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Mirhamed Mirmozafari, Guifu Zhang, Caleb Fulton,
and Richard J. Doviak
Dual-Polarization
Antennas With
High Isolation and
Polarization Purity
A review and comparison of cross-coupling mechanisms.
E
xisting dual-polarization antennas are categorized into
three separate groups according to their topologies.
Various cross-coupling mechanisms between orthogonal
polarizations are specifically discussed in three cat-
egories and related to port isolation and cross-polarization
radiation. Some representative antennas of each group are
presented, and their performance is compared in terms of
port isolation, cross polarization, frequency bandwidth (BW),
dimension, and complexity. The techniques to enhance the
polarization purity is discussed in the context of example
antennas. Finally, further research opportunities in each cat-
egory are introduced.
DUAL-POLARIZED ANTENNAS AND THEIR DESIGN
CHALLENGES
The tremendous growth of wireless communications protocols
within the last few decades resulted in an overpopulation of the
radio spectrum. Broadcasting networks, research, and govern-
ment radars have to compete with public commercial and indus-
trial services over existing radio-frequency BW. Polarization
diversity is an efficient solution to overcome limited spectrum
resources. A dual-polarized antenna is a pair of orthogonal
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MAP.2018.2883032
Date of publication: 28 December 2018
2 1045-9243/19©2019IEEE
xxxxx
radiation modes, each excited by a separate port in a single con-
figuration. The possibility of radiation elements to simultane-
ously function either as a transmitter or as a receiver increases
the communication channel capacity. Weather surveillance and
aircraft tracking [1], mobile and wireless communication net-
works [2], and commercial and military systems [3] are among
a wide range of applications that benefit from dual-polarization
performance.
Polarization diversity generated new constraints to the
antenna designers. High isolation between channels and cross-
polarization discrimination are not easily achieved in dual-
polarized antennas as the input ports are highly coupled due
to their proximity. Distant ports and space diversity are not
considered appropriate solutions as miniaturization of commu-
nication devices is often required. Additionally, some applica-
tions demand wide BW performance, and achieving high port
isolation over the entire BW is challenging. These require-
ments, along with matched beams and a simple structure, make
designing a dual-polarized antenna a technically demanding
process.
A comprehensive review of high-performance dual-polar-
ization antennas, categorized geometrically in three groups,
is provided. The cross coupling between radiation elements
in a dual-polarized antenna is discussed from a practical
perspective. The cross coupling is decomposed to its major
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contributors in three categories, and the techniques to

reduce each of these contributors are individually discussed. Prb
Such techniques can be extended to future designs, which
open up additional research activities within the antenna
Px
community.
Pra
INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO RADIATION ELEMENTS Pb
IN A DUAL-POLARIZATION ANTENNA B Z
To specify how well a dual-polarized antenna separates its two
X Y
polarizations, some criteria should be defined. Port-to-port isola- Pa
tion and the cross-polarization to copolarization level are consid- A
ered as measures of coupling between ports and patterns of two
polarizations, respectively. Figure 1 represents a scenario of two FIGURE 1. The interaction between two radiation elements
distant orthogonal radiation elements, in which the separation in a dual-polarized antenna.
between elements is exaggerated to show their interaction clear-
ly. To simplify the problem, each element is assumed to be loss-
less and radiates linearly with no cross polarization. Under these CROSSED DIPOLE
circumstances, part of the power (Pa) delivered to element A is The roots of crossed dipoles track back to the 1930s, when the
effectively radiated (Pra), and a fraction of the delivered power first crossed dipole named turnstile antenna was proposed by
is directed toward element B (Px) . While the former accounts Brown [6]. A crossed dipole is originally a pair of half-wave-
for intended copolar radiation of antenna A, the latter is a source length dipoles aligned at right angles to each other. Different
of cross coupling to element B. From (Px), partially goes toward dipole excitations including half-wavelength baluns [1], C-
port B (Pb), which determines the port-to-port isolation and shaped strips [7], or direct coaxial cables [8] are reported. We
partially reradiates (Prb), which contributes to the cross-polar- will examine their performances and contributions to polariza-
ization radiation, as in most of the dual-polarized antennas, the tion diversity in this section.
elements are located at right angles to one another. Therefore, The cross coupling (C x), discussed previously as the major
the cross coupling (isolation), the port-to-port coupling (isola- interaction between the orthogonal radiation elements, is
tion), and the cross polarization in a dual-polarized antenna can specified for the crossed dipole in Figure 2(a) in terms of its
be defined as contributors as

Px
 
Cross coupling : C x = , (1) C x = C dd + C bb + C bd + C db, (4)
Pa
Pb
Port coupling : C ba =
  , (2) where C dd is the coupling between orthogonal dipoles, C bb
Pa
is the coupling between orthogonal baluns, and C bd and C db
Prb
Cross polarization : XP = . (3) are the coupling between balun 2 and dipole 1, and vice versa.
Pra
Decreasing each of these three components reduces the trans-
The port isolation, frequently mentioned in the litera- verse coupling (C x) .
ture, is the magnitude of the port coupling expressed by (2) The coupling between dipoles (C dd) and its suppression using
in a decibel scale. From our discussion, it is clear that the a null locus is shown in Figure 2(b), where the voltage distribu-
interaction between the radiation elements mainly comes tion around a differential fed vertical dipole is depicted. If the
from the cross coupling Px (C x), and reducing it will result in dipole possesses two identical poles (geometrical symmetry) and
reduction of both port coupling Pb (C ba), and cross polariza- is also excited with an ideal differential signal (electrical sym-
tion Prb (XP) . The techniques proposed in the literature to metry), a null locus with zero potential appears along the equator
reduce the transverse coupling (C x) can be summarized as that can be considered as a virtual ac ground plane. Whatever
■■ blockage lies along this line, including the horizontal dipole, experiences
■■ null location no coupling from the vertical dipole. This explains why two ideal
■■ distant elements. crossed dipoles show zero interaction (C dd = 0) . It is worth not-
These techniques are discussed in the following sections. ing that the null locus can be shifted from the equator if either
electrical or geometrical symmetry is disturbed. These two cases,
SIMILAR ORTHOGONAL ELEMENTS: GROUP 1 which are prone to some cross coupling, are discussed.
The simplest solution to design a dual-polarized antenna is to The balun-to-balun coupling, C bb, could significantly
duplicate a radiation element and position it at a right angle to account for cross coupling between elements (C x), as the baluns
the original one. The symmetry in both polarizations serves the are often oriented parallel to each other. Therefore, any cur-
antenna to have low port coupling (Pb) and matched copolar rent on a balun can be coupled to the other one, and vice versa.
radiations [1]. Crossed dipole [4] and crossed slot [5] are the clas- Figure 3(a) represents how blockage can reduce the balun-to-
sical representatives of this category. balun coupling (C bb) in a dual-polarized magnetoelectric dipole

