Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
com
ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3411–3417 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICMPC 2017
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) are utilized effectively for the purpose of storage of thermal energy. It provides certain
advantages such as isothermal storage process and high energy storage density. A large number of phase change materials in a
wide range of temperatures are being researched upon for making them useful and employable in latent heat storage systems for
different purposes. The desirable and undesirable qualities of different types of PCM have been included in the paper to give the
readers an insight into what qualities are required in a PCM to be useful for different practical applications. Various applications
of PCMs in solar air heater and water heater, solar greenhouse, solar cooker, trombe wall and wallboards are discussed and their
uses in refrigeration have also been reported in this paper.
Keywords: Phase Change Material (PCM), Latent Heat Storage, PCM applications, PCM Refrigeration, Greenhouse, Thermal flow;
Temperature fluctuations
1.Introduction
The continuous rise of greenhouse gas emission, fuel prices and limited availability of fossil fuel are driving
potential to utilize various sources of renewable energy. Thermal energy storage (TES) is holding of thermal energy
temporarily in another medium to utilize later. Sensible heat storage and latent heat storage are the main types of
energy storage options. In sensible type of TES systems, temperature of storage medium changes to store energy,
which can be water, soil, rock, brine, etc. In, Latent TES systems, phase change occurs tostore energy; e.g. cold
storage water/ice and by melting paraffin waxes etc. Sensible storage units are generally larger than latent TES
units. More compact TES can be achieved based on storages that use chemical reactions [1].
Nomenclature
m Mass of substance
Csp Specific heat of solid substance at constant pressure
Clp Specific heat of liquid substance at constant pressure
Ti Initial temperature
Tf Final temperature
Δhm Latent heat of material
Q Energy stored
Three steps are involved in TES namely: charging, storing and discharging. Simultaneous occurrence of process
may occur in practical applications (for example charging and storing) and each step may occur more than once in
each storage cycle. Energy demands vary on daily, weekly and seasonal basis. TES systems that operate
synergistically are used to match demands and it deals with the storage of energy by heating, cooling, melting,
vaporizing or solidifying a material and when the process is reversed thermal energy is released and obtained. It is
an important innovation in systems including renewable energies and additionally other energy resources as it can
make their operation more effective, especially by crossing over the period between periods when energy is gathered
and periods when it is required. Thus, TES helps provide balance between the demand and supply of energy [2, 3].
The effectiveness of thermal energy equipment can be improved by TES systems and for facilitating large-scale fuel
commutating. The determination of a TES system for a specific application relies on upon numerous variables,
including storage duration, economics, supply and usage temperature prerequisites, storage capacity, and available
space and heat losses [3]. In this study focus is given to latent thermal energy systems. Phase change material
(PCM) is a type of latent heat storage material which absorb/release heat by undergoing an isothermal or near
isothermal phase transformation from liquid to gas or solid to liquid or vice versa. This change in state is called
phase, through which thermal energy transfer occurs. The solid liquid PCM’s perform more or less like conventional
storage materials, whose temperature changes with the absorption of heat. The main advantage is that rate of heat
absorb and release are nearly constant, unlike the sensible storage materials. The storage capacity of a latent heat
storage system with PCM as a medium is given by:
= [ ( − )+ ∆ℎ + − ]
Five to fourteen times more heat can be stored than sensible heat storage materials (like as water, rock etc) for same
volume such. These materials should exhibit certain desirable chemical, thermodynamic, physical and kinetic
properties to be employed as latent heat storage systems. The deciding factors for the selection of PCM’s are
availability and cost [4].
2.3 Eutectics
A mixture of components formed during crystallization is known as eutectic. Each of the components change phase
and finally make a minimum melting composition. Eutectic components do not separate due to freezing to an
intimate mixture of crystals and therefore the eutectic nearly without segregating always melts and freezes.
3. APPLICATIONS OF PCM
3.1 Solar Water Heater
The solar water heating systems are now widely used because of ease of manufacturing and low maintenance cost.
In water heater, PCM have been filled at base. In day time, water gets heated and ultimately heat is transferred to
PCM, which stores heat by melting. When the sun sets the hot water is replaced by cold water [6]. The cold water
gets energy from PCM by changes its phase to solid again. The system efficiency is low due to poor heat transfer
between them.
