ∗ + ∗ ∗
ȳ= = .
∗ + ∗

3- Find I rib (t-section):

∗ ∗
�=[ + ∗ . ]+[ + ∗ . − ]

�= . ∗

9
 4- By assuming (I slab = I rib):

∗ℎ
� = . ∗ =
ℎ

Then the assumed thickness 25 cm > 16 cm is adequate.

 After the calculation of thickness we have used coefficient method to

find the values of distribution moment (-ve & +ve) for long and short


directions.
Then use the same procedure of beam reinforcement to find A steel, required.

2
3.3. Beams & Ribs design procedure:
 Select the depth of the beam due to the type of the beam, where
There are two types of beams:
 Hidden Beam
 Drop Beam
 Find the ultimate load due to design combination that depend on
your loads:
 1.4(DL)
 1.2(DL) + 1.6(LL)
 As you know there are three stages before beams failure:

 Stage I: when the applied load is low, the stress distribution is

essentially linear over the depth of the section. The tensile stresses
in the concrete are low enough so that the entire cross-section
remains uncracked and the stress distribution is as shown in (a). In
the compression zone, the concrete stresses are low enough (less
tha a out .5 f’c) so that their distri utio is appro i ately
linear.

 Stage II: On increasing the applied load, the tensile stresses at the
.

bottom of the beam become high enough to exceed the tensile

strength at which the concrete cracks. After cracking, the tensile
force is resisted mainly by the steel reinforcement. Immediately
below the neutral axis, a small portion of the beam remains
uncracked. These tensile stresses in the concrete offer, however,
only a small contribution to the flexural strength. The concrete stress
distribution in the compression zone becomes nonlinear.

2
 Stage III: at nominal (so,-called ultimate) strength, the neutral axis
has moved farther up-ward as flexural cracks penetrate more and
more toward the compression face. The steel reinforcement has
yielded and the concrete stress distribution in the compression
zone becomes more nonlinear. Below the neutral axis, the
concrete is cracked except for a very small zone. At the ultimate
stage, two types of failure can be noticed. If the beam is reinforced
with a small amount of steel, ductile failure will occur. In this type
of failure, the steel yields and the concrete crushes after
experiencing large deflections and lots of cracks. On the other
hand, if the beam is reinforced with a large amount of steel, brittle
failure will occur. The failure in this case is sudden and occurs due
to the crushing of concrete in the compression zone without
yielding of the steel and under relatively small deflections and
cracks. This is not a preferred mode of failure because it does not
give enough warning before final collapse.

22
 The flexural strength Mn , using the equivalent rectangular, is
obtained as follows:

 β = . − . ′
− > .
 Find ∅ from:


��
=
 C= .
∅
′

 T=� ×�

 For equilibrium C = T and from it a equals

′
=� ∗
.

 And from it � equals:

�
�=

2
 Because the reinforcing steel is limited to an amount such that it will yield
well before the concrete reaches its ultimate strength, the value if the
nominal moment can be written as:
= − =� � −

 And the usable flexural strength is

∅ = ∅� � −

 And if we substitute into this expression the value previously

obtained for a

� �
∅ = = ∅� � − )
. ′

 Replacing As with �
��
and letting Rn = 2

′
. ∗
�= −√ − ′
.
 �min=
.
�

 �
′
= . ∗�∗
 � =�∗
�
∗
 ∅Vc=0.75*0.17*1*√ ′ ∗ ∗

 Vs=
�−∅
∅

Note that: Shear strength, Vc, provided by concrete for the ribs may be
taken greater than that for beams. This is mainly due to the interaction
between the slab and the closely spaced ribs (ACI Code, Section 8.13.8).
(Vc=(1.1)*0.17*1*√ ′ ∗ ∗

24
3.4. One way ribbed slab design:

 For one way ribbed slab (Ribs design):

Auto cad plan for ground and first floor showing rib direction and steel reinforcement.

Section for rib

25
For the given loads measured as in CH 2 and using Prokon program for
analysis and design we obtain the following:

 Inputs:

f c'(MPa) 28
f y (MPa) 420
f y v (MPa) 280
% Redistribution 20
Downward/Optimized redistr. D
Cov er to centre top steel(mm) 25
Cov er to centre bot.steel(mm) 25
Dead Load Factor 1.2
Liv e Load Factor 1.6
Density of concrete (kN/m3) 0
% Liv e load permanent 25
Ø (Creep coef f icient) 2
Ecs (Free shrinkage strain) 300E-6

Case Span Wlef t Wright a

D,L (kN/m) (kN/m) (m)

D 1 5.9
L 1 1.65

2
Output example for analysis and reinforcement using PROKON:
Rib1: (DL=10.8*0.55=5.9 KN/m.rib, LL=3*0.55= 1.65 KN/m.rib)

2
 Manual sample for (rib 1) design for maximum positive moment
and for the maximum negative moment(+25.25 KN.m,-26.4 KN.m) :

• Design for maximum positive moment = 25.25 KN.m:

First check if rectangular or flanged action:

′
ℎ
= . ∗ ∗ ∗ℎ ∗( − )

= ℎ− − � − = − − − =

−6
= . ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗( − )∗ = .

.
= . ≫ = = .
Ø .

So the behavior as a rectangular section.

6
∗
= = = .
∗

. ∗ ′
�= −√ −
. ′

. ∗ ∗ .
�= −√ − = .
. ∗

28
 Asteel required = � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ = .

Check As, minimum = max of:

. .
[ �
∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ = - checked
. ∗√ ′ . ∗√
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ =
�

Try Ø 14mm:
� , � .
= = = .
� ,

Use 2Ø 4 with As, provided = 154*2 = 308 mm2

Check tension controlled section (T.C.S):

� ∗ � ∗
= = = .
. ∗ ′ ∗ . ∗ ∗

.
= = = .
� .

.
= = . < . − . .

Note that: for spans with positive moment equal to or less than
Mu=25.25KN.m, use 2Ø14 mm.

29
• Design for maximum negative moment = -26.4 KN.m:

6
. ∗
= = = .
∗

. ∗ ′
�= −√ −
. ′

. ∗ ∗ .
�= −√ − = .
. ∗

Asteel required = � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ =

Check As, minimum = max of:

. .
[ �
∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ = - checked
. ∗√ ′ . ∗√
[ �
∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ =

Try Ø 14mm:
� , �
= = = .
� ,

Use 2Ø 4 with As, provided = 154*2 = 308 mm2

Check tension controlled section (T.C.S):

� ∗ � ∗
= = =
. ∗ ′ ∗ . ∗ ∗
 = = = .
� .

.
= = . < . − . .

Note that: for spans with negative moment equal to or less than Mu=26.4KN.m, use 2Ø14 mm.

• Design of rib 1 for shear:

� @ = .
� = . ∗ . ∗√ ′ ∗ ∗
−
= . ∗ . ∗√ ∗ ∗ ∗ = .