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Di
po 1
le ole
Dip

Mi
2

Nu
dd
Cdd Unequal

ll L
le
Vertical Parts

ine
Lin
e
Dipole

Parallel Cbd
Line

Balun Cbb Γ-Shaped

Feedlines
(a)

Excited/Vertical
+ + (a)
Dipole

Null Locus Antenna

~ 1–

Terminated/Horizontal Null Middle

Dipole 2– 2+
Line Line

– –
(b)
FIGURE 2. A crossed dipole: (a) the coupling components
between different parts of orthogonal radiation elements
and (b) the voltage distribution of an excited dipole.
antenna with a fairly large-frequency BW [2]. Each folded
dipole provides a separate room for its respective C- shaped
feedline and isolates it from its counterpart coupling. The single-
ended C- shaped feedline is geometrically asymmetric with
respect to the center of the antenna owing to its unequal vertical
parts. Such a geometrical asymmetry shifts the null locus from
the middle line of the antenna, as shown in Figure 3(a). It is
resolved in Figure 3(b), where a symmetrical differential-driven
antenna is shown [9]. The null locus occurs along the middle
line, and lower cross coupling (C x) is achieved. Moreover, the
differential excitation has a superior performance compared
with single-side excitation, while electrical asymmetry, shown
in Figure 4(c), causes disturbance of the null locus. To elabo-
rate, the current distribution when differential port 1 is excited
is depicted in Figure 3(b). Differential port 2 consists of two
separate ports, 2 - and 2 + . Both mentioned ports are equally
coupled to the orthogonal element, and the out-of-phase cou-
plings cancel each other. That is, in spite of some cross coupling
(Px) occurring between orthogonal elements, the ports remain
decoupled (Pba) . Differential feeding adds a level of complex-
ity to the design as it requires a feed network with differential
signals at their outputs.
As discussed previously, [Figure 2(a)], the balun of Antenna
1 can be coupled to dipole 2 (C db), and vice versa. This is
1+
Feeding
Ground Plane Structure
(b)
FIGURE 3. Dual-polarized magnetoelectric dipoles: (a) the C-
shaped feedlines [2] and (b) the differential excitation along
with the current distribution on the antenna [9].
addressed in Figure 4(a), where the dipoles and the baluns are
designed on the opposite sides of a principal ground plane con-
nected to each other through a crossed slot [1], [10]. In doing so,
while they are isolated from each other, the spurious radiation
of the baluns is also blocked by the principal ground plane. Of
interest is the C bb reduction in this design, which is done by
using a stripline structure to implement the baluns. The two
subground planes of the stripline, enclosing the balun, blocks
any transverse coupling.
Regardless of whether a crossed dipole is excited differen-
tially or by a half-wavelength balun, it is difficult to achieve
ideal differential signals within the entire frequency BW. The
phase imbalance of the baluns shown in Figure  4(c) is often
optimized at a center frequency and increases toward the
beginning and the end of the frequency BW [11]. Consequent-
ly, the null line of the excited dipole as shown in Figure 4(c) is
disturbed from the equator at these margin frequencies, and
such electrical asymmetry causes coupling between orthogo-
nal dipoles (C x). Such coupling in terms of current distribu-
tions is shown in Figure 4(b), where the orthogonal dipoles,
one excited and the other terminated, are portrayed side by

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side. The two identical halves of the

terminated dipole are equally coupled
to the excited dipole. This common Jsurf (A /m)
mode can neither propagate in broad- 0.05
0.04
side nor be coupled to the input port. 0.03
Terminated
Therefore, geometrical symmetry can 0.02
Dipole 0.01
compensate for the electrical asym- 0.0001
metry and reduce cross polarization
Jsurf (A /m)
(Prb) and port coupling (Pba) over the Subground
Principal Plane 50
entire frequency BW. It can be inferred 2 Po 40
Ground Plane rt rt
from our previous discussion that the Po 1 Excited 30
Dipole 20
operation BW of the antenna in Figure 10
0.1
4(a) is limited to its balun’s frequency
BW. Replacing it by another balun with (a) (b)
lower phase imbalance over a wider 10
BW like the one in [11] will give the 2.85 GHz
8
antenna the same performance over 6 Null
Phase Imbalance (°)
a wider frequency BW. This is a topic 4
~
Locus Null
for future research of wideband dual- Locus
2 2.7 GHz ~

