Inglés Básico en Nutrición: Unidad 2

Sexto Semestre
Inglés básico en nutrición
Verbo to be, tiempos y

Unidad 2
modos verbales
U2 Verbo to be, tiempos y modos verbales
Tiempos verbales
Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México | DCSBA 2

Índice
Presentation ............................................................................................................ 4
Specific competence ............................................................................................... 5
Achievements .......................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Using the verb to be and have ........................................................................... 6
2.1.1 A/An ........................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Noun + Are + Noun: Plural ......................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Pronoun + Be + Noun ................................................................................ 7
2.1.4 Contractions with be .................................................................................. 7
2.1.5 Have, have got .......................................................................................... 8
2.2 Verb tenses ....................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Present ...................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Past ......................................................................................................... 20
2.2.3 Future ...................................................................................................... 28
2.3 Verbal modes .................................................................................................. 32
2.3.1 Past participle .......................................................................................... 32
2.3.2 Gerund..................................................................................................... 36
2.3.3 Infinitive ................................................................................................... 36
2.4 Modal auxiliaries .............................................................................................. 38
Closing of the unit.................................................................................................. 43
Bibliography........................................................................................................... 44

Presentation
We welcome you to the second unit of Basic English in nutrition. The purpose of this unit is
to provide the necessary elements so that the student acquires the bases to develop the
basic comprehension of the Grammar competence in the English language. These
consisting of the Verb to be, a/an, noun + are + noun, pronoun + be + noun, contractions
with be, and Have-have got. Verb tenses, Present, Past, Future. Verbal modes, Past
participle, Gerund, the Infinitive, and the Modal auxiliaries. As well as the structure of
different type of sentences in English. The subject of Basic English in nutrition will allow you,
the student to obtain the accurate grammatical bases of the English language.
Figura 1. Verbo to be

Specific competence
Identify the grammatical categories in English recognizing their functions to obtain the
communicative and structural bases of the language.
Achievements
 Distinguish the grammatical categories of the English language.
 Analyze the functions of the grammatical categories of English.
 Identify the characteristics of English grammatical categories and the tenses

Present, Past, and Future. Verbal modes and the Modal auxiliaries.

2.1 Using the verb to be and have

2.1.1 A/An
The article a/an mean the same thing it is equal to one, it is singular (one) and it is always
singular. You never mix this article with plural (more than one): (a chair, a pen, a window,
a door) it means one. We never say a chairs, a pens, a windows or a doors because the –
s at the end of the word makes it plural.
The article A is going to be used only in front of words that begin with consonants while the
article AN is going to used only in front of words that begin with vowel sounds.
Examples: An animal, an ear, an island, an office, an hour (in this case the H is silent it
does not sound).
Use an ARTICLE, a or an.

1. A horse is an animal.
2. Spanish is a language.
2.1.2 Noun + Are + Noun: Plural

We use the plural form with are to express more than one. What follows is the formula as
well as a more detailed explanation.
Cats are animals
Cats = a plural noun, are = a plural verb, animals = a plural noun
Plural nouns end in -s.
NOUN and NOUN + ARE + NOUN
Canada and China are countries. Two nouns connected by and are followed by are.
Canada is a singular noun. China is a singular noun. They are connected by and.
Together they are plural, i.e., "here we are talking about more than one."
Examples: Change from singular sentences to plural sentences.
An ant is an insect. Ants are insects.
A computer is a machine. Computers are machines.

2.1.3 Pronoun + Be + Noun

The use of pronouns refer to nouns with the use of the verb be with the formula and
examples.
Pronoun + be + noun
Examples: Sonia is in my class. She is a student. She (feminine) = Sonia
Alex is in my class. He is a student. he (masculine) = Alex
Sonia and Alex are in my class. They are students. They =Sonia and Alex
Fill in with the right form of the verb “to be”
More examples: You (one person) are a student.
1. I am a student.
2. She is a student.
2.1.4 Contractions with be

The use of contractions in English is very common when spoken but not in the written
form, what follows is the formula and examples.
Pronoun + Be = Contraction
I + am = I'm I'm a student.
She + is = she's She's a student
He + is = he's He's a student.
It + is = it's It's a city.
You + are = you're You're a student. You're students.
We + are = we're We're students.
They + are = they're They’re students.
* Instead of using the name of the person we use a pronoun.
* When you include yourself in a sentence, you use the pronoun we
Use CONTRACTIONS (pronoun + be).
Example: Cristina is a student. She’s in my class.

I have two sisters. They’re students.
I have a dictionary. It's on my desk.
2.1.5 Have, have got

Have got and have, mean the same thing. There is no difference in meaning, have got is
more informal and much more common in spoken English. Have is used to talk about
possession, relationships, characteristics and similar ideas.
I I've got
we I
you have we have got we've got
they you you've got
they they've got
he he's got
he she has got she's got
she has
it Its's got
it
Examples:
I have brown hair. Or I’ve got brown hair
She has brown hair. Or She’s got brown hair.
You have brown hair. Or You’ve got brown hair
I don’t have / I haven’t got (negative)
We say:
I / we / you / they don't I / we / you / they haven't

got
have OR
he / she / it hasn't
he / she / it doesn't
Examples:
I have a car, but I don’t have a bike. Or I’ve got a car, but I haven’t got a bike.
They have a car, but they don’t have a bike. Or They’ve got a car, but… haven’t got…
It doesn’t have a garage. …… it hasn’t got a garage.