Note that: Vc provided by concrete for ribs may be taken 10% greater than that
for beams. This is mainly due to the interaction between the slab and the
closely spaced ribs.
(ACI-CODE 2011 S (8.13.8), Page (117))

∅� = . ∗ = . ≤ . − �

� . −
� = −� = − . = . ≤ . ∗√ ∗ ∗ ∗
∅ .
=

Assume Ø10 then, � = ∗� = ∗ =

= min ( )= −

� ∗ �
=
. 6 ∗√ ′ ∗

� ∗ �
=
. ∗
� ∗ � ∗
�
=

Use Ø10 @ 130mm c/c

 • This table shows the reinforcement for each rib in one way ribbed
slab:

Rib # Maximum Maximum ��@� Bottom Top Stirrups

positive negative ,KN reinforcement reinforcement for shear
moment, moment

KN.m KN.m

R1 25.25 26.4 29.22 2Ø14 2Ø14 Ø10@130

mm

R2 20.9 23 28.8 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø10@200

mm

R3 21 23.12 28.86 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø10@200

mm

R4 20.6 22.6 28.7 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø10@200

mm

R5 4.86 - 9.7 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø10@200

mm

R6 - 20 19.9 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø10@200

mm

2
• For one way ribbed slab (Beams design):

We will discuss the design of beam 1 for flexural and shear

manually and compare the results with outputs of Prokon program
And the same procedure for is the same for all beams in ground
and first floors.
 • By tributary area method the load that will transfer for beam 1 will
be as following:

�����ℎ � �ℎ� �� �� �ℎ� �� � �� + �����ℎ � �ℎ� �� �� �ℎ� ��ℎ� ��

W/m= W ∗

. + .
WD = . ∗ = KN/m
. + .
WL = ∗ = . KN/m

4
• Inputs:
f c'(MPa) 28
f y (MPa) 420
f y v (MPa) 280
% Redistribution 20
Downward/Optimized redistr. D
Cov er to centre top steel(mm) 30
Cov er to centre bot.steel(mm) 30
Dead Load Factor 1.2
Liv e Load Factor 1.6
Density of concrete (kN/m3) 25
% Liv e load permanent 25
Ø (Creep coef f icient) 2
Ecs (Free shrinkage strain) 300E-6

Case Span Wlef t

D,L (kN/m)

D 1 60
L 1 16.7

• To select the thickness of beam to prevent deflection as for ribbed

slab from Table 9.5.1 ACI-CODE:
6.
Case of one end continuous (ℎ �� = . )
.
We have assumed the thickness of beam will be 35 cm and the
width equal to 800 mm to make sure the spacing of bars will be
acceptable (more than 1’ = 2.54 cm).

5
• Note that: a fall ceiling will be used below the level of the slab and
the distance between the level of the slab and the falling ceiling
will be 10 cm.
• Output example for analysis and reinforcement using PROKON:
B1: (DL=60 KN/m, LL= 16.7 KN/m)
 Manual sample for (B 1) design for maximum positive moment
and for the maximum negative moment(392 KN.m,297 KN.m) :

• Design for maximum positive moment = 392 KN.m:

= ℎ− − � − = − − − =

6
∗
= = = .
Ø . ∗ ∗

. ∗ ′
�= −√ −
. ′

. ∗ ∗ .
�= −√ − = .
. ∗

Asteel required = � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ =

Check As, minimum = max of:

. .
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ = - checked
�
. ∗√ ′ . ∗√
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ = .
�

Try Ø 25 mm:
� , �
= = = .
� ,

Use 9Ø25 with As, provided = 4419 mm2

 Check tension controlled section (T.C.S):

� ∗ � ∗
= = = .
. ∗ ′ ∗ . ∗ ∗

.
= = =
� .

= = . < . − . .

• Design for maximum negative moment = -297 KN.m:

6
∗
= = = .
Ø . ∗ ∗

. ∗ ′
�= −√ −
. ′

. ∗ ∗ .
�= −√ − = .
. ∗

Asteel required = � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ =

Check As, minimum = max of:

. .
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ = - checked
�
. ∗√ ′ . ∗√
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ =
�

8
Try Ø 25mm:
� , �
= = = .
� ,

Use 6Ø25 with As, provided = 6*491 = 2946 mm2

Check tension controlled section (T.C.S):

� ∗ � 6∗
= = =
. ∗ ′ ∗ . ∗ ∗

= = = .
� .

.
= = . < . − . .

The outputs checked by Prokon.

9
• Design of B1 for shear:

� @ = .
� = . ∗√ ′ ∗ ∗
−
= . ∗√ ∗ ∗ ∗ =

∅� = . ∗ = ≤ . − �

� .
� = −� = − = .
∅ .
−
≤ . ∗√ ∗ ∗ ∗ =

Assume 3-stirrups Ø12 then, � = ∗� = ∗ =

= min ( )= .

� ∗ �
=
. 6 ∗√ ′ ∗

� ∗ �
=
. ∗
� ∗ � ∗
= −
�

Use 3Ø12-stirrups @ 150mm c/c

4
• This table shows the maximum reinforcement for each beam in
one way ribbed slab:

Beam Dimensions Top steel Bottom steel Shear

(mm) reinforcement
(main) (main)

B1 800X350 7 Ø 25 9 Ø 25 3 Ø12@150mm

B2 600x350 10 Ø14 7 Ø25 2 Ø10@200mm

B3 300x400 4 Ø18 4 Ø18 1 Ø10@250mm

B4 400x310 3 Ø12 4 Ø12 1 Ø10@250mm

B5 400x310 4 Ø12 4 Ø12 1 Ø10@200mm

B6 500x310 5 Ø12 5Ø12 1 Ø10@200mm

B7 300X310 3 Ø12 3 Ø12 1 Ø10@200mm

• Beams sections for the previous given data :

Beam 1:
7
31
35

4
Beam 2:

7
31
35

60

Beam 3:
7
31
40

30

Beam 4:
7
31

40

42
 Beam 5:

7
31

40

Beam 6:
7
31

50

Beam 7:
7
31

30

4
3.5. Two way ribbed slab design:

For two way ribbed slab design we have used coefficient method
to find the distributed moments along short direction and long
direction and that’s ai ly due to the case of pa els accordi g to
coefficient method.
In our project we have the following cases for panels:

44
 • We have choose panel 3 to design it by coefficient method
manually:

1- Find the ration (m):

.
= = = .
.
2- Find negative moments at continuous edges (Table 1 Coeff. Method):
Where: = ∗ ∗ & = ∗ ∗
Wu.dead = 1.2*11.2=13.4 KN/m2
Wu.live = 1.6*3=4.8 KN/m2
Wu= 4.8+13.4=18.2 KN/m2

45
From table 1: Ca= 0.06, Cb= 0.04

Ma, neg = 0.06*18.2*5.552 = 33.64 KN.m/m

Mb, neg = 0.04*18.2*6.12 = 27 KN.m/m

3- Find positive moments (Table 2 and Table 3):

4
Ma, positive, dead= 0.033*13.4*5.552 = 13.6 KN.m/m
Ma, positive, live= 0.039*4.8*5.552 = 5.766 KN.m/m
Mb, positive, dead= 0.022*13.4*6.12 = 11 KN.m/m
Mb, positive, live= 0.026*4.8*6.12 = 11.84 KN.m/m

∑ , �� = , , + , , = . + . = . KN. m/m

∑ , �� = , , + , , = + . = . KN. m/m

4
4- Find positive and negative moments for rib width (short direction):
Ma +ve for rib (La) = 19.4*0.52= 9.984 KN.m
Ma –ve for rib (La) = 33.6*0.52= 17.5 KN.m
Design for positive moment (short direction):
First check if rectangular or flanged action:

′
ℎ
= . ∗ ∗ ∗ℎ ∗( − )

= ℎ− − � − = − − − =

−6
= . ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗( − )∗ = . .

.
= . . ≫ = = . .
Ø .

So the behavior as a rectangular section.

6
. ∗
= = = .
Ø Ø∗ ∗

. ∗ ′
�= −√ −
. ′

48
 . ∗ ∗ .
�= −√ − = .
. ∗

Asteel required = � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ =

Check As, minimum = max of:

. .
[ �
∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ = - checked
. ∗√ ′ . ∗√
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ =
�

Try Ø 12mm:
� , �
= = = .
� ,

Use 2Ø 2 with As, provided = 113*2 = 226 mm2

Check tension controlled section (T.C.S):

� ∗ � 6∗
= = = .
. ∗ ′ ∗ . ∗ ∗

.
= = = .
� .

.
= = . < . − . .

49
Design for negative moment (short direction):
6
. ∗
= = = .
Ø . ∗ ∗

. ∗ ′
�= −√ −
. ′

. ∗ ∗ .
�= −√ − = .
. ∗

Asteel required = � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ =

Check As, minimum = max of:

. .
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ = - checked
�
. ∗√ ′ . ∗√
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ =
�

Try Ø 12mm:
� , �
= = = .
� ,

Use 2Ø 2 with As, provided = 113*2 = 226 mm2

Check tension controlled section (T.C.S):

� ∗ � 6∗
= = = .
. ∗ ′ ∗ . ∗ ∗

.
= = =
� .

= = . < . − . .

5
5- Find positive and negative moments for rib width (long direction):
Ma +ve for rib (Lb) = 22.8*0.52= 11.856 KN.m
Ma –ve for rib (Lb) = 27*0.52= 14 KN.m
Design for positive moment (long direction):
First check if rectangular or flanged action:

′
ℎ
= . ∗ ∗ ∗ℎ ∗( − )

= ℎ− − � − = − − − =

−6
= . ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗( − )∗ = . .

.
= . . ≫ = = . .
Ø .

So the behavior as a rectangular section.

6
. ∗
= = = .
Ø Ø∗ ∗

. ∗ ′
�= −√ −
. ′

5
 . ∗ ∗ .
�= −√ − = .
. ∗

Asteel required = � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ =

Check As, minimum = max of:

. .
[ �
∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ = - checked
. ∗√ ′ . ∗√
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ =
�

Try Ø 12mm:
� , �
= = = .
� ,

Use 2Ø 2 with As, provided = 113*2 = 226 mm2

Check tension controlled section (T.C.S):

� ∗ � 6∗
= = = .
. ∗ ′ ∗ . ∗ ∗

.
= = = .
� .

.
= = . < . − . .

52
**Design for negative moment (long direction):
6
∗
= = = .
Ø . ∗ ∗

. ∗ ′
�= −√ −
. ′

. ∗ ∗ .
�= −√ − = .
. ∗

Asteel required = � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ =

Check As, minimum = max of:

. .
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ = - checked
�
. ∗√ ′ . ∗√
[ ∗ ∗ ]= ∗ ∗ =
�

Try Ø 12mm:
� , �
= = = .
� ,

Use 2Ø 2 with As, provided = 113*2 = 226 mm2

Check tension controlled section (T.C.S):

� ∗ � 6∗
= = = .
. ∗ ′ ∗ . ∗ ∗

.
= = =
� .

= = . < . − . .

5
6- Design for shear by using percent of load by coefficient method (Table 4):
From table for
.
= = = .
.

Percent of load for short direction = 0.6

Percent of load for long direction = 0.4

% of load transmitted for long and short directions:

Dead load short direction = 11.2*0.6=6.72 KN/m2
Live load short direction = 3*0.6=1.8 KN/m2
Dead load long direction = 11.2*0.4=4.5 KN/m2
Live load short direction = 3*0.4=1.2 KN/m2

54
We have used the same procedure for each of panels (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
Then by insert the loads per meter rib for each rib span on both directions the
final result of shear for (rib 1 short direction) and (rib 7 long direction) by
analysis of Prokon was as following:

Shear for Rib 1: (in short direction)

Vu@d (0.209) = 18.53 KN

Shear for Rib 7: (in long direction)

Vu@d (0.209) = 12.2 KN

55
  For short direction (Rib 1):
� @ = .
� = . ∗ . ∗√ ′ ∗ ∗
−
= . ∗ . ∗√ ∗ ∗ ∗ =

∅� = . ∗ = . .
∅�
− � � �

� � � @ = min

. 6 ∗ �∗�∗√ ′
=
�

. ∗ �∗�
�
= .

Use Ø8@ 150 mm c/c

5
  For long direction (Rib 8):
� @ = .
� = . ∗ . ∗√ ′ ∗ ∗
−
= . ∗ . ∗√ ∗ ∗ ∗ =

∅� = . ∗ = . .
∅�
− � � �

� � � @ = min

. 6 ∗ �∗�∗√ ′
=
�

. ∗ �∗�
�
= .

Use Ø8@ 150 mm c/c

5
 Auto cad plan for ground and first floor showing rib direction and steel
reinforcement.

58
 • This table shows the reinforcement for each rib in two way ribbed
slab:

Rib # Maximum Maximum ��@� Bottom Top Stirrups

positive negative ,KN reinforcement reinforcement for shear
moment, moment

KN.m KN.m

R1 19 33.6 18.53 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

R2 10.3 15.7 16.6 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

R3 14.36 15.8 18.4 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

R4 14.11 15.6 19 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

R5 4.2 - 8 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

R6 4.5 3 8.35 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

R7 11.2 9.8 13.35 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

R8 7.685 7.335 12.1 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

R9 4 2.9 9 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

R10 3 15.7 6.2 2Ø12 2Ø12 Ø8@150

mm

59
• For one way ribbed slab (Beams design):

For the design of beams for two way ribbed slab we have used the
reaction of ribs that will causes a line load on beams when the
shear force devided by the effective width (520 mm):

 Example (B4):

 Ultimate loads:

Span (6.3m) = 35/0.52 = 67 KN/m

Span (3.3m) = 6.8/0.52 = 13 KN/m
Span (6.1m) = 30/0.52 = 57.7 KN/m

 Service loads:
. ∗� . .
%� = = = .
. � + . . . + .
% = − . = .