polarized applications.
CROSSED SLOT
Slot antennas are considered comple-
mentary elements to dipoles since both
have similar radiation patterns [12]. –8
Contrary to dipole antennas, which –10
2.7
should be located one-quarter wave-
length above the ground plane, the
slot antennas lie on the ground plane,
resulting in a more compact profile,
FIGURE 4. A crossed dipole [1]: the (a) exploded geometry, (b) current distributions on
hence lower cross polarization. Howev- excited and terminated dipoles, and (c) phase imbalance of the balun.
er, slot antennas have a narrow frequen-
cy BW. Two crossed slot antennas with
single-ended [13] and differential [5] excitation are discussed in
this section.
Figure 5(a) shows a crossed slot antenna where they are
etched on the sides of a cuboid and excited by open-ended
microstrip lines [13]. Considering the horizontal slot as a com-
plementary metal antenna excited in the middle [12], the null
locus can be specified along the middle line as shown in Figure
5(b). The coupled currents from the horizontal slot to the verti-
cal slot are also depicted. The coupled currents along the radi-
ating edges of the vertical slot are of the same amplitudes and
phases and cannot excite it. Therefore, the slots remain decou-
pled. Any deviation from this symmetry introduces some cross
coupling (Px) between slots. It occurs for this design because
of its offset excitation of the vertical slot. Such coupling adds
to the coupling between feedlines placed in proximity, which
resembles the balun-to-balun coupling in the crossed dipole.
An efficient high-performance differential-driven crossed
slot is shown in Figure 6(a) [5]. Each differential port lies along
the null locus of the other polarization. Four diagonal strips
and four diagonal slots are etched on the top and bottom of the
substrate, respectively, which block the transverse coupling (Px) .
The symmetrical design and differential excitation guarantees
minimum port coupling (Pba) in times of electrical asymmetry.
0
–2
Null ~
3 GHz
–4 Locus
–6
2.75 2.8 2.85 2.9 2.95 3
Frequency (GHz)
(c)
The magnetic current densities when port 1 + and port 1 - are
individually excited with an opposite phase are shown in blue
and red, respectively, in Figure 6(a). It is evident that the upper
and lower slots carry currents with the same directions that con-
tribute to copolarization components. On the other hand, the
vertical slots have currents mirrored with respect to the center
line of the antenna and in the opposite directions. Hence, the
cross-polarization components that resulted from these cur-
rents add destructively in the principal planes. Table 1 compares
the performance of the antennas mentioned in this category
in terms of measured dual-polarization parameters. The cross
polarization is provided within ! 90° from the broadside in the
principal planes, which are normalized to the peak of copolar-
ization.
A PATCH ANTENNA WITH TWO ORTHOGONAL MODES:
GROUP 2
Two orthogonal modes each corresponding to an individu-
al polarization can be excited underneath a patch antenna
[14]. This results in the radiation of two orthogonal polarized
waves near the broadside direction forming a dual linear-polar-
ized antenna. Various configurations with orthogonal modes
are reported in the literature [15]. However, here we mainly

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and cross-polarization radiation [17]. In this study, the microstrip

patch antennas are categorized according to their excitation
Center methods and techniques to suppress the higher-order modes
Crossed Excitation and enhance the port isolation are discussed.
Slot A square-patch antenna with a driving port at an arbi-
trary point (x, y) is shown in Figure 7(a). Current and volt-
age distributions related to the first three order modes in the
x-direction, i.e., TM 10, TM 20, and TM 30, along with their
corresponding radiation patterns are also illustrated. To excite
the dominant TM 10 mode, a 50-X excitation port should be
located on either side of the middle line (y-axis) with an offset
Off-Center from it. The modal expansion technique indicates that along
Excitation
with TM 10, the higher-order modes in the same (TM n0) and
(a) the transverse (TM 0n) directions can also be excited [18].
While the same-directed modes make some minor ripples
Null Locus
on the copolarization, the transverse modes are the source of
the cross coupling and the cross-polarization radiation. Let us
examine a particular case of the driving point located along the
middle line of the patch (x-axis). The x-axis is specified as the
Coupled Coupled null lines and the infinite lines of the odd and even y-directed
Current Current modes, respectively, and such transverse modes are equally
mismatched to the port input impedance. Accordingly, locating
the input port along the middle line of the patch (x-axis) sup-
presses the transverse modes and provides the lowest possible
cross polarization.
Regarding the cross polarization of a square-patch antenna,
(b) different analyses were reported. Huang [19] introduced the
TM 02 as the origin of the cross-polarization radiation in such
FIGURE 5. A crossed slot excited with open-ended an antenna. If that is the case, a short post at the center of the
microstriplines [13]: (a) 3D and expanded views of the patch, where the impedance of even modes are infinite, can
antenna and (b) coupled currents.
suppress them in both orthogonal directions. Bhardwaj and
Rahmat-Samii [20] indicated that even in single-mode (TM 10)
operation, the asymmetry of the probe location results in the
disturbance of the ideal field distribution, causing high cross
polarization in the H-plane. To suppress the higher-order modes
Port 1– and simultaneously preserve the geometrical symmetry of
t

