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Kultur Dokumente
Abstract – Low power devices promote the development of micro into electrical energy, with an approximate net output power
power generators (MPGs). This paper presents a novel power of 8µW.
conditioning circuit (PCC) that enables maximum power
extraction from a piezoelectric MPG. Synchronous rectification However, little attention has been paid on how to extract
(SR) is employed to improve the PCC efficiency. A simplified maximum power from MPGs. In [8], an adaptive piezoelectric
model of the piezoelectric generator is developed for simulation. energy harvesting circuit was proposed to harvest maximum
Performance of the proposed PCC is verified by PSpice power from the vibrating piezoelectric transducer. However,
simulation and experimental results. A maximum output power the first stage of this circuit is a simple diode bridge rectifier,
of 18.8µW has been extracted from a single piezoelectric MPG. which is unsuitable for low-voltage MPGs whose output
Arbitrary waveform generator representation (AWGR) of the
voltage is comparable to a diode forward voltage drop.
flexing piezoelectric membrane is also presented. The hardware
AWGR enables research on the PCC without the need for the This paper will focus on the design of a power
actual MPG heat engine or bulge tester used to flex the conditioning circuit (PCC) for use in conjunction with the
piezoelectric membrane, and also demonstrates the feasibility of MEMS-based P3 micro heat engine power generation system
cascading many MPGs to extract additional power. proposed by researchers at Washington State University [9]. A
single P3 micro heat engine is expected to provide 1mW of
I. INTRODUCTION
continuous power with a power density of ~1W/cm3 and
The appearance of wearable electronic devices, such as energy density of ~1000Whr/kg. This paper proposes a novel
mobile telephones and “Personal Digital Assistants” (PDAs) PCC based on synchronous rectification and charge pump
among others, has transformed the way people communicate techniques. The PCC draws useful electric power from the P3
and network. Wireless integrated network sensors (WINS) are engine and converts it to the regulated voltage. In low-output-
widely used in civil and military applications. Advances in voltage switch-mode power supplies (SMPSs), synchronous
integrated circuit technology, following Moore’s Law, have rectification (SR) has already been widely applied to improve
enabled the reduction of the size/weight and energy power supply efficiency [10]. In this paper, SR is applied to
requirement of these devices. For example, by 2005, the the PCC for improved efficiency. The proof-of-concept
power consumption of the Bluetooth communication demonstration includes a manually operated charge pump and
technique will drop from 12.5mW (in 1998) to 5.1mW [1]. a 1.5V analog watch.
Usually, the above low power devices are powered by bulky
This paper is organized as follows. Section II presents
batteries with a short service life. Battery replacement may
proof-of-concept demonstration and proposes the novel PCC.
also be difficult in applications such as unattended sensors.
In section III, the proposed PCC is verified by PSpice
An attractive alternative to batteries is micro power simulation. The experimental setup, results and discussion are
generators (MPGs), which have recently gained increased presented in sections IV and V, respectively. Arbitrary
attention. An MPG is expected to be five-to-ten times smaller waveform generator representation (AWGR) of the PZT
than a comparable battery [2], and features enhanced membrane is presented in section VI. Finally, section VII
performance. Some MPGs can scavenge attainable energy summarizes this paper.
from the environment of the system and convert it into useful
electrical energy [3]-[5]. Feasibility of scavenging energy II. POWER CONDITIONING CIRCUIT
from human body/activities has been studied [1], [3], [6]. In 3
In the P engine, piezoelectric membranes generate an
[6], it is estimated that at least 500mW of useful electrical unregulated ac voltage. However, the targeted loads require
power can be harvested from usual clothes such as a cap. regulated dc voltage. Therefore, a PCC is needed to draw
Therefore, it is possible to feed wearable systems from body useful electric power from the P3 engine and convert it to the
heat dissipation via electrothermal conversion. In [3], regulated dc voltage. The PCC should also enable maximum
researchers demonstrated that when people walk, parasitic power extraction from the P3 engine. The proposed PCC
power in shoes could be harvested to power a radio frequency includes two stages: a rectifier as the first stage, and a dc-dc
tag that transmits a short-range, 12-bit wireless identification converter as the second stage. Final design implementations
(ID) code. Other attainable ambient energy sources include could integrate the PCC on a single chip, resulting in further
mechanical energy [5], acoustic energy [7], etc. In [5], a miniaturization. Conventional dc-dc converters such as buck-
system was proposed to convert ambient mechanical vibration boost converters feature high efficiency but they need bulky
+ + + +
Piezoelectric
Generator ~ Rc
-
C1 S8
-
C2 S9
-
C3
S10
-
C4 Vo
Analog
100uF 100uF 100uF 100uF =1.5V Watch
S5 S6 S7
Charge + Co
~
1.2
U2
Generator Pump RL
M2
-
1
- +
Capacitor voltage (V)
0.8
45k Ohm
0.4
96.9k Ohm Synchronous
0.2 no resistor Rectifier
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Fig. 3. Proposed PCC with synchronous rectification.