Dead loads:

Span (6.3m) = (0.72*67)/1.2 = 40.2 KN/m

Span (3.3m) = (0.72*13)/1.2 = 13 KN/m
Span (6.1m) = (0.72*57.7)/1.2 = 35 KN/m
 Live loads:

Span (6.3m) = (0.28*67) /1.6 = 11.7 KN/m

Span (3.3m) = (0.28*13) /1.6 = 2.3 KN/m
Span (6.1m) = (0.28*57.7)/1.6 = 10.1 KN/m

 Prokon outputs:
 Manual procedure same as beams in way way ribbed slab.
 This table shows the maximum reinforcement for each beam in
one way ribbed slab:

Beam Dimensions Top steel Bottom steel Shear

(mm) reinforcement
(main) (main)

B1 300X400 4 Ø 14 4 Ø 14 1 Ø10@200mm

B2 1000x320 12 Ø 20 12 Ø 20 3 Ø10@150mm

B3 1000x320 7 Ø25 7 Ø 25 3 Ø10@150mm

B4 1000x320 7 Ø25 7 Ø25 3 Ø10@150mm

B5 1000x300 8 Ø 20 8 Ø 20 3 Ø10@150mm

B6 300x400 4 Ø14 4 Ø 16 1 Ø10@200mm

B7 300X400 4 Ø12 4 Ø12 1 Ø10@200mm

B8 400x250 4 Ø16 4 Ø16 1 Ø10@200mm

B9 1000x250 10 Ø 20 10 Ø 20 3 Ø10@150mm

B10 300x400 4 Ø12 4 Ø12 1 Ø10@200mm

2
 Beams sections for the previous given data :

Beam 1:

7
25
40

30

Beam 2:

Beam 3:
Beam 4:

Beam 5:

Beam 6:
7
25
40

30

4
Beam 7:

7
25
40

30

Beam 8:
7
25

40

Beam 9:
7
25

100

Beam 10:
7
25
40

30

5
 Design of shrinkage and tempreture steel: (Topping)

� ��� � = � ��� � ∗ . � ∗

� �� = . ∗ ∗ =

Try Ø 8 mm:

6
number of bars = = .

So, use 3 Ø 8/ m strip

∗
Spacing = =
6

Use Ø 8@ 400 mm in both directions

4 COLUMNS DESIGN

THIS CHAPTER
WILL INCLUDE THE DESIGN OF COLUMNS, WHICH IS
REFERRED TO AS COMPRESSION MEMBERS, BECAUSE
THE COMPRESSION FORCES DOMINATE THEIR
BEHAVIOR.
4.1. Introduction:
Columns are vertical compression members of a structural frame
intended to support the load-carrying beams. They transmit loads
from the upper floors to the lower levels and, then to the soil
through the foundations. Since columns are compression
elements, failure of one column in a critical location can cause the
progressive collapse of the adjoining floors and the ultimate total
collapse of the entire structure. Structural column failure is of
major significance in terms of economic as well as human loss. This
extreme care needs to be taken in column design, with a higher
reserve strength than in the case of beams and other horizontal
structural elements, particularly since compression failure provides
little visual warning. In reinforced concrete buildings, concrete
beams, floors, and columns are cast monolithically, causing some
moments in the columns due to end restraint. Moreover, perfect
vertical alignment of columns in a multistory building is not
possible, causing loads to be eccentric relative to the center of
columns. The eccentric loads will cause moments in columns.
Therefore, a column subjected to pure axial loads does not exist in
concrete buildings. However, it can be assumed that axially loaded
columns are those with relatively small eccentricity, e, of about
0.1h or less, where h is the total depth of the column and is the
eccentric distance from the center of the column. Because
concrete has a high compressive strength and is an inexpensive
material, it can be used in the design of compression members
economically. Columns may be classified based on the following
different categories:
 Based on loading, columns may be classified as follows:
1- Axially loaded columns, where loads are assumed acting at the
center of the column section.

2- Eccentrically loaded columns, where loads are acting at a distance

e from the center of the column section. The distance e could be
along the x or y axis, causing moments either about the x or y axis.
3- c. Biaxially loaded columns, where the load is applied at any point
on the column section, causing moments about both the x and y
axes simultaneously.

 Based on length, columns may be classified as follows: a. Short

columns, where the column's failure is due to the crushing of
concrete or the yielding of the steel bars under the full load
capacity of the column. b. Long columns, where buckling effect
and slenderness ratio must be taken into consideration in the
design, thus reducing the load capacity:

8
 A column that has large secondary moments is said to
be a slender column, and it is necessary to size its cross
section for the sum of both the primary and secondary
moments. The ACI's intent is to permit columns to be
designed as short columns if the secondary or �� effect
does not reduce their strength by more than5%.
Therefore, the transition from the short column (material
failure) to the long column (failure due to buckling) is
defined by using the ratio of the effective length to
the radius of gyration r. The height, Lu, is the unsupported
length of the column, and k is a factor that depends on
end conditions of the column and whether it is braced or
unbraced. For example, in the case of unbraced columns,
u
if is less than or equal to 22, such a column is classified
as a short column, in accordance with the ACI load criteria. Otherwise,
it is defined as a long or a slender column. The ratio /r is called the
slenderness ratio.

 Based on the shape of the cross-section, column sections may be

square, rectangular, round, L-shaped, octagonal, or any desired
shape with an adequate side width or dimensions.
 Based on column ties, columns may be classified as follows: a. Tied
columns containing steel ties to confine the main longitudinal bars
in the columns. Ties are normally spaced uniformly along the
height of the column. b. Spiral columns containing spirals (spring-
type reinforcement) to hold the main longitudinal reinforcement
and to help increase the column ductility before failure. In general,
ties and spirals prevent the slender, highly stressed longitudinal
bars from buckling and bursting the concrete cover.

9
 Based on frame bracing, columns may be part of a frame that is
braced against sides-way or unbraced against sides-way. Bracing
may be achieved by using shear walls or bracings in the building
frame. In braced frames, columns resist mainly gravity loads, and
shear walls resist lateral loads and wind loads. In unbraced frames,
columns resist both gravity and lateral loads, which reduce the
load capacity of the columns.
  Tributary Area:

By this method, we can

divide the slab into sections
depending on the spacing
between columns as
illustrated in the fig. below.
So, it's described as an
approximate method to get
the load on the columns.

And in our project, we have calculated the total loads using this method.

 BEAMS REACTIONS:
it's by finding the total sum of the beams reaction which the column
will carry.
4.2. Design procedure:
 All columns in this Project are axial columns because the beams are
ce tered to the ce ter of the colu s’ ce ter, a d all fra es are
non-sway (Braced frames) as the ACI code said in section 10.10.5.1:

1- A story i a fra e is said to e a o -sway if increase in columns

e d o e t fro seco d order is 5% or less fro the first order
2- If the value of sta ility i de is less tha 5% the the story is o -
sway

And we have so many shear walls from the first to end story in
the structure.