Horizontal Slot
lo
lS

the antenna, differential excitation is proposed in [20]. How it

na
Vertical Slot

Vertical Slot

go

matches the TM 10 mode and attenuates the higher-order ones

ia

Port 2– Port 2+
D

can be realized by comparing the different modes’ field distri-

Horizontal Slot
(a)
FIGURE 6. A differential excited crossed slot [5]: the (a) top
view along with magnetic current distributions and
(b) bottom view.
consider a square-patch antenna with dominant orthogonal
modes, i.e., TM 01 and TM 10 . These antennas make up a
large percentage of proposed dual-polarized antennas [16],
and their main advantages lie in their symmetry of structure
in two orthogonal planes, compactness, and easy and inexpen-
sive fabrication process. Degrading the antenna performance,
higher-order modes are considered as sources of port coupling
butions in Figure 7(b)–(d). The same patch antenna in [20] was
Port 1+ simulated with a differential scheme and a short post, and their
suppressed cross polarizations are compared with a common
single-sided excitation in Figure 8.
(b)
Similar to the previous category, the cross coupling (C x) in
the dual-polarized patch antenna can be examined in terms of
its main contributors. In such antennas, each feeding mecha-
nism along with all respective propagation modes in each
direction comprise a single polarization. Therefore, the cross
coupling between two polarizations can occur either directly
between feeding mechanisms or between orthogonal modes,
denoted by C ff and C mm, respectively. Positioning the input
port along the null locus to avoid power being leaked to the
transverse modes ^C mmh was discussed and is common to all
excitation methods. The coupling between the feeding mecha-
nism (C ff ) is addressed in each section in which a feeding
method is considered.

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MICROSTRIP-FED DUAL-POLARIZED PATCH

ANTENNAS TABLE 1. A COMPARISON OF THE
PERFORMANCE OF ANTENNAS IN GROUP 1.
Having two metal layers, the microstrip feedline is
the simplest excitation of a patch antenna. However, Port Dimensions (mm;
it suffers from spurious radiation from the microstrip Frequency Isolation X-pol length ◊ width ◊
feedlines, which degrades the polarization purity Reference BW (GHz) (dB) (dB) height)
[21]. Such an effect dominates in wideband antennas, [2] 1.7–3.4 >36 <-19 64.6 ◊ 64.6 ◊ 27
where the substrate thickness is increased. [9] 0.95–1.92 >36 <-23 122 ◊ 122 ◊ 48
A microstrip line can excite a patch antenna either [1] 2.6–3.04 >52 <-38 55 ◊ 55 ◊ 72
on the edges [Figure 9(a)] [22] or at the corners [Fig-
[13] 2.34–2.49 >32.5 <-12 12 ◊ 12 ◊ 42
ure 9(b)] [23]. A nearly 20-dB isolation of the edge-fed
patch antenna is improved to almost 30 dB by using [5] 2.51–2.69 >40 <-26.4 57.5 ◊ 57.5 ◊ 3.04
wire bonds that allow for higher-mode suppression X-pol: cross polarization.
[22]. It has been analyzed and experi-
mentally verified in [23] that the cor-
ner-fed dual-polarized patch exhibits an
isolation about 10 dB better than that of Z
the edge-fed patch antenna. Both these
samples utilize single-sided excitation
associated with each polarization. The X0 Y0
asymmetry of single-sided excitation X
in an inset-fed patch antenna and the Y
disturbance of the patch rectangular
Driving
shape were discussed in [24]. Such an
Port
asymmetry yields distorted copolariza-
(a)
tion and increased cross polarization.
The high cross coupling (C x) partly TM10 90
1 120 60
occurs between microstrip lines them-
selves (C ff ) . A way out of this issue 0.5 15
– 150 30
is balanced coupling with differential 0 10
+
–0.5 I 5
excitation shown in Figure 9(c) [25].
V
The suppression of the higher-order –1 180 0
modes in the corresponding direction (b)
along with balanced feeding end up 90 15
TM20
enhancing polarization purity provid- 120 60
1
ed in Table 2. Differential feeding and 10
0.5
the patch antenna make a loop-shaped 150 30
0 5
structure as shown in Figure  9(c). I
–0.5
Therefore, single-layer implementation V
–1 180 0
of two differential-fed microstrip lines (c)
for two polarizations without overlap is
TM30 90 30
impossible. 120 60
1
0.5
PROBE-FED DUAL-POLARIZED PATCH 150 30
ANTENNAS 0 10
A patch antenna can be excited by a –0.5 I
coaxial probe beneath the patch that –1 V 180 0
eases the impedance matching [14] and (d)
has lower cross polarization compared FIGURE 7. A square-patch antenna: the (a) driving port at an arbitrary point (x, y), (b) 
with the microstrip line excitation. The TM 10 field distributions and copolar pattern, (c) TM 20 field distributions and copolar
latter is achieved owing to identical pattern, and (d) TM 30 field distributions and copolar pattern.
geometry of radiating slots on either
side of the patch and preserving its rectangular shape. However, Size reduction is achieved in the slotted dual-polarized
the increased length of the probe can be problematic in wide- patch antenna shown in Figure 10(a), which modifies the field
band applications [26]. These issues and their possible remedies distributions (hence, the frequency and radiation patterns of the
are discussed in the following sections. operating modes) [27]. This is the simplest probe-fed excitation,