Do you have….? / Have you….. got? etc. (questions)
have I / we / you / they

do I / we / you / they have? got?
does he / she / it have? OR has he / she / it got?
Examples:
Do you have the book? or Have you got the book?
Does she have the book? or Has she got the book?
What kind of book does she have? Or What kind of book has she got?
What do you have in your pocket? Or What have you got in your pocket?
2.2 Verb tenses

2.2.1 Present
The Uses of the English Tenses
A. Simple present tense
In the English Language, there are three main tenses: the present, the past, and the
future. The simple present tense is used to describe habits, unchanging situations,
general truths, and fixed arrangements.
The simple present tense is used:
 To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations,

emotions and wishes:
I drink (habit); I live in Chicago (situation that doesn’t change); Chicago is a
large city (general truth)
 To give instructions or directions:
You walk for two blocks, then you turn right.
 To express fixed arrangements, present or future:
Your day starts at 07.00
 To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as,
until:
She'll give it to you when you come to the party.

Type of Tense Type of Action Expressed
Simple - Actions that occur at regular intervals
- General truths, or situations existing for a period of time - non-

continuous actions
Tense Auxiliary
Simple Present do/does
The verb “to be” consist of 3 parts—AM---IS---ARE. In English the verb to be is the most
irregular verb of all the verbs. The forms of the verb to be in English are as follows:
Infinitive to be
Present am, is, are
Past was, were
For now we are only going to see the present tense and it is as follows:
I (yo) am
He (el)
She (ella) is
It (cosa)
we (nosotros)
they (ellos) are
you (tu o ustedes)
(Puede ser singular y plural)
Examples:
You are here. Estas aquí.
All of you are here. Todos ustedes estan aqui.
AM is always going to go with I, we never will use I with he, she, it or with we, you or they.
We do not say: I is or I are. Only I am.

Is only goes with: he, she and it. We never say:
I (yo) are
He (el)
She (ella) are
It (cosa)
Example: Use am, is, are.
1. I am glad to meet you.

2. My name is Sergio.
3. Cats are animals.
B. Yes/no questions with be

The use of when we ask a question, we invert the verb “to be” and we add a question
mark (?).What follows is the formula and the examples.
Subject + be
Example: She is a student.
Be + Subject
Example: Is she a student?
Make questions with the words that are given and the form of be
Examples: You / a student. Are you a student?
1. She/ from Mexico? Is she from Mexico?
C. I do/work/like etc. (present simple)

The use of auxiliaries, their importance with the Present Simple and the explanation of the
use of the 3rd person and examples.
They read / he likes / I work etc. = the present simple:

I / we / you / they read like work live watch do have
(3rd) person He / she / it reads likes works lives watches does has

Now, when we use he, she, and it we are talking in the third person, the verb will always
be plural. What do we mean by the third (3rd) person?
Example: I (1st) told Monica (2nd) that David (3rd) is in school.
Remember: he works / she lives / it rains etc.
My brother (he) reads a lot.
Carmen (she) does housework.
David lives in Chicago.
I have he/she/it has: Juan has a shower every day.
D. Spelling
The explanation and use of the correct spelling with examples is what follows.
 If the verb ends with -s / -sh / -ch / -x you add –es
Bus —> buses pass —> passes address —> addresses
Dish —> dishes wash —> washes finish —> finishes
Watch —> watches teach —> teaches sandwich —> sandwiches
Push —> pushes teach —> teaches kiss —> kisses
Fix —> fixes watch —> watches brush —> brushes
 If the verb ends with consonant + y, change y to i, add –es.
Study —≫ studies (not studys) family —> families (not familys)
Story —> stories city —≫ cities baby —> babies
Try —> tries marry —> marries fly —> flies
 If the verb (Past tense) ends with consonant + y, change -y —> -ied
Study —> studied (not studyed) carry —> carried
Try —> tried marry —≫ married copy —> copied
 Other examples:
Potato —≫ potatoes tomato —> tomatoes
Do —> does go —> goes

 We use the present simple for things that are true in general, or for things
that happen sometimes or all the time
(Examples)
I like big cities.
Your English is good. You speak very well.
Fernando works very hard. He starts at 7.00 and finishes at 8 o'clock in the evening.
The earth goes round the sun.
 Always/never/often/usually/sometimes + present simple
Examples: Olga always gets to work early, (not Olga gets always)
I never eat breakfast, (not I eat never)
They often go away at weekends.
Carlos usually plays football on Sundays.
I sometimes walk to the park, but not very often.
E. I don't... (Present simple negative)

The present simple negative is don't/doesn't + verb, what follows are examples and the
formula to follow:
Remember: Examples:
I / we / you / they don't …. I don’t like baseball.

he / she / it doesn't …. She doesn’t like baseball.

