Civi454 Chap6 2019

Instructor: Dr.
Lucia Tirca
CIVI 454 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Source: www.tourcanada.com
Source: www.torontoist.com/2007 Source: www.wikipedia.org
PEI’s Confederation Bridge, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto Space Frame Structure
12.9Km, 62 piers, 11m wide, 1997
Imperial War Museum, England
Course Instructor:
Lucia Tirca, PhD., ing. (OIQ)
Department of Building, Civil, &
Environmental Engineering
Concordia University
Lucia.Tirca@concordia.ca
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto Source: http://classes.uleth.ca/
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures 1
CIVI 454
OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Loads on Structures (NBCC 2015)
3. Wind Load Calculation for Low-rise and High-rise Buildings
4. Structural Irregularities and Equivalent Static Force Procedure
5. Roof and Floor Systems
6. Gravity Columns
7. Methods of Frame Analysis and P-Δ Effect
8. Seismic Design: Concentrically Braced Frames
9. Seismic Design: Eccentrically Braced Frames
10. Seismic Design: Moment Resisting Frames
11. Introduction to Steel-Bridge Design
1
Instructor: Dr. Lucia Tirca
Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)
CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns
6.1 Tributary area for columns

6.2 Gravity columns: calculation of axial force design
6.3 Gravity columns design: standard requirements
6.4 Example of using the Handbook’s tables for gravity column design
6.5 Design example: Gravity column
6.6 Crane columns: Design example
6.7 Base Plate design for Gravity columns
6.8 Base Plate design for columns subject to axial force and bending
6.9 Appendix: Clause 13.8.2 of S16-2014
3
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures

6.1 Tributary area for columns
Column C1
Tributary area for C1 is:
b1 At=(l1/2+l2/2)x(b1/2+b2/2)
If l1=8m; l2=6m,
b1=6m, b2=4m
b2 At =7x5=35m2
4
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source NBCC 2010 Structural Commentaries)
2
6. Gravity Columns
CIVI 454
6.1 Tributary area for columns (continued)
Commentary F (continued)
10
5

6.2 Gravity columns: Calculation of axial force
4.1.5.9.
NBCC
6
Design of Steel Structures
Winter 2019 (Source NBCC 2015)
3

6.2 Gravity columns: Calculation of axial force (cont.)
Let consider the interior steel column C1 with At=35m2 (see slide 4),
belonging to a 8-storey building. Roof
DL roof = 2.2 kPa SL(snow)=2.4 kPa 8

Scenario 1
DL storey typ = 4.8 kPa, LLroof = 1.0kPa
7
LL – live load
hotel
Cf = FL (Factored load): 1.25DL+1.5LL+1.0SL 6
LL=1.9kPa
f – reduction factor 5
f = 0.3+(9.8/B)0.5 for At > 20m2
4
Occupancy
3
0 – snow 1 - hotel Office
2 - office 3 – LL roof LL=2.4kPa 2
Assembly
4-assembly area GF
area
LL=fΣ(At)wL where wL = 1.9 kPa or 2.4 kPa LL=4.8kPa
7

6.2 Gravity columns: Calculation of axial force (cont.) C =1.25D +1.5L+1S
f
Column C1(the self-weight of the column must be added) Scenario 1
At DL LL SL Occ. DL DL cu- f Cum LL cumulative [kN] Total Total
m2 kPa kPa kPa type at mulati ulati LL Cf
floor ve ve SL (1) (2);(3) cumula cumula
[kN] [kN] At (0) tive tive
[m2] [kN] [kN]
R 35 2.2 1.0 2.4 3 77 77 1.00 35 84 35 35 232.8
8 35 4.8 1.9 1 168 245 .829 35 84 55.1 35 90.1 524.4
7 35 4.8 1.9 1 168 413 .674 70 84 89.6 35 124.6 787.1
6 35 4.8 1.9 1 168 581 .606 105 84 121 35 156 1044.3
5 35 4.8 1.9 1 168 749 .565 140 84 150.3 35 185.3 1298.2
4 35 4.8 1.9 1 168 917 .537 175 84 178.6 35 213.6 1550.7
3 35 4.8 2.4 2 168 1085 .829 35 84 178.6 69.6 283.2 1865.1
+35
2 35 4.8 2.4 2 168 1253 .674 70 84 178.6 113 326.6 2140.2
+35
GF 4
f=0.3 +(9.8/B)0.5 8
4