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where placing each probe on the null locus of transverse modes
yields high port isolation. The symmetrical pattern of the slots
results in the identical transverse currents and thus cross-
polarization cancelation in both principal planes. This antenna
has a narrow frequency BW. The performance of such excitation
is degraded in wideband applications in which a thick substrate
is utilized. The increased length of the probe with inductive
features disturbs the impedance matching. The analysis of other
issues requires probe characterization. In [28] and [29], the exci-
tation probe is, respectively, modeled as a short monopole and
dipole antenna immersed in the substrate. In either case, these
parallel feeds positioned in close proximity in a dual-polarized
antenna is susceptible to some direct coupling between them
(C ff ), and it dominates as the thickness of the substrate increas- direct single-sided coupling between feedlines (C ff ), which is
es. In addition, the probe’s leakage radiation is observed in
terms of raised cross polarization in the H-plane and distorted
copolarization in the E-plane [28].
Luk et al. [32] suggested an L-shaped probe to concur-
rently achieve wider frequency BW and lower cross polariza-
tion. The former is attained by the horizontal portion of the
probe, which forms an open-circuit stub of length less than a
90 –40 90
120 60 120
–10
–60
150 –30 30 150
–80
–50
180
0 180
H-Plane E-Plane
Single-Sided Excitation Differential Excitation
Single-Sided Excitation With Short Post
FIGURE 8. A cross-polarization comparison of the antenna in [20] in principal planes
with different excitation schemes.
quarter wavelength. Such a capacitive effect compensates for
the inductance of the vertical portion of the probe, making
a resonant frequency close to that of the TM 01 mode of the
patch. The lower cross polarization is attributed to shortening
the probe’s vertical portion. Figure 10(b) shows a dual-polar-
ized antenna fed by L-shaped probes [30]. Of importance is
the wide BW of the antenna provided in Table 3. As discussed
previously, the geometrical asymmetry of the single-sided
excitation with respect to the center of the patch disturbs the
normal distribution of the dominant TM 01 mode, resulting
in displacement of the null locus from the center line of the
patch. This effect, which is shown in Figure  10(b), causes
some cross coupling between two polarizations. It adds to
stronger in L-shaped probes since they have longer dimensions
compared with that of a simple probe. This larger dimension is
shown in Figure 10(b), where the vertical portions are placed
out of the patch to prevent the overlap and the horizontal por-
tions extend underneath the patch. Later, in Figure 11(a), we
will compare such performance with a same patch with dif-
ferential excitation.
The open-circuit quarter-wave-
length horizontal portion of the
L-shaped probe can be replaced by
a half-wavelength one shorted to the
60 antenna on one side [33]. The new feed
allows for lower cross polarization due
30 to a pair of out-of-phase vertical cur-
rents on either side of the antenna,
which resemble a balanced feed exci-
0
tation in the antenna’s E-plane. Such
long feeding is not applicable to dual-
polarization performance. Therefore,
the half-wavelength stub is meandered
[31] in a compact profile at a mod-
est increase in the cross polarization.
Figure 10(c) depicts a dual-polarized

Port 2
Patch
2+ 2–
Port 2 Port 2
tch
Pa

Co Ba
g d
ff )

up lan
lin ce
(C

lin ce
up lan

g d
Co Ba
(C ed

(C
(C ed
lin Sid

ff )

ff )
lin Sid

ff )
up le-

up le-
g
Co ing

g
Co ing

Port 1 Port 1
S

Port 1
(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 9. Dual-polarized microstrip-fed patch antennas: (a) edge-fed excitation [22], (b) corner-fed excitation [23], and (c)
differential excitation [25].

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antenna fed by meander probes. The increased length of the of the feedlines from the input ports to the split points can be
probes increases the chance of the coupling between them minimized, and the input ports can be located as far away as
(C ff ) . Moreover, the antenna’s performance is limited by its possible. Therefore, an optimum design of the feed network
poor polarization purity. Meandering is not a precise process provides the antenna with better performance, which remains
and often results in fabrication tolerances [31]. To implement as future research activities.
the meandering precisely, the vertical and horizontal portions
of the probes could be, respectively, replaced by precise plated APERTURE-COUPLED DUAL-POLARIZED PATCH ANTENNAS
blind vias and microstrip line strips, which will be researched Pozar [34] introduced the aperture-coupling excitation meth-
in the future. To compare single-sided and differential excita- od, in which the radiating patch is coupled to a feedline
tions, a dual-polarized, differential-driven antenna with an through a slot etched in the ground plane. The feed network
L-shaped probe [30] is provided in Figure 11(a). The
suppression of the higher-order modes guarantees
the single-mode operation. In addition, symmetrical TABLE 2. A COMPARISON OF THE
locations of two probes with respect to the center PERFORMANCE OF MICROSTRIP-FED,
of the patch preserves the geometrical symmetry, DUAL-POLARIZED ANTENNAS IN GROUP 2.
hence normal distribution of the dominant TM01 Port Dimensions (mm;
mode. Therefore, the null locus as shown in Figure Frequency Isolation X-pol length ◊ width ◊
11(a) is returned to the middle line of the patch, Reference BW (GHz) (dB) (dB) height)
and the lowest cross coupling occurs between two [22] 3.75–3.95 >30 NR 24 ◊ 24 ◊ 0.508
polarizations. In times of electrical asymmetry, the
[23] 5.95–6.05 >30 NR 15 ◊ 15 ◊ 0.8
same balanced couplings experienced phase reversal
[25] 6.5–6.65 >34 NR 14 ◊ 14 ◊ 1.57
and cancel each other. Finally, the leakage radiations
from two vertical portions with the same amplitudes NR: not reported.
and reverse directions cancel in the far field [28],
resulting in lower cross polarization. Compared by
the same authors of [30], 10-dB isolation improve-
ment is contributed by the differential excitation.
Differential excitation is advantageous in theory but TABLE 3. A COMPARISON OF THE
PERFORMANCE OF PROBE-FED,
difficult to implement. The feed network for the
DUAL-POLARIZED ANTENNAS IN GROUP 2.
aforementioned antenna is shown in Figure 11(b).
The space to accommodate the half-wavelength delay Port Dimensions (mm;
line for each polarization enlarges the antenna pro- Frequency Isolation X-pol (length ◊ width ◊
file. The feed network can affect the symmetry and Reference BW (GHz) (dB) (dB) height)
polarization purity of the differential-driven antenna. [27] 0.852–0.858 >30 <-32 67.056 ◊ 67.056 ◊ NR
In Figure  11(b), the feed network lies in an extra [30] 1.71–1.88 >20 NR 77 ◊ 77 ◊ 21
layer beneath the ground plane, which blocks the [31] 1.68–2.04 >30 <-15 61 ◊ 61 ◊ 17.5
feed spurious radiation. To further reduce the feed-
[30] 1.65–1.98 >30 <-10 92 ◊ 92 ◊ 22.5
to-feed coupling (C ff ) in Figure 11(b), the lengths

Ground Plane Ground Plane

Null Locus
h
tc
Pa
Port 2
N
ul
M

lL
id

in
dl

e
e
Li

h
ne

tc Meander
Pa Probe

Port 1
Single-Sided L-Shaped
Coupling Probe

(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 10. Dual-polarized probe-fed patch antennas: (a) simple probe excitation [27], (b) L-shaped probe excitation [30], and
(c) meander probe excitation [31].