Notice in 3rd person singular, there is no -s on the main verb; the final -s is part of
doesn’t.
It would be incorrect to say:
She doesn’t likes baseball.
So the correct way would be to say:
He doesn't drink coffee
Maria doesn’t have a car.
Sofie doesn’t like tea.
The main verb will always stay in the singular form.
F. Do you...? (Present simple questions)

The auxiliary to use here is do/does not “are”, to form a question, I have heard many students
use this incorrectly saying: Are you agree when it should be Do you agree. Remember to
use the formulas that are given in order to form correctly each sentence and question this
will without a doubt help you greatly in your quest to have a better understanding of the
Language and to better structure your ideas. The explanation and use of with examples is
what follows
We use do/does in present simple questions:

Look at the word order of this formula.
Do / does + subject + base form
Do you work on Saturdays?
Do your friends live near here?
Does Pedro play tennis?
Where do your parents live?
How often do you wash your hair?
What does this word mean?
How much does it cost to fly to Chicago?
 Questions with always / usually / ever
Examples:
Does Chris always work on Sundays?
What do you usually do at weekends?
Does Sandra ever call you?
What do you do? = What's your job?
What do you do? I work in an office
 Always try to remember: Examples
Do l/we/you/they... Do they like music?
Does he/she/it... Does he like music?
 Short answers:
Yes, I / we / you / they do. No, I / we / you / they don’t.
Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she / it doesn’t.

Examples:
Do you play chess? No, I don't.
Do your parents speak Spanish? Yes, they do.
Does Jaime work hard? Yes, he does.
Does your brother live in New York? No, he doesn't.
I AM DOING (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)
The present continuous is as follows: am/is/are + doing/eating/running/writing etc.
Examples:
I am not I'm playing. I'm not watching TV.

He
Maria is reading a book.
She Is (not)
It He isn't eating, (or He's not eating.)
-ing
The car is coming.
We
You Are (not We're having dinner.
they
The children are doing their homework.
You're not listening to me. (or You aren't Listening)
 am/is/are + -ing = something is happening right now
Example: I’m studying.

He’s wearing a hat.
They're playing football.
I'm not watching television.

Past Now future
Please be quiet. I'm sleeping. (= I'm sleeping now)

Look, there's Sarah. She's wearing a black coat. (= she is wearing it now)
The weather is nice. It's not snowing.
Where are the children? They're playing in the park.
Spelling
 Rule 1.Verbs that end in -e (make/write/drive etc.) —> eliminate the -e and add
-ing:
come —> coming write —» writing dance —> dancing
make —> making write —> writing come —≫ coming
 Rule 2. If it ends with a vowel + consonant, double the consonant and add –
ing:
run —» running sit —» sitting swim —>swimming
stop —» stopping cut —» cutting put —» putting
Exemption to this rule are the letters, w, x, and y

snow —» snowing fix —» fixing say —» saying
 Rule 3. If it ends with two vowels + consonant, just add –ing:

read —> reading rain —> raining sleep —> sleeping
eat —> eating wear —» wearing look —» looking
 Rule 4. If it ends with two consonants, just add –ing:

stand —> standing push —» pushing watch —» watching
camp —> camping sign —» signing catch —» catching
Verbs that end in –ie eliminate the -e —> and add –y + ing:
lie —> lying die —> dying tie —> tying azar p.87

Are you doing….? (Present Continuous Questions)

What follows is the use and formula for asking questions in this tense.
Positive Question
I am
am I
He doing
He doing
She is working she
is working
It going
It going
staying
staying
We
We
You are
are You
they they
Examples:
Are you feeling OK?
Is it sunning?
Why are you wearing a sweater?
What's David doing?
What are the children doing?
 Look at the word order of this formula.

Is/are + subject + -ing
Is he working today?
Is Ben working today?
(not Is working Ben today?)-Negative form
Where are they going?
Where are those people going?
 Short answers
Examples:
Are you going now? Yes, I am.
Are both of you going out? Yes we are.

Is Luis working today? Yes, he is.
Are you working tomorrow? No I’m not.
Is Olga going out tonight? No she’s not.
Is it raining? No, it isn't
Are your friends picking you up? No they’re not.
Are your friends staying at a hotel? No, they aren't. They're staying with me.
Is Carmen going out with you today? No she isn’t.
Pedro is still sick, is he going to school? No he isn’t.
I am doing (present continuous) and I do (present simple)
The use and examples of both tenses are seen as reviews using time lines and examples
of structures.
Examples: Jack is watching television.

He is not playing the guitar.
But Jack has a guitar.
He often plays it and he plays very well.
Jack plays the guitar, but he’s not playing the guitar now.
Is he playing the guitar? No, he isn't. (present continuous)

Does he play the guitar? Yes, he does. (present simple)
Present continuous (I am doing) = now, at the time of speaking:
I’m doing
Past now future
Examples:
Please be quiet. I'm working. (not I work)
Tom is having a shower at the moment. (not Tom has)
Take an umbrella with you. It's raining.
You can turn off the television. I'm not watching it.
Why are you under the table? What are you doing?