Let consider the interior column C1 with At=35m2 (see slide 4),
and the fact that this column belongs to a 8-storey building. Roof
DL roof = 2.2 kPa SL(snow)=2.4 kPa Scenario 2 8

DL storey typ = 4.8 kPa; LLroof = 1.0kPa hotel
7
LL – live load LL=1.9kPa
6
Cf = FL (Factored load): 1.25DL+1.5LL
Assembly
f – reduction factor 5
area
f= 0.3+(9.8/B)0.5 for B = At > 20 m2 LL=4.8kPa 4
f= 0.5+(20/A)0.5 for A = At > 80m2 and L ≥ 4.8kPa
3
hotel
Occupancy
LL=1.9kPa 2
0 - snow 1 - hotel
2 - assembly area 3 – roof life Commercial GF
-4-commercial LL=4.8kPa
CIVI 454
6. Gravity Columns
Column C1(the self-weight of the column must be added) Scenario 2
At DL LL SL Occ DL at DL f Cum Total Total Cf

typ floor cum ulati LL cumulative [kN] LL cumulat
m2 kPa kPa kPa
e [kN] ulati ve At (0) (1) (2); cumula ive [kN]
ve [m2] tive
(3) [kN]
[kN]
R 35 2.2 1.0 2.4 0 77 77 1.00 35 84 35 35 232.8
8 35 4.8 1.9 1 168 245 .829 35 84 55.1 35 90.1 525.4
7 35 4.8 1.9 1 168 413 .674 70 84 89.6 35 124.6 787.2
6 35 4.8 1.9 1 168 581 .606 105 84 121 35 156 1044.3
5 35 4.8 4.8 2 168 749 1.0 35 84 121 168 324 1506.3
+35
4 35 4.8 4.8 2 168 917 1.0 70 84 121 336 492 1968.3
+35
3 35 4.8 4.8 2 168 1085 .936 105 84 121 472 628 2382.3
+35
Winter 2019
2 35 4.8 1.9 1 168 1253 .564 140 84 150 472 657 2635.8
+35
GF 3
Design of Steel Structures 10
5

Clause 11: Width to Thickness ratios; Elements in Compression according to S16-14
Clause 11.1: Classification of Sections
Maximum width-to-thickness ratios of elements subject to compression
11
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16 -14)

Clause 11: Width-to-Thickness ratios; Elements in Compression according to S16-14

Clause 11.2: Maximum width-to-thickness ratios of elements subject to compression
The maximum width-to-thickness ratios of elements subject to axial
compression shall be as specified in Table 1 (see slide 13)
The maximum width-to-thickness ratios of elements subject to flexural

compression shall be as specified in Table 2 .
Table 2 given in page 2-24 of Commentary of CSA/S16-2014 is provided in

slides 14-16.
12
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16 -09)
6
6. Gravity Columns
CIVI 454
(Class 3)
250
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16 -14, page 161) 13

Clause 11:
Width-to-thickness ratios;
Elements in Compression
according to S16-14
Winter 2019
Design of Steel Structures (Source S16 -14, page 1-162) 14
7

Max. Width-to-thickness ratios of Elements subject to Compression
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16.-14 and Handbook of Steel Constr, page 2-24) 15

Max. Width-to Thickness Ratios of Elements Subject to Compression (continued)
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Winter 2019
Design of Steel Structures (Source S16.-14 Handbook of Steel Constr, page 2-24) 16
8