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scheme, C ss and C ff are functions of both feedlines and slot

characteristics such as their shapes, lengths, positions with

Port 1

Port 2

Port 1

Port 2
respect to the center of the patch, and relative orientations
with respect to each other. These issues are addressed in the
Ground Plane
following sections.
2– 1– A dual-polarized antenna proposed by Adrian and Schaubert
Balanced Coupling
N

2–
ul

1–
lL

in 1987 [35] is illustrated in Figure 12(a). Two rectangular slots

in
e

corresponding to two dominant modes of the patch antenna are

M
id
dl

placed beneath the patch in an L-shaped configuration at an

e

Split
Li

offset from the patch center. This is not the best configuration
ne

Points
1+ 2+ + 2+
1 of two orthogonal slots to have minimum slot-to-slot coupling
Balanced Coupling
Ground Plane (Css) . It is modified in a T-shaped configuration, as shown
(a) (b) in Figure 12(b) [36]. The coupling reduction discussed in the
“Crossed Slot” section in terms of current distributions also
FIGURE 11. A dual-polarized differential-driven antenna [30]: applies to these T-shaped slots. A parametric study of port cou-
(a) patch and L-shaped probes and (b) a differential feed pling as a function of the slots’ lengths and their offset from the
network. patch center was performed in [37]. It has been clarified that
the port coupling decreases as the slot lengths decrease or the
slot offsets increase. Both these changes are interpreted as an
Ground Plane
Slot Slot increase in the effective distance between two slots. It is evi-
Offset Offset dent that such distance is limited by the patch dimensions, and
Slot
Feedline Length reducing slot-to-slot coupling (C ss) by making the slots more
Feedline distant is not feasible beyond a limit. Alternatively, it can be per-
L-Shaped
Orientation formed by modifying the shape of the slots.
T-Shaped Pozar and Targonski [38] modified the slot shape and
Feedline

Feedline

Orientation
replaced the original circular slot by a dog-bone aperture.
Ground Plane Allowing for stronger coupling to the patch at the same fre-
(a) (b) quency, the dog-bone slot proposes an approximate 30% size
reduction that eases the positioning constraints for dual-aper-
FIGURE 12. Dual-polarized patch antennas: (a) a square ture antennas and reduces the back-lobe radiation [38]. The
patch with an L-shaped configuration of slots [35] and (b) a evolution of slot shapes was continued, and different modified
circular patch with T-shaped configuration of slots [36]. shapes were proposed [39]. A couple of dual-polarized antennas
utilizing H-shaped slots are shown in Figure 13(a) and (b). The
simple design in Figure 13(a) demonstrates that high transverse
isolation (C x) does not necessarily require a complicated bulky
Feedline

Ground Plane Ground Plane

Patch structure and is feasible by following some basic points.
■■ H-shaped slots are utilized, which allows for shorter lengths
Vias

of slots and more distant locations of them compared with

H-Shaped Slots
Feedline
(a)
FIGURE 13. Dual-polarized patch antennas with an H-shaped
aperture-coupled excitation: (a) slots at the edge of the
patch [40] and (b) slots close to the center of the patch [3].
is implemented in a separate layer underneath the ground
plane, which blocks the interference between the antenna
radiation and the parasitic radiation of the feedlines [34],
resulting in a pure radiation pattern. Having an extra layer
compared with the previous excitations hence, an extra trans-
verse coupling mechanism, Css, named slot-to-slot coupling, is
introduced to the dual-polarized antenna. In such a feeding
the rectangular slots (Css reduction).
■■ The straight feedlines are oriented orthogonally and as far
Patch
away as possible (Cff reduction).
■■ The T-shaped configuration of slots is utilized (Css reduc-
tion).
(b)
■■ C ss reduction is achieved by locating two slots in the middle
and at the edge of the patch that are coupled via the mag-
netic field and the electric field, respectively.
■■ The resonant frequency of the patch and that of the slot are
tuned near to each other [40].
As the aperture gets closer to the center of the patch, bet-
ter coupling to the patch and hence wider BW is achieved [34].
However, two slots close to each other are prone to high slot-
to-slot coupling (C ss) . Figure 13(b) represents a simultaneous
reduction of feed-to-feed coupling (C ff ) and slot-to-slot cou-
pling (C ss) by inserting metalized vias in the substrate [3]. It is
achieved at an increase in the cost and complexity of the design.
Rows of vias provide separate rooms for each feedline and the

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corresponding slot and block the transverse leakage

