INTRODUCTION

Heart Beats

The sound of heart beat actually provide the information on how does a heart functioning.
The cardiac cycle has two main phases which is systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)
. When heart contracts, pressure in heart chamber will increase and force the blood to flow
into the circulation. When the contraction ends, immediately follow by relaxation, low
pressure in the heart chamber allowing the blood to flow into the heart from the circulation.

Blood Pressure

The blood flow in the circulatory system is directly related to the cardiac cycle. Constriction
of ventricle pushes the blood into the arteries and creates pressure in the vascular system.
Elastic reflection of the stretchable blood vessels wall in between two ventricular beats ,is
maintaining some of the pressure from the ventricle. The highest pressure in the arteries in a
cardiac cycle calls systole pressure and the lowest one calls diastole pressure.

The factors affecting the blood pressure in the arteries are cardiac output, total peripheral
resistance of circulatory system, blood volume, and elasticity of blood vessels wall. Cardiac
output is the volume of blood pump by heart in one minute (product of heart rate) and stroke
volume. Then total peripheral resistance is the total resistance of all blood vessels in the
body. Radius of the arteries change constriction of the smooth muscle found on its wall.
Arterioles constriction increase the arterial blood pressure. Blood volume is amount of blood
moving through body. Increased venous return stretches the walls of atrium where
specialized baroreceptors are located. As the atrial baroreceptors increase their rate of firing
and as they stretch due to the increased bloo pressure the cardiac centre responds by
increasing sympathetic stimulation and inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation to increase
HR. Elasticity of vessel walls refers to te capacity to resume to ikts nor,al shape after
stretching and compressing. Loss of elasticity in blood vessel due to sickness or aging is the
the results from the increased pressure.
MATERIALS

 Stethoscope

 Sphygmomanometer

METHODS

1. The readings for systolic and diastolic pressure is recorded as well as the pulse rate of
each group member.

2. The procedure of the subject sitting on chair, resting on chair for five minutes , the
moment he stands up and standing up for five minutes is repeated and the average of
three readings are calculated.

3. Each group member is requested to perform a tiring exercise. The pulse rate, systolic
and diastolic pressure is recorded every minute until all the readings are back to
normal condition.
RESULTS

Subject Sitting Resting Stands up Standing up 5

minutes
Mariam 1. 113/78 1. 115/78
P : 92 P : 90
2. 114/70 2. 105/72
P : 93 P : 93
3. 98/82 3. 110/71
P : 108 P : 89

Ikin 1. 111/84 1. 95/68 1. 95/76 1. 98/67

P : 78 P : 70 P : 89 P : 70
2. 102/69 2. 97/70 2. 95/72 2. 100/74
P : 71 P : 69 P : 82 P : 94
3. 99/65 3. 97/66 3. 97/70 3. 98/71
4. P : 76
P : 81 P : 87 P : 90

Yasheni 1. 96/71 1. 110/81

P : 78 P : 74
2. 104/76 2. 109/83
P : 74 P : 74
3. 106/75 3. 145/130
P : 75
P : 74

Nabihah 1. 127/79 1. 127/93

P : 99 P : 102
2. 123/72 2. 130/89
P : 103 P : 99
3. 120/80 3. 118/77
P : 100 P : 105

Farehah 1. 107/73 1. 102/65 1. 117/77

P : 90 P : 92 P : 101
2. 106/68 2. 100/65 2. 101/71
P : 88 P : 93 P : 96
3. 104/73 3. 99/66 3. 116/76
P : 99 P : 97 P : 94
IKIN

Sitting Resting Stands up Stands up 5 minutes

1. 118/84 1. 95/65 1. 98/76 1. 98/67
Pulse : 78 Pulse : 70 Pulse :89 Pulse : 92
2. 102/69 2. 97/70 2. 95/72 2. 100/74
Pulse : 71 Pulse : 69 Pulse : 82 Pulse : 94
3. 99/65 3. 97/66 3. 97/70 3. 98/71
Pulse : 76 Pulse : 81
Pulse : 87 Pulse : 90
Average : Average :
104/73 96/68 Average : Average :
Pulse : 75 Pulse : 81 97/73 96/68
Pulse : 86 Pulse : 81

DISCUSSION

Blood pressure of our body is different when lying down and sitting. Our heart is pump, and
it takes less work to pump blood to our brain when we are lying down. This is because our
head is about the same level as our heart. When we are up, our head is a lot higher than our
heart. This means the heart has to pump much harder to get blood to our brain. So as a result,
blood pressure is higher.

The blood pressure tended to drop in the standing position compared with the sitting position.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was the highest in sitting position. On the transition
from sitting in a chair to standing, blood is pooled in the lower extremities as a result of
gravitational forces. Venous return is reduced, which leads to a decrease in cardiac stroke
volume, a decline in arterial blood pressure, and an immediate decrease in blood flow to the
brain.

Most of the increase in cardiac output goes to the exercising muscles. There is an increase in
blood flow to skin and to the heart (increased work performed by the heart). Increased flows
are the result of local arteriolar vasodilation. Vasodilation is mediated by local metabolic
factors in skeletal and cardiac muscles, and in the skin, it is achieved mainly by a decrease in
the firing of sympathetic neurons supplying skin vessels.

Then, the pulse pressure is the numeric difference between systolic and diastolic blood
pressure. In this experiment, the subject resting blood pressure is 111/84 millimeters of
mercury (mm Hg), pulse pressure is 27.
CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the blood pressure of subject is highest during sitting position. This is
because when a person sits up a neurocardiogenic response is triggered. The heart beats
stronger and faster, and the arteries and veins constrict. This makes both the systolic and
diastolic pressures rise so that the brain and heart arteries can continue to receive necessary
blood and nutrients as well as oxygen.

REFERENCES

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17181675
 https://www.livestrong.com/article/167631-body-position-and-blood-pressure/
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2094039/