Present simple (I do) = in general, all the time or sometimes:
I do
Past now future
Examples:
I work every day from 9 o'clock to 6.00.
Tom has a shower every morning.
It rains a lot in winter.
I don't watch TV very often.
What do you usually do at weekends?
 We do not use these verbs in the present continuous (I am -ing):
Like want know understand remember
Prefer need mean believe forget
Use only the present simple with these verbs (I want / do you like? etc.):
Examples:
I'm tired. I want to go home, (not I'm wanting)
Do you know that girl? Yes, but I don't remember her name.
I don't understand. What do you mean?
2.2.2 Past
The use of the Simple Past, expresses the past states or actions. In the examples given
below, the verbs in the Simple Past are underlined.
For instance, the Simple Past can be used to express actions which occurred at regular
intervals in the past.
Example: Last year I drove to Puebla once a week.

In addition, the Simple Past is used to describe situations which existed for a period of time
in the past.
Using be: past time
Am/is (present) —> was (past):
PRESENT TIME PAST TIME
I am in class today. I was in class yesterday
Alice is at the library today. Alice was at the library yesterday.
My friends are at home today My friends were at home yesterday.
Are (present) —≫ were (past):
PRESENT TIME PAST TIME
You are late, (now) You were late yesterday.
They aren't here, (now) They weren't here last Sunday.
Examples:
Last year Sonia was 22, so she is 23 now.
When I was a child, I was scared of dogs.
We were hungry after the trip, but we weren't tired.
The hotel was comfortable, but it wasn't expensive.
Was the weather nice when you were on vacation?
Your shoes are nice. Were they expensive?
Why were you late this morning?
Short answers
Yes, we / you / they were. No, we / you / they weren’t.
Yes, I / he / she / it was. No I / he / she / it wasn’t.

Examples:
Were you late?' No, I wasn't.
Was Pedro at work yesterday? Yes he was.
Were Susana and Esteban at the party? No, they weren't.
Were you in class yesterday? Yes, I was.
Was Carlos at home last night? No, he wasn't.
Worked / got / went etc (PAST SIMPLE)
The following is the formula and the use of the Past Simple with these specific auxiliaries
with examples. The past tense with regular and irregular verbs as well as the spelling with
examples of each.
(Present simple) watched is the past simple:
They watch TV every evening. watched I / we / you / they
They watched TV yesterday evening. watched he / she / it
(Past simple)
 The past simple is often -ed (regular verbs). For example:
work —> worked dance —> danced
clean —> cleaned stay —> stayed
start —≫ started need —> needed
I clean my teeth every morning. This morning I cleaned my teeth.
Paulo worked in a bank from 2010 to 2016.
Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.
We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people.
The party finished at midnight.

Spelling
Try —> tried study —> studied copy —» copied
Stop —»stopped plan —» planned
Some verbs are irregular (= not regular). Remember that this means that they change
completely; the past simple is not -ed. Here are some important irregular verbs
begin —≫ began fall —≫ fell leave —> left sell —≫ sold
break broke find found lose lost sit sat
bring brought fly flew make made sleep slept
build built forget forgot meet met speak spoke
buy bought get got pay paid stand stood
catch caught give gave put put take took
come came go went read read(red)* tell told
do did have had ring rang think thought
drink drank hear heard say said win won
eat ate know knew see saw write wrote
*pronounced 'red'
Examples:
I usually get up early, but this today I got up at 10 o'clock.

You did a lot of work yesterday.
Carolina went to the movies three times last week.
Saul came into the room, took off his coat and sat down.
David bought a jacket yesterday.
I thought you were going camping?
Let’s go out, I got paid this morning.
I knew her when I was a kid.
The doorbell rang when I was in the shower.
This book was very good, I read (red)* it in three days.
I came, I saw, and I went.
I didn't... Did you ... ? (PAST SIMPLE NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS)
The use and explanation with examples of the past simple negative and questions. The
use of the auxiliaries” do / does”.
We use did in past simple negatives and questions:

do/does (present) did (past):
I don't watch TV very often. I didn't watch TV yesterday.

Does she often go away? Did she go away last week?
Do you agree with me? Did he agree with you?
We use did/didn't + infinitive (watch/play/go etc.):

I watched but I didn't watch (not I didn't watched)*
*In this case because we are using a negative auxiliary the infinitive (verb) stays the same
it doesn’t change. This is very important that you remember this: Whenever you use a
negative auxiliary the infinitive (verb) will stay in its present tense form.
they went did they go? (not did they went?)

he had he didn't have
you did did you do?
Examples:
I played tennis yesterday, but I didn't win.

Did you do the shopping? No, I didn't have time.
We went to the cinema, but we didn't enjoy the film.
Study the word order in these questions:
did + subject + infinitive
Did your sister call you?
What did you do last night?
How did the accident happen?
Where did your parents go for their vacation?
Short answers
Yes, I / we / you / they did. No, I / we / you / they did.
Yes, he / she / it did. No he / she / it did.

Examples:
Did you see Manuel yesterday? No, I didn't.

Did it rain on Monday? Yes, it did.
Did Laura come to the party? No, she didn't.
Did your parents have a good vacation? Yes, they did.
I was doing (Past Continuous)
We use the past continuous to talk about the past, we use it for an action that someone was
doing or an event that was happening at a particular time. It is used with "was" or "were" and
the -ing form of a verb. The following consist of examples and the formulas as well as the
spelling form.
Examples:
It is 6 o'clock now.
Raul is at home.
Right now he is watching TV.
At 4 o'clock he wasn't at home.
He was at the sports club.
He was swimming in the pool.
He was swimming at 3:45.
He was still swimming at 4:10.
He wasn't watching TV.