 First determine the dimensions of the column

 Pn=
��
.6
 Ag min=
��
. ∗ ′
 A=bxh
 Now check the type of column
 Assume K = 0.8
 r = 0.3 h (for rectangular)
 Lu – Unsupported Length
 If
u �
< − × ± the column is short
 Positive if single curvature
 Negative if double curvature
 If the column is long compute the true value of K from
ACI Equations
= � [ . + . � +� , . + . � � ]
�
∑
�=
�
∑

2
  Ic – Moments of inertia for column
 Lc – Length of Column
 Ib – Moment of Inertia for beam
 Lb – Beam Length

And all columns in this project are short

 Calculate the ratio � based on required cover distances to the bar

centroids and select the corresponding column design chart.

o =
ℎ− +∅ +∅

 Calculate Kn and Rn
ℎ

��
o =
′��

��∗�
o = ′ ∗��∗ℎ

 From the graph, for the values found in (3), read the required
reinforcement ratio �
 Calculate the total steel area � = � ∗ �
 Note that:

ACI-REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMNS:

1) - ρ i = % Ag ACI .9. ) to preve t sudde o -ductile
failure, decrease effect of shrinkage and temperature & provide
some bending strength for the column.
2) – ρ a = 8% Ag, to preve t too uch crowdi g, practically it’s
difficult to fit more than (4%-5%).
3) – Minimum number of tied columns bars = 4 and for spiral = 6.
4) – Minimum dimension in any direction (20-25) cm.
5) – Center to center of ties shall not be more than (16db, 48dties,
least dimension).
6) – Minimum spacing = 1in=2.54cm, max = 60in=15cm.
4.3. Columns design and detailing:
 Following plan showing the group & loads of columns by Etabs
and manually:

From manual calculations:

Where:

G1: (300,500), G2: (300,350), G3: (300,300)

And the previous groups classified according to close range values of axial
loads for each column.

4
From CSI ETABS:

5
  Sample of calculation for G1:

F’c = 28 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
Lu = 3.35 m
WD = 44 KN/m2 from all floors
WL = 12 KN/m2 from all floors
Tributary area of load = 25 m2

1- Calculate ultimate load for given group of columns:

�= . + . ∗ � �

� =( . + . )∗ =

�� ∗ 3
Area required = = =
. ∗ ′ . ∗

Assume b = 300 mm, h = = , ℎ=

2- Check slenderness about x-axis and about y-axis:

≤ − ( )≤

( )= − �ℎ ��

. ∗ .
= = . > − � − �
. ∗ .
. ∗ .
= = < − ℎ � − �
. ∗ .
3- Calculate emin & Mmin:

�� = + . ℎ = + . =

�� =� ∗ �� = ∗ . = . .

4- Compute EI:

= √ ′ = ∗√ =

∗
� = = . ∗

. � .
� = = = .
. �+ . . + .
. ∗ ∗� . ∗ ∗ .
�= = = .
+� + .

5- Determine Euler buckling load, Pc:

∗ � ∗
� = = = .
. ∗ .

6- Find moment magnifier factor :

= . + . ( )= . + . =

= = = . > −
�
− −
. ∗� . ∗ .
7- Find magnified eccentricity & moments:

= �� ∗ = ∗ . =

= ∗ � = . ∗ . = . .

8- Select reinforcement for the given data by using four:

Note that: We will use the tied-column interaction diagrams with bars in
four faces.

�
� = = =
∅ .
� ∗
= ′
= = .
∗� ∗ ∗
6
� ∗ ∗ . ∗
= ′ = = .
∗ ∗ℎ ∗ ∗

�ℎ − − −
�= = = .
ℎ

From charts: �� < � �� = . − �= .

8
 � , � = . ∗ ∗ =

Ø :

= = . − , Ø

Check spacing if:

500-2(30)-2(10)-16=404mm/3=134 mm

300-2(30)-2(10)-16=204 mm

Then, try Ø for spacing requirements:

= = . − , Ø

500-2(30)-2(10)-14=406 mm/3 = 135 mm

300-2(30)-2(10)-14=206 mm/2= 103 mm

Spacing is adequate for the given reinforcement.

 Design for stirrups:

Use Ø10 where db <
Spacing= min
= ∗ =
� = ∗ =
� � =
Use Ø10 @ 220 mm c/c

9
  From Prokon program the outputs was as following:

For group 1:

8
For group 2: (300x350)

8
For group 3: (300x300)

82
5 SHEAR WALLS

THIS CHAPTER
WILL INCLUDE THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF
SHEAR WALLS.
5.1. Introduction:
Definitions—Walls and Wall Loadings:
ACI Code Section 2.2 defines a wall as follows:
Wall—Member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces.
This definition fails to consider the structural actions of walls. ACI Section 2.1 also
defines the term structural walls :
Structural wall — Wall proportioned to resist combinations of shears, moments,
and axial forces. A shear wall is a structural wall.
Major factors that affect the design of structural walls include the following:
a) The structural function of the wall relative to the rest of the structure.
The way the wall is supported and braced by the rest of the structure.
The way the wall supports and braces the rest of the structure.
a) The types of loads the wall resists.
b) The location and amount of reinforcement.
Two frequent characteristics of walls are their slenderness, height to thickness
ratio, which is generally higher than for columns, and the reinforcement ratios,
generally about a fifth to a tenth of those in columns.

Types of Walls:
Structural walls can be classified as:
a) Bearing walls — walls that are laterally supported and braced by the rest of the
structure that resist primarily in-plane vertical loads acting downward on the top of
the wall (see Figure a below). The vertical load may act eccentrically with respect to
the wall thickness, causing weak-axis bending.
b) Shear walls — walls that primarily resist lateral loads due to wind or earthquakes
acting on the building are called shear walls or structural walls. These walls often
provide lateral bracing for the rest of the structure. (See Figure b below). They
resist gravity loads transferred to the wall by the parts of the structure tributary to
the wall, plus lateral-loads (lateral shears) and moments about the strong axis of
the wall.
c) Nonbearing walls — walls that do not support gravity in-plane loads other than
their own weight. These walls may resist shears and moments due to pressures or loads
acting on one or both sides of the wall. Examples are basement walls and retaining
walls used to resist lateral soil pressures. (See Figures c and d).

83
84
  Find the weight of the slab + the weight of all shear walls:
5.2. Shear Walls Design Procedure:


W= Wslab + Ws.w
Select the seismic zone from the seismic map

85
 Determine Cv from table (A-7)

 Determine Ca from table (16-Q)

86
 Find V, where Vmin < V < Vmax


× ×W
V=

��
Vmin= . ×�×

. �× ×W
Vmax=
 � = 1 for Normal Buildings
�

 � = 1.25 for Essential Buildings

 ℎ = ∑ ℎ � ℎ
 = . ∗ℎ /

 Find floors forces at each story

 Find center of mass

∗� + ∗� +⋯
= ∗� + ∗� +⋯

∗� + ∗� +⋯
=
 Find center of rigidity
∗� + ∗� +⋯


∗ + ∗ +⋯
=
+ +⋯

∗ + ∗ +⋯
= + +⋯

 Find eccentricity
 � = . ∗
 � = . ∗
 = ± �
 = ± �

 Find JR
 =∑ ∗ � + ∑ ∗ �

 = �2

 Find Qi
ℎ 3 ( + .6 +� )∗ 2
ℎ


� �∗|��|∗|�� �����|∗ �
�= ∗ �±
∑ � �


� �∗| �|∗|� �����|∗ ��
�=∑ ��
∗ �± �

 Draw Shear and Moment Diagrams

 The maximum shear = Ve.q

87
  The maximum moment = Me.q


Find P from tributary area

 Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL
Use this load combination for ultimate loads:

 Vu = Ve.q
 Mu = 1.2MD + 0.5ML + Me.q

 Find fc

�
�� ��∗
= �� + 2
> . ′

 Design Boundary Element:
If yes Design Boundary Element if no use minimum

 � ℎ � = .