3.5 BUILDINGS
Since 1980, for thermal storage PCMs have been considered in buildings. These materials have been implemented at
various places like in Trombe wall, shutters, wallboards, under floor, ceiling boards to use in cooling and heating
applications. In the literature, prototypes of PCM were developed and tested to improve the heat storage capacity.
During daytime heat energy is absorbed in phase change material impregnated in them and then slowly releases the
heat energy overnight [17]. By encapsulating PCMs in concrete, gypsum wallboard, ceiling and floor solar energy
can be stored and human comfort is improved by reducing internal temperature fluctuation and maintaining desired
temperature [18].
It has been proposed that PCMscan be used in partitions, vertical walls, floors, and ceilings for temperature
regulation. Masonry in a trombe wall is replaced by phase change materials. It is very convenient to use it in
building applications. Experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of PCMs used in a trombewall [19,
20]. Phase change units have low density compare to water and hence require less space as compare to water walls
for a specified amount of heat storage. In building applications salt hydrates, hydrocarbons are commonly used.
Overall conductivity was increased by adding metallic additives and thus made it more efficient.
Experiments were conducted using 8.1cm and 40cm wall using calcium chloride hexahydrate having a
melting point of 29oC. The thermal performance was better for 8.1cm wall comaprae to 40 cm thick masonry wall.
Chandra et al. used sodium sulphatedecahydrate (melting point 32oC) in trombe wall [21]. It was also observed that
smaller thickness walls were more thermally efficient storage in comparison to ordinary masonry wall.
PCM copolymer composite wallboard and concluded that ambient temperature was lowered up to 4.2°C. Natural
convection enhanced in the room. There is no thermal stratification in the room [31]. Overheating of lightweight
buildings in summer is faced due to small storage capacity. Incorporation of PCMs these buildings can improve the
thermal comfort. The dynamic simulations using Energy Plus software is presented at four different locations. The
simulation results may give correct choice to incorporation of PCM at various places in the building [32].
3.6 Refrigeration
A refrigerator is a household appliance that comprises a thermally insulated chamber, and a heat pump in
which heat is exchanged from within the compartment to its outer surroundings to maintain the objects placed in
chamber at lower temperature that the surroundings. Power requirement for domestic refrigerators are high because
of their constant operation [33].A change in design of refrigerator can reduce the power consumption and energy can
be saved. Usually, energy consumption of household refrigerator depends upon its compressor efficiency, ambient
temperature, thermal load, door openings, temperature in compartment, and refrigerant type. Researchers have
reported the use of PCMs at various locations in refrigeration systems. PCMs have been used in chilled food
cabinets [34], mobile transport [35], space cooling [36] and ice-cream warehouse [37].
In conventional system heat is usually released from evaporator to air but using a Phase Change Material
surrounding the evaporator coil work as a solid or liquid medium to release the heat. PCM is touched with the
evaporator coil and the refrigerant will extract the stored heat energy of PCM through conduction method when
compressor is in working mode. The conduction transfer is considerably faster than the natural convection heat
transfer. In the conventional re frigerator the cabinet heat is extracted by the refrigerant through natural convection.
So the heat transfer performance will be improved by PCM. A mathematical model of parallel plate’s field with a
phase change material that from the flow of warm moist air absorbs heat was developed and validated. So it will
decrease the per month energy consumption by a refrigerator [38].
4. CONCLUSION
This study is focused on the application of phase change materials with different thermal energy storage
arrangements. The heat storage applications are used in various parts like solar water-heating systems, solar air
heating systems, solar cooking, solar green house, space heating and cooling application for buildings and
refrigeration. From energy usage point of view, these technologies are very advantageous to human beings. The
present research and trends are being focused in this paper. This paper provides insight and future scope as to which
properties are desirable for PCMs to become viable source for application in various areas
References
[1] Abedin A.H., A. Marc, A Rosen, The Open Renewable Energy Journal, 4 (2011) 42-46.