Was/were + -ing is the Past Continuous:
Examples:
What were you doing at midnight yesterday? Were you sleeping?

What did she say?' 'I don't know. I wasn't listening.
It was raining so we didn't go out.
It wasn’t raining when I went out.
In 2009 we were living in the United States.
She wasn’t living in Mexico City.
Was she living in Mexico City last year?
Today she's wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers.
I woke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and the birds
were singing.
What were you doing up so early?
I was listening to the birds.
Spelling (live -» living / run —> running / lie -» lying etc.)
 -ing
Verbs that end in -e (make/write/drive etc.) —> -ing:
Make —> making write —> writing come —≫ coming dance —> dancing
 Am/is/are + -ing (present) —> was/were + -ing (past):
Present Past
I'm working (now). I was working at 10.30 last night.

It isn't raining (now). It wasn't raining when we went out.
What are you doing (now)? What were you doing at 3 o'clock?
I was doing (Past Continuous) and I did (Simple Past)
This is a review of the Past Continuous and Simple Past; the following will be the use and
comparison of the two tenses with examples and time lines.

What happened? His phone rang, (past simple)
What was Jack doing when his phone rang? (Past continuous)
He was reading a book.
What did he do when his phone rang? (Past simple)

He stopped reading and answered his phone.
Examples:
Jack began reading before his phone rang.

So when his phone rang, he was reading.
Simple Past
a: What did you do yesterday morning?

b: We played tennis, (from 10 to 11.30)
Jack read (pronounced red) a book yesterday.

(= from beginning to end)
Did you watch the game on TV last night?
It didn't rain while we were on holiday.

Past Continuous
a: What were you doing at 10.30?

b: We were playing tennis.
Jack was reading a book when his phone

rang.
Were you watching TV when I phoned you?
It wasn't raining when I got up.
I started work at 7 o'clock and finished at 6:30.
At 2.30 I was working.
It was raining when we went out. (= it started raining before we went out)
I saw Carmen and Raul this morning. They were waiting at the bus stop.
Marisela fell asleep while she was reading.
Notice that in the Simple Past the action has finished while in the Past Continuous it
doesn’t, thus the name continuous! This is the difference between these two tenses and
how you are able to distinguish them.
2.2.3 Future
The simple future is used to express non-continuous actions that will take place in the
future and the auxiliaries that are used for this tense are “going to”, “will”, and “shall”. The
following are examples and structures.
I’m going to ….
We use am/is/are going to ... for the future:
I am (not) going to do ...

he/she/it is (not) going to drink ...
we/you/they are (not) going to watch ...
 For a question remember to invert the verb
am I going to buy … ?
is he/she/it going to eat … ?
are we/you/they going to wear…?
I am going to do something = I have decided to do it, my intention is to do it:

Examples:
I'm going to buy some paper tomorrow.

Sergio is going to sell his car.
Maria is the first of her family that is going to college.
I'm not going to have breakfast this morning. I'm not hungry.
Elsa is not going to work today.
What are you going to wear to the wedding next week?
Your hands are dirty. Yes, I know. I'm going to wash them.
Are you going to invite Mario to your party?
Is she going to buy a new car?
Something is going to happen
Something is going to happen = we can see now that it is sure to happen:
Look at the sky! It's going to rain. (black clouds now —> rain)
Oh no! It's 9 o'clock and I'm not ready. I'm going to be late. (it is 9 o'clock now and you’re
not ready —≫ late)
Mayra goes to work every day. She is always

there from 7:00 until 4.30.
It is 11 o'clock now. Mayra is at work.

At 11 o'clock yesterday, she was at work.
At 11 o'clock tomorrow, she will be at work.
Mayra

Will + the base form (will be / will win / will come etc.):
‘II = will: I’ll (I will)/you'll/she’ll etc.

*won't = will not: I won't (= I will not) / you won't / she won't etc.
*The negative of “will” is “won’t” and is also used for the future.
We use will for the future (tomorrow / next week etc.):
Examples:
Gaby travels a lot. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow she'll be in Rome.

Next week she'll be in Tokyo.
You can call me this afternoon. I'll be at the office.
Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will eat it.
He'll probably go out this evening.
Will you be at home this evening?
I won't be here tomorrow. (= I will not be here)
Don't drink caffeine before you go to bed. You won't sleep.
 We often say I think ... will ...
Examples:
I think Olga will pass the exam.