∗�∗�
=

�
� = ∅∗

�
ℎ if . ≤ � ≤ . from UBC

�
.. say � = . then . = ∗� find b
 Ties: use ∅ if bar diameter ≤ at t/4

 Find T
And use ∅ if bar diameter > at t/4


�
= ∗ ∗ ∗

�
� =
 Check if need shear design
∅∗ �


��
If > Ve.q

. ℎ�
� ′ .
or � . > � ∗ then design, of not use minimum

 � . = . � ∗ � ∗ ′ .
+ �ℎ ∗
 � = . �
ℎ�
�
>

ℎ�
� = . � ≤ .

�
Between them interpolation

88
5.3. Results of Analysis by CSI ETABS:

UBC 97 Auto Seismic Load Calculation

This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load pattern
EQ according to UBC 97, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity

Direction = Multiple

Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms

Structural Period

Period Calculation Method = User Specified

User Period T= . sec

Factors and Coefficients

Response Modification Factor, R [UBC Table 16-N] R= .

Importance Factor, I [UBC Table 16-K] I= .

Seismic Zone Factor, Z [UBC Table 16-I] �= .

Soil Profile [UBC Table 16-J] = SB

Site Coefficient, Ca [UBC Table 16-Q] Ca = .

Site Coefficient, Cv [UBC Table 16-R] Cv = .

Equivalent Lateral Forces

Cv I
Base Shear Coefficient [UBC 1630.2.1, Eq. 30-4] =
RT

. Ca I
maximum [UBC 1630.2.1, Eq. 30-5] = = .
R
minimum [UBC 1630.2.1, Eq. 30-6] = . Ca I = .

89
Calculated Base Shear

Period Used W V Ft
Direction Vcoeff
(sec) (kN) (kN) (kN)
`X 0.34 0 17356 1800 0
Y 0.34 0 17356 1800 0
X + Ecc. Y 0.34 0 17356 1800 0
Y + Ecc. X 0.34 0 17356 1800 0
X - Ecc. Y 0.34 0 17356 1800 0
Y - Ecc. X 0.34 0 17356 1800 0

Applied Story Forces

90
Calculated Center of mass and Center of rigidity

TABLE: Centers of Mass and Rigidity

Story Diaphragm Weight XCM YCM XCR YCR
KN m m m m
Story1 D1 4338.5 10.52 7.9 8.8 0.2
Story2 D2 4338.5 10.52 7.9 8.8 0.2
Story3 D3 4369.5 10.52 7.9 8.8 0.2
Story4 D4 4369.5 10.52 7.9 8.8 0.2

Calculated Stories drift

TABLE: Story Drifts

Story Load Case/Combo Drift
m
Story4 Max 0.001582
Story3 Max 0.001546
Story2 Max 0.001257
Story1 Max 0.000612

91
5.4. Manual design sample for SW (T2):

Data of shear walls in our project:

Dimensions of shear walls in X-direction (L1, L2) = (0.3x3.85)
Dimensions of shear walls in Y-direction (T1, T2) = (0.3x6.45)
Dimensions of shear walls in Y-direction (T3, T4) = (0.3x5)
′
=
=
ℎ � ℎ = .
� = /
� =� , � = � , − � � �

= . / –for first two floors

= . / –for others
= /

92
1- Find total weight of building:

�= +
� :
[ . ∗ . + ∗ . ∗ . ∗ . ∗ + ∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗
+ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ . ]∗

� =

� :
[ . ∗ . + ∗ . ∗ . ∗ . ∗ + ∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗
+ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ . ]∗

� =

∑ �= + =

2- Find Base shear (V):

� � => = . (Table A-2)

� => = = . (Table A-7 & 16-Q)

� �= . & ℎ = .

/
� � , = . ℎ = . ∗ . = .

= . < . ,� =
×�×W . × . ×
�= = =
× . × .

� � = . ×�× = . ∗ . ∗ . ∗ =

. ×�×W . ∗ . × . ×
� = = = .
.

�>� &� >� � , � = ℎ = .

93
3- Find floor forces (fi):
Floor Wi hi Wi*hi = ∗ �−
∑

4 3600 13.4 48240 727 KN

3 3600 10.05 36180 546 KN
2 3569 6.7 23912 361 KN
1 3569 3.35 11956 180 KN

∑= - - 120288 1814 KN=V

4- Find Center of mass:

Item wt xi yi Wi*xi Wi*yi
Area*Wd 3586 10.675 7.7 38281 27612
L1 97 1.925 0.15 187 15
L2 97 19.42 0.15 1884 15
T1 162 0.15 12 24 1944
T2 162 3.45 12 559 1944
T3 126 17.9 11.4 2255 1436
T4 126 21 11.4 2646 1436

∑= 4356 - - 45836 34402

∑ ∗
̅ = = = .
∑
∑ ∗
̅ = = = .
∑

94
5- Find Center of rigidity:

-For walls in x-direction:

wall Yi Ki Ki*Yi
L1 0.15 1425 214
L2 0.15 1425 214

∑= - 2850 428

∗
Where: = �
& =
( + . +� )∗

-For walls in y-direction:

wall xi Ki Ki*xi
T1 0.15 3517 526
T2 3.45 3517 12134
T3 17.9 2322 41564
T4 21 2322 48762

∑= - 11678 102986

∑ ∗ ∑ ∗
̅= ∑
= = . & ̅= ∑
= = .

95
6- Find total eccentricities:
= . − . − . =− .
= . − . − . . =− .

7-Find torsional rigidity (JR):

-For walls in x-direction:

wall ̅̅̅�=yi-̅̅̅̅ Ki Ki*̅̅̅�
L1 -0.05 1425 3.6
L2 -0.05 1425 3.6

∑= - 2850 7.2

For walls in y-direction:

wall ̅i=xi-̅̅̅̅ Ki Ki*̅̅̅�
T1 -8.65 3517 263150
T2 -5.35 3517 100665
T3 9.1 2322 192285
T4 12.2 2322 345606

∑= - 11678 901707

=∑ ∗ + ∑ ∗ = . + = .

96
8-Find (Q) for T2, in each floor:

� � ∗ | �| ∗ | |∗ �
�= ∗ �±
∑ �

∗| . |∗| . |
�= ∗ �− ∗ �= . �

The negative sign means Qv contrary with Qm.

= . ∗ =174 KN

= . ∗ = 131 KN

= . ∗ = 87 KN

= . ∗ = 43 KN

97
8-Draw shear and moment diagrams and find design loads:

� =
= .
Area of load from slab (tributary area) = (1.9*7.7) =14.63 m2
� = . ∗ . ∗ + . ∗ . ∗ =
� = . ∗ . ∗ . ∗ ∗ =
� = + =
� = ∗ . ∗ =
�� �� �� �
= . − . = .
= ∗ . = .
= ∗ . = .