Max. Width-to Thickness Ratios of Elements Subject to Flexural Compression (continued)
In this Fig, the requirements for

webs in compression ranging
from compression due to pure
bending to that due to pure
compression are plotted.
Because all of the web is in
compression for columns and
only one-half for beams, the
depth-to-thickness limits vary 670 pure
compression
as a function of the amount of
axial load.
(Cy is the axial compressive

load at yield stress; Cy = AFy).
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16.-09and Handbook of Steel Constr, page 2-26) 17
6. Gravity Columns
CIVI 454
Column resistance according to S16-14, Clause 13.3.1
of Doubly Symmetric Shapes
Table 1 shall be taken:

x
, ASTM 500.
For members in compression the slenderness ratio, kL/r shall not exceed 200
(see Clause 10.4.2)
18
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16. - 14)
9

Column resistance according to S16-14, Clause 13.3.5
Table 1 is in slide 13.
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16-14)

19

6.4 Example of using the Handbook’s tables for gravity column design
Select W-shape cross-section at the GF level, for column member C1, loaded in
compression as per scenario 1. In this case: Pf = 2140 kN and hGF = 4.0 m.
Consider: W 250x80
kL FY 350
bflange =255mm, tflange =15.6 mm    4000 / 65 2  0.819
r  E2
 200000
d=depth =256mm, tweb =9.4 mm
Cr = ΦAFy(1+λ2n)-1/n= 0.9(10200)350(1+0.8192.68)-1/1.34=2276kN > Cf=2140 kN OK
The factored axial compression resistance of the W250x80 column may also
be obtained from tables where ‘’Factored Axial Compressive resistances, Cr ” is
provided in the Handbook of Steel Constr., page 4-39).
Hence, for hGF= 4000 mm, it results Cr = 2260 kN.
Check class of section for axial Compression for W250x80 (see Table 1 slide 13
or in the Handbook Table 4-2 pages 4-6):
Flange of W-shape b0/t < 200/(Fy)0.5 ; Hence b0/t=(255/2)/15.6=8.17 < 10.69 OK;
Web of W-shape h/w < 670/(Fy)0.5; h/w = (256-2x15.6)/9.4=23.9 <35.8 O.K.
The cross-section shape selected for gravity columns must be at least Class 3.
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16-09 and Handbook of Steel Constr, ) 20
10

6.5 Design Example: Gravity column Cf = 500kN
Column as shown is eccentrically loaded with 500 kN.
Check if the proposed cross-section HSS 305x203x13,
made of G40.20- 350W (Fy=350MPa), class C responds 206.5mm
to the ULS (strength) criterion.
4000
HSS 305x203x9.5
Cf = 500kN
A =9090mm2
Zx =926x103mm3
rx =113mm
HSS 305x203x9.5
ry= 82.7mm
t=9.5mm
4000
Ix=116X106mm4
(According to Beaulieu et al.,
Iy = 62.1x106mm4
Calcul des charpante d’acier,
pp 473-477)
x
Column-beam connection y y 21

6.5 Design example: Gravity column (cont.)
Solution: (see S16-2014 Clauses in slides 48-52)
A. Class of section (see 11.3.2 (b) CSA-S16-14) or Local Buckling Consideration
Width-to-thickness ratio for HSS 305x203x9.5:
Flanges: b0/t=(b-4t)/t = (203-4x9.5)/9.5 = 17.37 < 420/(Fy)-0.5=420/(350)-0.5=22.44 OK
Class 1 (see Table 2 slide 14)
Web (compression): h/w = (d-4t)/t = (305-4x9.5)/9.5 =28.1~525/(Fy)-0.5 Class 2
Web for flexural compression: h/w ≤ [1100/(Fy)0.5](1-0.39Cf/Cy) (see slide 14)
Herein: Cf=500kN; Cy = AFy = 9090 x 350x10-3= 3182kN;
h/w =28.1 ≤ [1100/(Fy)-0.5][1.0 – 0.39Cf/(ΦCy)]=[1100/(350)-0.5][(1-0.39x500/
(0.9 x 3182)] = 54.8 O.K. Class 1 (see maximum width-to-thickness ratios for
elements in flexural compression , Table 4-2, page 4-6, Handbook).
B. Member in flexural compression (All classes of sections except Class 1 and
Class 2 sections of I-shaped members) a) Cross-sectional strength:
Winter 2019
C f U 1 X M fx Cr = ΦAFy(1+λ2n)-1/n; (see Clause 13.3 with λ=0)