I think Miguel will get the job.
I don't think it will rain this afternoon.
I don’t think we will win today.
Do you think we will win today?
Do you think the exam will be difficult?
 We do not use will for things we have already arranged or decided to do.
Examples:
We're going to the movies on Saturday. Do you want to come with us? (not We will go)
I'm not working tomorrow. (not I won't work)
Are you going to do the exam? (not Will you do)
Shall (Nowadays it is not commonly used in the spoken form but this is used formally).
You can say I shall (= I will) and we shall (= we will):

I shall be late tomorrow, or I will (I'll) be late tomorrow.
I think we shall win. or I think we will (we'll) win

*But do not use shall with you/they/he/she/it:
*Tom will be late. (not Tom shall be)

Carmen will be late. (not Carmen shall be late)
They will be late. (not They shall be late)
 You can use I'll... (I will) when you offer something or decide to do something:
Examples:
My bag is very heavy. I’ll carry it for you.

I’ll phone you tomorrow, OK? OK, bye.
I’ll wake up early tomorrow.
 We often say I think I’ll... I I don't think I’ll... when we decide to do something:
I'm tired. I think I'll go to bed early tonight.

It's a nice day. I think I'll sit outside.
It's raining. I don't think I'll go out.
 Do not use the present simple (I go / I phone etc.) in sentences like these:
I'll phone you tomorrow, OK? (not I phone you)

I think I'll go to bed early. (not I go to bed)
I think I’ll go out. (not I go out)
 Do not use I'll ... for something you decided before.
I'm working tomorrow. (not I'll work)

I don't want my car any more. I'm going to sell it. (not I'll sell)
What are you doing at the weekend? (not What will you do)
Shall I / Shall we...? = Do you think this is a good thing to do? Do you think this is a good
idea?
Examples:
It’s very warm in this room. Shall I open the window?

Shall I phone you this evening? Yes, please.
I’m going to a party tonight. What shall I wear?
It's a nice day. Shall we go for a walk?
Where shall we go for our holidays this year?
Let's go out this evening. OK, what time shall we meet?
 We use should in the same way. (Nowadays should is more commonly used)
Examples:
Shall I call you tonight? Should I call you tonight?

Shall we go for a walk? Should we go for a walk?
Shall we eat? Should we eat?

2.3 Verbal modes

2.3.1 Past participle
The past participle verb is one that is used both in the simple present passive as well as the
present perfect; the form of the verb, usually ending in –ed, the verb is used with “have” in
the perfect tense and with “be” in the passive. In this section we review both uses with
examples and with structures.
Past Participle with be (cleaned/ / made / eaten etc.)
Am / is / are + Past Participle (Passive Present Simple)
Examples:
I'm never invited to parties.

Butter is made from milk.
These offices aren't cleaned every day.
Was / were + Past Participle (Passive Past Simple)
Examples:
The office was cleaned yesterday.

These houses were built 100 years ago.
How was the window broken?
Where were you born?
Have / has + past participle (present perfect)
Have / has + past participle (cleaned/lost/eaten/been etc.)
Examples:
I've cleaned my room.

Jaime has lost his passport.
Elsa hasn't been to Canada.
Where have Armando and Lisset gone?

Regular and irregular verbs
 Regular verbs
The past simple and past participle of regular verbs is -ed:
Clean —> cleaned live —≫ lived paint —> painted study —> studied
Past participle
Have/has + past participle (present perfect —≫ Units 15-18):
Examples:
I have cleaned my room.

Tina has lived in London for ten years.
I have washed my car.
He has lived there for three years.
Be (is/are/were/has been etc.) + past participle (passive):
Examples:
These rooms are cleaned every day.

My car has been repaired.
We were locked in our room all day.
The room is painted.
The room has been painted for five days.
 Irregular verbs
The past simple and past participles of irregular verbs do not end in -ed:
Base form make break cut

Past simple made broke cut
Past participle made broken cut
 Sometimes the past simple and past participle are the same. For example:
Base form make find buy cut

Past simple made found bought cut
Past participle made found bought cut
Examples:
I made a cake yesterday, (past simple)

I have made some coffee, (past participle - present perfect)
Butter is made from milk, (past participle - passive present)

 Sometimes the past simple and past participle are different. For example:
Base form break know begin go

past simple broke knew began went
past participle broken known begun gone
Examples:
Somebody broke this window last night, (past simple)

Somebody has broken this window, (past participle - present perfect)
This window was broken last night, (past participle - passive past)

List of irregular verbs

2.3.2 Gerund
A gerund is the -ing form of a verb. It is used as a noun and has the force of a noun and a
verb. Sometimes a gerund is called a verbal noun because it comes from a verb, walk /
walking is a gerund.
Verb gerund
I enjoy walking in the park.
She likes working in the bank.
We like dancing at parties.
 Negative form: not + gerund

Examples:
I considered not going to class.
She Is not taking the course.
You are not going to the party
 The verbs in these sentences are NOT followed by to + the simple form of a
verb (an infinitive).
(INCORRECT): I enjoy to walk in the park. (CORRECT): I enjoy walking in the park
(INCORRECT): Roberto finished to study. (CORRECT): Roberto finished studying.
(INCORRECT): I'm thinking to go to Hawaii. (CORRECT): I’m thinking of going to Hawaii.
 Some gerunds can be used in front of other nouns, like adjectives:
Examples:
A washing machine = a machine that does washing.
A shopping bag = a bag for carrying your purchases.
Walking boots = boots you wear for walking in the countryside.
Gardening clothes = clothes you wear for gardening.
2.3.3 Infinitive
The infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is often preceded by the word to.
Infinitives often appear after other verbs. They join two verbs.
Examples:
The rain began to fall.
Sally and I agreed to meet this afternoon.
I like to ride my bike in the street.
I hope to visit Disneyland someday.