TABLE 4. A COMPARISON OF THE
(C x) . This blockage can be realized by comparing
PERFORMANCE OF APERTURE-COUPLED,
field distributions of the antenna before and after
DUAL-POLARIZED ANTENNAS IN GROUP 2.
inserting vias [3].
The aperture-coupled antennas discussed so Port Dimensions (mm;
far, though isolated, lack symmetry in their geom- Frequency Isolation length ◊ width ◊
etry. The offset slots from the patch center cause Reference BW (GHz) (dB) X-pol (dB) height)
a distortion in the antenna radiation patterns at [35] 2.18–2.24 >18 NR 55 ◊ 55 ◊ 3.15
their principal planes. In 1988, Tsao et al. [41] pro- [36] 1.56–1.63 >35 NR NR ◊ NR ◊ 4
posed a dual-polarized patch antenna excited with [40] 10.7–12.75 >40 NR 11.4 ◊ 11.4 ◊ 2.26
a centered orthogonal slot called cross slot shown in [3] 11.8–14.6 >40 <-26 18.5 ◊ 18.5 ◊ 1.3
Figure 14. The symmetry applied to the design is
[41] 3.31–4.17 >27 <-25 NR
reflected in their symmetric radiation pattern. Each
branch of the crossed slot is excited with a balanced [43] 4.65–6.25 >22 <-18 NR ◊ NR ◊ 8.68
feed located symmetrically with respect to the [44] 1.75–2.25 >35 <-20 54 ◊ 50 ◊ 15.762
cross center. Such feeding shows lower slot-to-slot [45] 1.75–2.25 NR NR 24 ◊ 19 ◊ 3
coupling (C ss) compared with the single feedline [47] 1.644–1.905 >40 <-20 57.5 ◊ 57.5 ◊ 15
excitation [42]. Moreover, it has the advantage of [48] 2.3–2.58 >40 <-23 53 ◊ 53 ◊ 10
higher-order mode suppression and lower coupling
between orthogonal modes (Cmm) . To avoid over-
lapping, an air bridge provides a crossover between
the two orthogonal feedlines. It complicates the fab-
rication, and the inevitable feed-to-feed coupling (C ff ) in this
region also degrades the input port isolation. Ground Plane
To avoid the crossover and ease the fabrication process, two
Patch
alternative solutions were proposed in [43] and [44] and are
illustrated in Figure 15(a) and (b), respectively. In Figure 15(a), Crossed Air Bridge
Slot
the orthogonal feedlines are laid in two separate layers, and the
balanced feedline for each polarization is replaced by a single
rectangular one. As for Figure 15(b), the balanced feedline for
one polarization is replaced with an asymmetric offset feedline.
Targonski and Pozar [42] compared the performance of a single
offset feedline with that of a balanced one [42]. They demon-
strated that by feeding the slot in a balanced configuration with
two symmetric feedlines, no voltage is induced across the unfed FIGURE 14. A dual-polarized patch antenna with cross slots
slot (Css), and the two crossed apertures remain decoupled. aperture [41].

Ground Plane
ch
Pat
P atch Patch

Offset
Feedline dline
lan
e Fee
P
und
Gro Plan
e
und
Gro
e ine
dlin edl
Fee Fe dline
Fee

(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 15. Centered cross-slot excitations: (a) rectangular feedlines in separate layers [43], (b) asymmetrical offset feedlines
[44], and (c) balanced feed with feedlines on opposite sides of the ground plane [45].

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Therefore, the mentioned solutions, albeit easy to fabricate, are HYBRID-FED DUAL-POLARIZED PATCH ANTENNAS
not of superior performance. Any combination of feeding methods for the patch antenna
To retain the balanced feedlines for both polarizations and is a new dual-polarization feeding called hybrid excitation. It
remove the crossover, Yamazaki et al. [45] proposed the antenna remains an area of fruitful investigation as not much research
shown in Figure 15(c). The two feedlines are implemented has been reported in this field so far. Figure 16(a) and (b)
on the opposite sides of the ground plane. So, the coupling shows two samples of hybrid-fed rectangular patch antennas
between them (C ff ) is mainly blocked by the ground plane. [47], [48]. A combination of aperture-coupled and probe-fed
How the upper feedline excites the antenna could be a deviation excitations are utilized in both antennas. Due to differential
from the original aperture-coupled excitation as it could be cou- excitation for one polarization, both antennas have compli-
pled to the patch directly. It is resolved by placing an electrically cated structures. Figure 16(a) demonstrates another balanced
thick substrate between the upper feed and the antenna [46]. aperture-coupled excitation. Instead of a single offset slot, two
Such excitation could also be performed for offset single-sided, symmetrical H-shaped slots along the x-axis are excited uni-
aperture-coupled antennas with different configurations that formly. Recalling the field distributions of y-directed modes,
may be attractive options in future research. the x-axis (y = 0), or any of parallel ones (y = y 0), comprises
the semi-impedance locus associated with y-directed modes.
Therefore, TM 01 can be excited either by a single aperture
or by multiple apertures of uniform excitations distributed
along any of these lines. Two symmetrical apertures, shown in
Figure 16(a), have the advantage of transverse mode suppres-
Patc sion, which yields lower cross coupling (C x) and a symmetrical
h
radiation pattern.
ZY
TWO DIFFERENT RADIATION ELEMENTS IN A DUAL-
X
H-Shaped POLARIZED ANTENNA: GROUP 3
Slot The dual-polarization antennas in this category comprise two
Balan
ce
Feed d different radiation elements designated to each polarization
line Grou
nd P (Table 5). Ideally, when two ports are absolutely decoupled,
lane
each element radiates its respective radiation pattern. Therefore,
(a) choosing elements with low cross polarization will enhance the
ultimate polarization purity of the antenna. Because of two
different radiation elements, the matching between the two
Feed copolarization beams is subject to some degradation. However,
Patch line
this can be modified by using complementary elements. The
ZY
antennas proposed in this section are used for base-station sys-
Meander X tems where the priority is the omnidirectional radiation pattern
Probe rather than very low cross polarization.