[2] Pavlov G., B.W. Olesen, 12th ROOMVENT Conference - Trondheim (NO), 19-22 Jun, 2011, Paper No 283.
[3] Dincer I., M. Rosen, Wiley publication, Second edition, 2011.
[4] Garg H.P., S.C. Mullick, A.K. Bhargava, Dordrecht, Holland, D Reidel Publishing Company, 1985.
[5] Hale D.V., M.J. Hoover, M.J. O’Neill, Alabama, September 1971.
[6] Prakash J., H.P. Garg, G. Datta, Energy Conv. and Mgmt., 25 (1985) 51-56.
[7] Domanski. et al. Fuel and Energy Abstract, 36(1995): 348.
[8] Buddhi D., L.K. Sahoo, Energy Conv. and Mgmt., 38(1997), 493–498.
[9] Sharma S.D., D. Buddhi, R.L. Sawhney, A. Sharma, Energy Conv. and Mgmt., 41(2000) 1497–1508.
[10] Morrison D.J., Abdel Khalik SI, Solar Energy, 20(1978) 57–67.
[11] Enibe S.O., Renew. Energy, 27(2002) 69–86.
[12] Zhou G., Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, K. Lin, H. Di, Appl. Energy 84(2007) 1068–77. (SSPCM)
[13] Kern M., Aldrich R.A., ASME paper no. 79-4028. Am Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI; 1979
[14] Boulard T., E. Razafinjohany, A. Baille, A. Jaffrin, B. Fabre, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 52(1990) 303-318.
[15] Benli H., A.Durmuş, , Solar Energy, 83(2009) 2109-2119.
[16] Najjar A., A. Hasan, Energy Conv. and Mgmt., 49(2008) 3338-3342.
[17] Zhou D., C. Y. Zhao, Y. Tian,Applied Energy92 (2012) 593–605.
[18] Khudhair A. M., M. M. Farid, Energy Conv. and Mgmt, 45(2004) 263-275.
[19] Swet J., Proceed. of the 5th national passive solar conf., Massachusetts, Amhearst, (1980), 282–286.
[20] Ghoneim A.A., S.A. Klein, J.A. Duffie, Solar Energy 47(1991) 237–242.
Gopal Nandan et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 3411–3417 3417
[21] Chandra S., R. Kumar, S.Kaushik, S.Kaul, Energy Convers Mgmt. 25(1985) 15–20.
[22] Kuznik F., J. Virgone, J. Noel, App. Ther. Engg., 28(2008) 1291-1298.
[23] Kuznik F., J. Virgone, Ener. and Build., 41(2009) 561-570.
[24] Feldman D, M.A. Khan, D. Banu, Solar Energy Mater, 18(1989) 333–341.
[25] Feldman D, M Shapiro, D Banu, C. J. Fuks, Solar Energy Mater., 18(1989) 201–216.
[26] Feldman D, D Banu, D Hawes, E Ghanbari, Solar Energy Mater., 22 (1991) 231–242.
[27] Hawes D.W., D. Feldman, D.Banu, Energy Building, 20(1993) 77–86.
[28] Neeper D. A., Solar Energy, 68(2000), 393–403.
[29] Schossig P., H. M. Henning, S.Gschwander, T Haussmann, , Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells, 89(2005) 297–306.
[30] Kuznik F., J. Virgone, J. Roux, Energy and Buildings, 40(2008) 148-156.
[31] Kuznik F., J.Virgone, App. Energy, 86(2009) 2038-2046.
[32] Evola G., L. Marletta, Energy Procedia, 62(2014) 13-21.
[33] Marques C., G. Davies, G.Maidment, J. A. Evans, 9th International Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning, 2010
[34] Lu W. , S. A. Tassou, Applied Energy, 112 (2013), 1376-1382.
[35] Liu M, W. Saman, F. Bruno, Applied Energy, 132 (2014) 226-235.
[36] Zhao D and Tan G, Energy, 68(2014) 658-666.
[37] Leducq D, F. T. Ndoye, G. Alvarez, Int. Jour. of Ref., 52(2015) 133-139.
[38] Simard A.P.,M.Lacroix, Energy conversion and Management, 44(2003) 1605-1624.