 We can use an infinitive to say why somebody does something.

Examples:
She sat down to rest.
She went home to eat.
He is going to school to learn.
 We do not use the infinitive to after model verbs:

Can, could, may, might, must, shall, will, would, had better, and needn’t.
Could you help me? NOT Could you to help me?

Examples:
You should try to forget it.
She had better go back to work.
You needn’t worry.
 In order to … and so as to … are common before be, know and have:
Examples:
I got up early in order to be ready to leave.
Karla studied English in order to have a better job.
I came to the U.S. so as to know the country.
COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES (verb + to)
Want hope decide seem learn (how)
Need expect promise appear try
would like plan offer pretend
would love intend agree (can't) afford
mean refuse form (can't) wait

2.4 Modal auxiliaries

They are used before other verbs, in tag questions and short answers. They are helping
verbs that express a wide range of meanings (ability, permission, possibility, necessity, etc.).
Most of the modals have more than one meaning. The following are examples and
structures.
For example, you use auxiliary verbs to say:
 that someone is able to do something

 that someone is allowed to do something
 that someone has to do something.
Some helping verbs are can, could, should, might and must.
Can and could

Use can and could to say that someone is able to do something.
Examples:
She can draw really good pictures.
Juan can run faster than Miguel.
Can you ride a bike?
Our teacher said we could go home early.

I ran as fast as I could.
Sara could not come to the party because she was sick.
Could is the simple past tense form of can.

 When you put not after can, write it as one word: cannot.
They cannot find their way home.

Pedro cannot do his homework.
It cannot be done.
 The contraction of cannot is can’t, and the contraction of could not is couldn’t.
Examples:
They can’t find their way home.
I’m full. I can’t eat any more.
Sara and Olga can’t speak English.

I can do something = I know how to do it, or it is possible for me to do it:
Examples:
I can play the piano. My brother can play the piano too.
Sarah can speak Italian, but she can't speak Spanish.
I'm having a party next week, but Saul and Raquel can't come.
For the past (yesterday / last week etc.), we use could/couldn't:
Examples:
When I was young, I could run very fast.
Now she can understand everything.
I couldn't sleep last night
I couldn’t see the movie yesterday.
Should
You can use should to ask for advice, offer something and suggest something.
You should do something = it is a good thing to do, it is the right thing to do:
Tomas doesn't study enough. He should study harder.

It's a good film. You should go and see it.
When you play tennis, you should always watch the ball.
You shouldn't do something = it is not a good thing to do.

Shouldn't = should not:
Examples:
Armando shouldn't go to bed so late.
You shouldn't watch TV so much.

Carmen shouldn’t stay out so late.
 We often say I think ... should …
I think Lydia should buy some new clothes. (= I think it is a good idea.)
It's late. I think you should go home now.
a : Shall I buy this coat?
b. Yes, I think you should.
 I don't think ... should ...
Examples:
I don't think you should work so hard. (= I don't think it is a good idea.)
I don't think we should go yet. It's too early.
I don’t think they should go on that trip.
 Do you think ... should ... ?:
Examples:
Do you think I should buy this suit?

What time do you think we should go home?
When do you think we should leave?
Might
Use might to talk about things that are possible or likely.
I might = it is possible that I will:
Examples:
I might go to the movies tonight, but I'm not sure. (= it is possible that I will go)
It might rain tonight.
You might be lucky. (= perhaps you will be lucky)

Study the difference:
I'm playing tennis tomorrow. (sure)

I might play tennis tomorrow. (possible)
Rebecca is going to phone later. (sure)
Rebecca might phone later. (possible)
I might not = it is possible that I will not:
Examples:
I might not go to work tomorrow. (= it is possible that I will not go)
Sofie might not come to the party. (= it is possible that she will not come)
Raul might not play in the game. (= it is possible that he will not play)
Must
Use must to talk about things that you have to do.
I must (do something) = I need to do it:
Examples:
I'm very hungry. I must eat something.
It's a fantastic film. You must see it.
The windows are very dirty. We must clean them.
 For the past (yesterday / last week etc.), we use had to ... (not must):
Examples:
I was very hungry. I had to eat something. (not I must eat)
We had to walk home last night. There were no buses. (not We must walk)
They had to be careful. (not They must be careful.)

Mustn’t (= must not)
I mustn't (do something) = it is necessary not to do it, it is the wrong thing to do:
Examples:
I must go. I mustn't be late.
I mustn't forget to phone Ivan. (= I must remember to phone her)
Be happy! You mustn't be sad. (= don't be sad)
You mustn't touch the pictures. (= don't touch the pictures)
 When using modals remember this:
They have no -s in the 3rd person singular. He can play football.

Do not use modals for things which happen definitely. The sun rises in the east. - A modal
can't be used in this sentence.
Questions are formed without do/does/did. Can he speak Spanish?

It follows a main verb in its base form. They must read the book.
When you use the past participle you tell about things which did not happen in the past.
You should have told me.