Grou
nd P COMPLEMENTARY ELEMENTS
lane Having complementary radiation patterns, a slot antenna and
(b) a flat metallic antenna of the same size can be integrated in
a dual-polarized antenna with matched copolar beams [12].
FIGURE 16. Hybrid-fed patch antennas: (a) aperture-coupled, Figure 17 depicts a compact dual-polarized, monopole-slot
probe-fed excitation [47] and (b) aperture-coupled, meander antenna implemented on the facing sides of a cuboid [49].
probe-fed excitation [48]. The same coupling discussion provided for the crossed slot
also holds for this antenna, with the exception that
one slot is replaced by a monopole. Asymmetric
TABLE 5. A COMPARISON OF THE
single-sided excitation of the slot accounts for some
PERFORMANCE OF ANTENNAS IN GROUP 3.
level of cross coupling (C x) . Higher performance
Port Dimensions (mm; could be achieved with a balanced or differen-
Frequency Isolation X-pol length ◊ width ◊ tial feeding of the slot, which remains a research
Reference BW (GHz) (dB) (dB) height) opportunity.
[49] 2.37–2.53 >36 <–6 50 ◊ 16 ◊ 16
[50] 1.68–1.82 >10 NR 50 ◊ 50 ◊ 20 NONCOMPLEMENTARY ELEMENTS
[51] 4.8–5.02 >40 <–18 48 ◊ 48 ◊ 4 A group of elements each covering a fraction of
space can function as a vertical monopole anten-
[52] 1.7–2.2 >40 <–12 120 ◊ 120 ◊ 27
na. To obtain an omnidirectional pattern, a feed

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A planar version of the dual-polarized omnidirectional

Monopole
Slot
Center
Excitation
Off-Center
Excitation
(a) (b)
FIGURE 17. The (a) 3D and (b) expanded views of a dual-
polarized monopole-slot antenna [49].
network is required to excite each element with uniform exci-
tation. It complicates the geometry of the dual-polarization
antenna and increases the probability of the cross coupling
and the interference in the elements’ radiation patterns. A
notch-wire antenna is shown in Figure 18(a) [50]. It includes
a three-notched disk antenna and a three-wire antenna as
components for the horizontal and the vertical polarization,
respectively. Three notches and three wire loops each spaced
120° apart and uniformly excited are utilized to emulate an
omnidirectional pattern. To reduce the cross coupling (C x)
between radiation elements, the wires are placed between
the notches where the current distribution on the excited
disk has a null. Despite the null location of wires, the anten-
na exhibits poor performance in terms of port isolation. It
is because of the corresponding parallel sections of the two
radiation elements located in close proximity.
antenna is provided in Figure 18(b) [51]. An annular-ring patch
serves as a vertically polarized antenna, while the horizontal
polarization is realized with four arcs encircling the patch.
To obtain the omnidirectional pattern at their corresponding
H-planes, the annular patch is excited at its TM 01 mode and
the arcs are uniformly excited by a Wilkinson power divider. To
reduce the coupling between the radiation elements (C x) . The
elements are placed within a radial distance from each other
in a symmetrical configuration. Moreover, the feed networks
for both polarizations are implemented beneath the ground
plane. So, the ground plane blocks the coupling between the
antennas and the feedlines as well as spurious radiation of the
feedlines. The annular ring and the arcs are replaced by a cir-
cular, folded patch and half-wavelength dipoles, respectively,
which are shown in Figure 18(c) [52]. The radiation elements
are located on the opposite sides of the ground plane where the
radial distance of the previous design is replaced by a height
distance lowering the coupling between elements (C x) . Such
space diversity is problematic in applications where compact
geometry is required.
Conclusions
This article has compiled and summarized research related
to dual-polarization antennas for a broad range of applica-
tions. Various cross-coupling mechanisms between orthogonal
polarizations have been specifically discussed and related to
port isolation as part of this contribution to a growing body of
knowledge. Techniques to suppress these components have
been discussed in the context of example antennas. It has been
found that the use of simple and symmetrical structures is
advantageous to antenna polarization purity. The techniques
discussed here can be integrated in future antennas with higher
performance, opening the door for new application spaces such
as phased-array weather radar and precise polarization control
for communication systems.

Annular
Patch
Arcs Circular
Patch

Wire Antenna
Ground Plane
Ground Plane
Plastic
Disk Post
Antenna Port 2
Feed
Network
Port 1
Dipole

(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 18. Dual-polarized omnidirectional antennas: a (a) notch-wire antenna [50], (b) ring patch-arcs antenna [51], and
(c) circular patch-dipoles antenna [52].

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmo-
spheric Administration under grant NA16OAR4320115.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Mirhamed Mirmozafari (m.mirmozafari@ou.edu) is a Ph.D.
degree student in electrical and computer engineering in the
Advanced Radar Research Center at the University of Oklaho-
ma, Norman. His research interests include antenna theory,
polarimetric phased-array radars, multiband microstrip anten-
nas, and computational electromagnetics. He is a Student Mem-
ber of the IEEE.
Guifu Zhang (guzhang1@ou.edu) is a professor in the
School of Meteorology and an adjunct professor in the School of
Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Okla-
homa, Norman. His research interests are in radar remote sens-
ing and its applications. He is the author of Weather Radar
Polarimetry and a Senior Member of the IEEE.
Caleb Fulton (fulton@ou.edu) is an associate professor in
electrical and computer engineering in the Advanced Radar
Research Center at the University of Oklahoma, Norman. His
work focuses on antenna design, digital phased array calibration,
compensation for transceiver errors, and advanced digital beam-
forming design considerations. He is a Senior Member of the
IEEE.
Richard J. Doviak (dick.doviak@noaa.gov) is a senior
engineer at the National Severe Storms Laboratory and an
affiliated professor in the School of Electrical and Com-
puter Engineering and the School of Meteorology at the
University of Oklahoma, Norman. He is a Fellow of the
IEEE and the American Meteorological Society. He is a
coauthor of Doppler Radar and Weather Observations.
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