 Design loads for T2:

�� = . � + . � =
�� = � =
�= . + . + = .

98
9- Check if Boundary elements needed or not:

�� �∗
′
= + > . − �
�

∗ .
= + = < . ∗ =
. ∗ . .

No need use minimum B.E:

.
. � � = = = . =

� � = . ∗ ∗ =

� Ø => � = = Ø

� = Ø @ = /

10- Wall design:

Check if design needed or not:
�
̅̅̅̅ =
�� = = < �� =
. ∗ . ∗ .
�� �

99
Check one or two curtains:

∗√ ′ ∗� = ∗√ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ = > ��
=

And,

∗√ ′ ∗� = ∗√ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ = > �� =

,� �

For vertical and horizontal steel use minimum:

� = . ∗ . ∗
� = . ∗ ∗ = /
∗
Ø => = =

Ø @

100
5.5. Detailing:

 Shear wall T1 & T2:

 Shear Wall T3 & T4:

 Shear wall L1 & L2:

101
 6 FOUNDATIONS
DESIGN

THIS CHAPTER
WILL INCLUDE DESIGN FOR FOOTING WITH DEFERENT
KIND“ THE I“OLATED FOOTING “QUARE FOOTING
WILL BE CHOSEN FOR MOST FOOTING SYSTEM,
COMBINED FOOTING AND SHEAR WALL FOOTINGS.
6.1. Introduction:

Reinforced concrete footings are structural members used to support columns

and walls and to transmit and distribute their loads to the soil. The design is
based on the assumption that the footing is rigid, so that the variation of the
soil pressure under the footing is linear. Uniform soil pressure is achieved when
the column load coincides with the centroid of the footing. Although this
assumption is acceptable for rigid footings, such an assumption becomes less
accurate as the footing becomes relatively more flexible. The proper design of
footings requires that
1. The load capacity of the soil is not exceeded.
2. Excessive settlement, differential settlement, or rotations are avoided.
3. Adequate safety against sliding and/or overturning is maintained.

The most common types of footings used in buildings are the single footings
and wall footings. When a column load is transmitted to the soil by the footing,
the soil becomes compressed. The amount of settlement depends on many
factors, such as the type of soil, the load intensity, the depth below ground
level, and the type of footing. If different footings of the same structure have
different settlements, new stresses develop in the structure. Excessive
differential settlement may lead to the damage of nonstructural members in
the buildings or even failure of the affected parts.
Vertical loads are usually applied at the centroid of the footing. If the resultant
of the applied loads does not coincide with the centroid of the bearing area, a
bending moment develops. In this case, the pressure on one side of the footing
will be greater than the pressure on the other side.

If the bearing soil capacity is different under different footings a differential

settlement will occur. It is usual in such cases to provide a joint between the
two parts to separate them, allowing for independent settlement.

The depth of the footing below the ground level is an important factor in the
design of footings. This depth should be determined from soil tests, which
should provide reliable information on safe bearing capacity at different layers
below ground level. Soil test reports specify the allowable bearing capacity to
be used in the design

2
6.2. Types of footings:

Different types of footings may be used to support building columns or walls.

The most common types are as follows:
1. Wall footings are used to support structural walls that carry loads from other
floors or to support nonstructural walls. They have a limited width and a
continuous length under the wall. Wall footings may have one thickness, be
stepped, or have a sloped top.
2. Isolated, or single, footings are used to support single columns. They may be
square, rectangular, or circular. Again, the footing may be of uniform thickness,
stepped, or have a sloped top. This is one of the most economical types of
footings, and it is used when columns are spaced at relatively long distances.
The most commonly used are square or rectangular footings with uniform
thickness.
3. Combined footings usually support two columns or three columns not in a
row. The shape of the footing in plan may be rectangular or trapezoidal,
depending on column loads. Combined footings are used when two columns are
so close that single footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or
near a property line.
4. Cantilever, or strap, footings consist of two single footings connected with a
beam or a strap and support two single columns. They are used when one
footing supports an eccentric column and the nearest adjacent footing lies at
quite a distance from it. This type replaces a combined footing and is
sometimes more economical.
5. Continuous footings support a row of three or more columns. They have
limited width and continue under all columns.
6. Raft, or mat, foundations consist of one footing, usually placed under the
entire building area, and support the columns of the building. They are used
when:
a. The soil-bearing capacity is low.
b. Column loads are heavy.
c. Single footings cannot be used.
d. Piles are not used.
e. Differential settlement must be reduced through the entire footing system.
f. If the total area of footings < 60% of building area use raft foundation.
7. Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together and to support
and transmit column loads to the piles.
6.3. Design consideration:

Footings must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit them to the
soil safely. The design procedure must take the following strength requirements
into consideration:
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing soil capacity.
2. One-way shear.
3. Two-way shear, or punching shear.
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement required.
5. Bearing capacity of columns at their base and dowel requirements
6. Development length of bars
7. Differential settlement

6.4. Design data:

In our project we have used Single footings, combined footings & Wall footings
With the following data:

 The co crete co pressive stre gth fc’ = 35 mpa for foundations.

 The steel yielding stress due to tension Fy = 420 mpa.
 The allowable bearing capacity � = 250 KN/m2.

4
6.5. Design procedure:

 For single footing:

1. Find area of footing:

Total service load

A =
allowable bearing capacity

Where: L = (1.2-1.5)*B

2. Determine the thickness of footing based on shear:

� = . � + .
qu =
�
 From one way shear:
−
= −

� = ∗ ∗ = Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ ∗

Ø for shear = 0.75.

Note that : this procedure will be repeated for the other direction.
From the previous calculation obtain the value of (d1) for b-direction &
(d2) for -direction.

5
 From two way shear (Punching shear):

� = − +

= +

Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ ∗

To find value of (d3):

� = − + = Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ ∗

Thickness of footing = max of (d1,d2,d3) + concrete cover + dbar

where: (concrete cover + dbar) ≅ .
 3. Reinforcement design:
Mu = qu ∗
Where:
−
=

As = ,Ø = .
Ø∗ ∗ . ∗
 Check Asmin:

� . � = �. � ∗ ∗

Where :
b = 1 meter strip & �. min = . .

 Spacing between bars:

∗�
=
 Dowels:
�

For rectangular columns minimum no. of bars = 6

For square columns minimum no. of bars = 4
For circular columns minimum no. of bars = 5

� = . �
 For combined footing:

1. Find area of footing:

� =

Where: Rs= ∑ service load which its closer to the largest Ps.

2. To find the distance between Rs & the largest Ps (x):

∑ . = ∗

�
= + , =
3. Determine the thickness of footing based on shear diagram:

 To find Vmax@d from the face of the column:

∗ ∗
= ∗ , ℎ = ℎ � � − � �

 Obtain the value of (d1):

∗ ′
� =� − + = Ø� = Ø ∗ . ∗√ ∗ ∗
Where: Vu= the largest value of shear from shear diagram

8
  Check punching shear under the largest Pu:

� = − +

= +

Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ ∗

To find value of (d2):

� = − + = Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ ∗

Thickness of footing = max of (d1,d2) + concrete cover + dbar

where: (concrete cover + dbar) ≅ .