Closing of the unit

In this unit the student will have acquired the necessary knowledge to be able to
understand and structure sentences using the correct form of the Verb to be, a/an, noun +
are + noun, pronoun + be + noun, contractions with be, and Have-have got. Verb tenses,
Present, Past, Future. Verbal modes, Past participle, Gerund, the Infinitive,and the Modal
auxiliaries so that you can acquire the bases to develop the reading competence in the
English language. You will now be able to identify them and by doing so English will now
be easier to understand. By using the correct grammar in a sentence, you will now have a
much better understanding of the different functions of the grammatical categories, thus
allowing you to have acquired the structural bases of the language. This will lead you to
comprehend the use of the verb to be and the different tenses of the verb as well as the
Verbal modes. May you have continued success on your path to a better understanding of
a foreign Language and to your ultimate goal of being able to translate in that Language.

Bibliography
Basic
Azar Betty and Hagen Stacy, Basic English Grammar, Pearson Education Co., 2006
Swan Michael, Walter Catherine, how ENGLISH works, Oxford, 1997
Murphy, R., English Grammar in Use, Cambridge, 2003.
Sargent, Howard. Basic English Grammar Book 2 Saddlebook Educational Publishing
2007.
Complementary
Eastwood, John, Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford, 1999.
McCarthy, M. and O´Dell, F., English Vocabulary in Use, Cambridge, 2002.
Swan, Michael, Practical English Usage, Oxford, 2005.
Thomas, B. and Matthews, B., Vocabulary for First Certificate, Cambridge, 2007.
Vince. Michael, First Certificate Language Practice, Macmillan, 2009.
Azar Betty and Hagen Stacy, Basic English Grammar Workbook, Pearson Education Co.,
2006
Swick Ed, English Grammar for ESL Learners, McGraw Hill, 2005
Walker Elaine, Grammar Practice, Longman, 2000
Murphy, R., Basic English Grammar in Use, Cambridge, 2002.
Umstatter Jack, English Brainstomers, A Wiley Imprint, 2002
Side Richard, Wellman Guy, Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Proficiency,
Pearson Education 2000
Cambridge Dictionary of American English (2001). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Collins Cobuild Active English Dictionary (2003). London: Collins Cobuild.
Longman Active Study Dictionary (2004). London: Longman/Pearson.
Macmillan Essential Dictionary for Learners of American English (2003). Oxford:
Macmillan Education.
Diccionario Cambridge Klett Compact [with CD-ROM], Español-Inglés/English-Spanish
(2002). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Diccionario Collins Compact Plus Español-Inglés English-Spanish (2003). Madrid: Grijalbo
Mondadori.
Diccionario Oxford Business (2005). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Diccionario Oxford Pocket para Estudiantes de Inglés (1997). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Gran Diccionario Oxford. Español-Inglés. Inglés-Español (2003). Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

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Inglés básico en nutrición

Verbo to be, tiempos y

Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México | DCSBA 2

Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México | DCSBA 3

Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México | DCSBA 4

 Distinguish the grammatical categories of the English language.

 Analyze the functions of the grammatical categories of English.

 Identify the characteristics of English grammatical categories and the tenses

Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México | DCSBA 5

2.1 Using the verb to be and have

Use an ARTICLE, a or an.

2.1.2 Noun + Are + Noun: Plural

Cats are animals

Cats = a plural noun, are = a plural verb, animals = a plural noun

Plural nouns end in -s.

NOUN and NOUN + ARE + NOUN

Examples: Change from singular sentences to plural sentences.

An ant is an insect. Ants are insects.

A computer is a machine. Computers are machines.

Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México | DCSBA 6

2.1.3 Pronoun + Be + Noun

Examples: Sonia is in my class. She is a student. She (feminine) = Sonia

Alex is in my class. He is a student. he (masculine) = Alex

Fill in with the right form of the verb “to be”

More examples: You (one person) are a student.

2.1.4 Contractions with be

I + am = I'm I'm a student.

She + is = she's She's a student

He + is = he's He's a student.

It + is = it's It's a city.

You + are = you're You're a student. You're students.

We + are = we're We're students.

They + are = they're They’re students.

* Instead of using the name of the person we use a pronoun.

* When you include yourself in a sentence, you use the pronoun we

Use CONTRACTIONS (pronoun + be).

Example: Cristina is a student. She’s in my class.

Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México | DCSBA 7

2.1.5 Have, have got

I have brown hair. Or I’ve got brown hair

She has brown hair. Or She’s got brown hair.

You have brown hair. Or You’ve got brown hair

I don’t have / I haven’t got (negative)

I / we / you / they don't I / we / you / they haven't

It doesn’t have a garage. …… it hasn’t got a garage.

Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México | DCSBA 8

have I / we / you / they

Do you have the book? or Have you got the book?

2.2 Verb tenses

The Uses of the English Tenses

A. Simple present tense

The simple present tense is used:

 To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations,

Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México | DCSBA 9

Simple - Actions that occur at regular intervals

- General truths, or situations existing for a period of time - non-

Present am, is, are

Past was, were

You are here. Estas aquí.

All of you are here. Todos ustedes estan aqui.

We do not say: I is or I are. Only I am.