Charging time (seconds)
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III. PSPICE SIMULATION
Magnitude
40
the simulation, a simplified model as shown in Fig. 4 (b) has Fig. 5. FFT of an actual PZT output waveform.
been developed for PSpice simulation. The effectiveness of
the simplified model will be verified in section V. By using 31.4nF 470
this simplified model, PCC designers need not worry about the D1
L1
31.4nF 470
D1
R1 C ~
C1
~ PZT equivalent
model D2
+
Co
RL
equivalent Co RL
-
Three schemes as shown in Fig. 6 are considered to be
U2
model
M2
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C1 R1 Q1
membrane, which generates an ac voltage. The PCC then
V1
converts this ac voltage into the regulated dc voltage required
U1A by the load. The actuator is driven by a sine wave input in the
1
V2 +3.3 -3.3
range of -20Vac~120Vac, provided by a programmable
OUT
+3.3 7 2 -3.3
+
V3 V9
-
3.3V -3.3V
Oregon State University. A dc power supply is connected in
4
series to the programmable source to provide the necessary
V4
V5
0 0
offset. Fig. 10 shows the photos of the bulge tester and the
-3.3 C0 RL
wafer within its holder.
V6
U1B
2
V- 5
Q2 8 -
OUT 6
V7
V+
+3.3
7
(a) Schematic
1.175V
1.150V
SEL>>
1.100V
V(RL:2)
2.0V
0V Fig. 10. Photos of (a) Bulge tester, and (b) Wafer and its holder.
PZT Membrane
120kVA
Programmable
2
1.8
Source in MSRF
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
DC
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Power Conditioning Regulated
Power Supply Actuator Circuit Load
DC Voltage
Bulge Tester
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currently available. Considering this power consumption (3V, VI. ARBITRARY WAVEFORM GENERATOR REPRESENTATION OF
2.28µW for two comparators), the extracted power is still THE PZT MEMBRANE
447% of that of scheme I. With the PCC integrated on a Since the power level of a single generator cell is very
single chip in final implementation designs, the comparator low, in order to achieve higher power, it is necessary to
power consumption would be further decreased. A low power connect many cells in series or in parallel according to the
rechargeable “button-cell” battery can start up the circuit. load requirements. At the current stage of the project, it is
During normal operation of the MPG, the battery will be obviously impractical to build many bulge testers for high
trickle charged. In fact, scheme III has another potential power experiments. An alternative to the bulge tester is to
advantage. A simple study on Fig. 6 (c) shows that the body develop a representative system with an arbitrary waveform
diodes of the two MOSFETs have actually formed a diode- generator and the necessary interfacing circuits.
diode pair rectifier, i.e., scheme II. If there are no power
supplies for the comparators, then scheme III will be degraded A hardware arbitrary waveform generator representation
into scheme II, and there will still be dc output voltage. This (AWGR) of a generator cell has been developed, as shown in
voltage can then be regulated with on-chip charge pumps to Fig. 12. In addition to demonstrating cascading MPGs, the
drive the comparators, and scheme III will be activated, i.e., AWGR enables research on the PCC without the need for the
the circuit can be self-started. Therefore, it is possible to actual MPG heat engine or bulge tester used to flex the
develop a totally passive PCC with scheme III. piezoelectric membrane. The interface circuit is obtained with
the PZT impedance parameters. The actual waveform of a P3
cell is transferred to the arbitrary function generator AFG310
via GPIB cable. All three rectifier schemes were studied with
the AWGR, and the results are again shown in Fig. 13 for
comparison. Fig. 13 shows that the AWGR test results are
very close to that of the bulge tester. Fig. 14 shows some
waveforms for scheme III for an 80kΩ load. The terminal
voltage and current of the interface circuit can be measured to
calculate the input power of the PCC. Therefore, the rectifier
efficiency can be evaluated. For an 80kΩ resistive load, the
efficiency of scheme I, II, and III is 34%, 57%, and 92%,
respectively. Compared to the bulge tester, the AWGR is
(a) No load PZT output voltage waveform programmable, flexible, more robust, and easier to operate.
Therefore, tests can be performed on the AWGR, rather than
directly on the bulge tester. For example, a P3 engine has been
stacked with the AWGR in series. After the PZT and AWGR
were synchronized, i.e., acquired the same frequency and
phase, their outputs were added up successfully. This
experiment shows the feasibility of cascading many P3 engines
in the future to achieve increased output power.
AWGR
Interface circuit
Regulated
DC Voltage
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scheme I: AWGR scheme II: AWGR scheme III: AWGR
scheme I: PSpice scheme II: PSpice scheme III: PSpice
scheme I: PZT scheme II: PZT scheme III: PZT
20
18
Output Power (micro Watts)
16
14
12
10
0
30 45 52.4 63.2 67.2 70.6 80 85 88.5 92 97 102 110 129 139 154 184 196
Fig. 13. Comparison of PSpice simulation, bulge tester and AWGR test results for the three rectifier schemes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The financial support for this project was provided by the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
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