4. Reinforcement design:

 For long direction (L) use the following:

As = ,Ø = .
Ø∗ ∗ . ∗
 Check Asmin:

� . � = �. � ∗ ∗

Where :
b = 1 meter strip & �. min = . / .

 Spacing between bars:

∗�
=
�

9
  For transverse steel:

Mu = qu ∗
Where:
−
=

As = ,Ø = .
Ø∗ ∗ . ∗
 Check Asmin:

� . � = �. � ∗ ∗

Where :
b = 1 meter strip & �. min = . .

 Spacing between bars:

∗�
=
�

Note that: for top transverse select the minimum (temperature)

reinforcement. By ACI Code Section 7.12.2.1 we require the following
reinforcement along the length of the footing.

� , � = . ∗ . � ∗
  For wall footing:

1. Find area of footing:

= � � ℎ
∗ � =

2. Determine the thickness of footing based on shear:

− ℎ�
= −

To find value of (d):

� = ∗ . � ∗ = Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ . � ∗

Thickness of footing =d + concrete cover + dbar

where: (concrete cover + dbar) ≅ .

3. Reinforcement design:
�2 �−���� �ℎ� ��
Mu = qu ∗ Where: =

As = ,Ø = .
Ø∗ ∗ . ∗
 Check Asmin:

� . � = �. � ∗ ∗

Where :
b = 1 meter strip & �. min = . .

 Spacing between bars:

∗�
=
�
6.6. Manual design samples

For single footing, F1:

Pu=1800 KN (with own weight of column)

Ps= 1400 KN

Qall=250 Kpa

1. Find area of footing:

Total service load

A = = = .
allowable bearing capacity

= . => . = . => = , =

2
2. Determine the thickness of footing based on shear:

�
qu = = =
� ∗

From one way shear for long direction L=3m :

− − .
= − = − = . −

� = ∗ ∗ = Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ ∗

� = ∗ ∗ . − = Ø� = . ∗ . ∗√ ∗ ∗ ∗

= .

From one way shear for short direction B=2m :

− − .
= − = − = . −

� = ∗ ∗ = Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ ∗

� = ∗ ∗ . − = Ø� = . ∗ . ∗√ ∗ ∗ ∗

= .
From two way shear (Punching shear):

= + + + = . + + . + = . +

� = − + + = Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ ∗

� = − . + . + = Ø� = . ∗ . ∗√ ∗ ∗ . + ∗

= .

Take d= 0.4 m
Thickness of footing = max of (d1,d2,d3) + concrete cover + dbar
where: (concrete cover + dbar) ≅ .

= . + . = .

4
3. Reinforcement:

For short direction:

�2 �−
Mu = qu ∗ , ℎ = :

− − .
= = = .

.
Mu = qu ∗ = ∗ = .

∗ 6
As = = =
Ø∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ ∗ . ∗

Check Asmin:

� . � = �. � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ = >

a� � �� � =

Spacing between bars (try Ø14):

∗� ∗
= = = /
�

5
For Long direction:

�2 �−
Mu = qu ∗ , ℎ = :

− − .
= = = .

.
Mu = qu ∗ = ∗ = .

∗ 6
As = = =
Ø∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ ∗ . ∗

Check Asmin:

� . � = �. � ∗ ∗ = . ∗ ∗ = <

a� � �� � =

Spacing between bars (try Ø16):

∗� ∗
= = = /
�
For wall footing,L2:
Wu=506 KN/m
Ws=403 KN/m
Qall=250 Kpa

1. Find area of footing:

= � � ℎ
∗ � = = => = .

2. Determine the thickness of footing based on shear:

= = =
∗ .

− ℎ� . − .
= − = − = . −

To find value of (d):

� = ∗ . � ∗ = Ø� = . ∗Ø∗√ ′ ∗ . � ∗

. − ∗ = . ∗ . ∗√ ∗ ∗

= .

Thickness of footing =d + concrete cover + dbar

where: (concrete cover + dbar) ≅ .

= . + . = .
3. Reinforcement for main steel:

− ℎ� . − .
= = = .

.
Mu = qu ∗ = ∗ = .

∗ 6
As = = =
Ø∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ ∗ . ∗

Check Asmin:

� . � = �. � ∗ ∗

Where :

b = 1 meter strip & �. min = .

� � � = . ∗ ∗ . = < −

Spacing between bars,assume Ø14 mm:

∗� ∗
= = = /
�

4. Reinforcement for secondary steel:

� � � =

assume Ø14:

∗� ∗
= = = /
�

8
6.7. Outputs form CSI SAFE:

 From CSI SAFE the following plan shows the different type of
footings in our project:

 From CSI SAFE the following plan shows the Punching check for
single footings here if alue < then, it’s safe for punching:

9
  From CSI SAFE the following plan shows the stresses check for
footings here if alue <Qall= 5 Kpa then, it’s safe for stress:

The largest value of stress on footings as shown in picture was

q= 247 Kpa < q allowable=250 Kpa, then the design for soil reaction stresses
is safe.

2
The final results of dimensions and reinforcement was as following:

 Single footings:

Footing Dimensions Reinforcement Reinforcement

& thickness Long direction short direction

F1 2x3x0.5 9Ø16 /m 6Ø14 /m

F2 2x2x0.3 7Ø16 /m 7Ø16 /m

F3 1x1x0.3 5Ø12 /m 5Ø12 /m

 Wall footings:

Footing Dimensions Main steel Secondary steel

& thickness
(T1,T2) 1x7.5x0.25 5Ø14 /m 4Ø12 /m

(T3,T4) 1.5x6.5x0.3 6Ø14 /m 4Ø14 /m

(L1,L2) 1.6x5.45x0.35 5Ø14 /m 5Ø14 /m

2
 6.8. Detailing:

F1 (2x3x0.5):

22
F1 (2x2x0.3):

2
F1 (1x1x0.3):

24
Wall footing 1 (1x7.5x0.25):

25
Wall footing 2 (1.5x6.5x0.3):

2
Wall footing 3 (1.6x5.45x0.35):

2
 Recommendations and conclusions:
 General safety measures: Care must be taken before, during
and after work of the project.
 Planning the project well and well by:
 Manage time and control by avoiding all problems that
negatively affect time.
 Manage the project by preparing the designs and drawings
within the specifications
 A contract that meets the conditions guaranteeing the
rights and obligations of each of the parties to the project;
determines the full cost of the project and the time of
delivery of the project.
 Hold periodic meetings to ensure that no problems occur
 The use of large specialized companies working on reading the
charts and identify errors and problems to occur and choose
the best solution for them.
 Supervision during implementation and preventive and curative
maintenance.
 The use of machines and machines within the specifications
and codes and effective and high quality and the most
appropriate prices.
 Field study, processing and site configuration
 Setting the starting cost of the project and obtaining the lowest
prices for the materials.
 Make monthly aggregated reports
 Develop results after the end of the project to learn and gain
experience in subsequent projects.

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