 1
Cr M rx Cr = 0.9x9090x350x10-3=2863kN
Design of Steel Structures (According to Beaulieu et al., Calcul des charpante d’acier, pp 473-477) 22
11
CIVI 454
6. Gravity Columns
6.5 Design Example: Gravity column (cont.)
B. a) Cross-sectional strength (cont.)
Cr = 2863 kN (for λ=0); Mfx=500x0.2065=103 kNm.

Mrx = ΦMpx =ΦZxFy= 0.9x926x103x350= 292 kNm
U1x = 1x/(1 –Cf/Cex)
Ce x =(π2EI)/(L)2= (π2x 200000x116x106)/80002=3578 kN (Euler buckling strength)
1x = 0.6-0.4k ≥0.4 (members not subjected to transverse loads between supports)
k = Mf1/Mf2 = 0/103=0 → 1x = 0.6
U1x = 1x/(1 –Cf/Cex)= 0.6/(1-500/3578)= 0.7, but not less that 1.0 (13.8.2 (a))
(500/2863) +(1.0x103/292) = 0.53<1 O.K.
B. b). Overall member strength – In plan stability (strong axis bending):
(10.3.2) Failure mode involving bending in plane:

Cf U 1x M fx
 1
Winter 2019
The effective length shall be taken as the actual length

C rx M rx
(k=1) for beam-column that will fail by in-plane bending.
Design of Steel Structures (According to Beaulieu et al., Calcul des charpante d’acier, pp 473-477) 23

Cf U 1x M fx
 1 kL FY 350
C rx M rx x   1x70.8 2  0.943
rx  E
2
 200000
[Lx/rx =8000/113=70.8]
Crx = ΦAFy(1+λ2n)-1/n,
Crx = 0.9x9090x350x10-3(1+0.943(2x1.34))-(1/1.34)=1806 kN (strong axis due to the
uniaxial strong-axis bending))
Cr calculation based on Tables given in Handbook (see page 4-43).
Because in these tables Cr is calculated by considering the failure mode after
the week axe, the following procedure should by applied:
Ly = Lx/(rx/ry)=8000/(113/82.7)=5855 mm. From Table →Cr= 1811 kN.
Mfx = 103 kN; Mrx = 292 kN & U1x = 0.7 (see slide 23; for members in braced frames)
Therefore: 500/1806 +0.7x 103/292 = 0.53 < 1 O.K.
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (According to Beaulieu et al., Calcul des
charpante d’acier, pp 473-477) 24
12

B. c): Check Out-of plan stability or lateral torsional buckling strength
Cf U 1x M fx
 1
C ry M rx
Based on the week axe Ly = 4000mm; Ly/ry = 4000/82.7=48.37
From table page 4-43, Cry = 2340 kN.
From calculation: kL FY 350
x   1x 48.37  0.644
rx  E
2
 200000
2
Crx = 0.9x9090x350x10-3(1+0.644(2x1.34))-(1/1.34)=2344kN (week axis)

Because this compressive strength is higher than that obtained in the previous
case (Crx = 1806kN), this case is not critical.
U1x is defined in Clause 13.8.4 but is not less than 1 for members in braced frames
Therefore: 500/2344 +1.0x 103/292 = 0.57 < 1 O.K.
(According to Beaulieu et al., Calcul des 25

Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures charpante d’acier, pp 473-477)

6.6 Crane Columns: Design Example
Vertical and horizontal loads

are applied due to the passage
of a crane
bracket Crain girder
26
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source: Kulak, Grondin, 2010, pp270)
13

6.6 Crane Columns: Design Example
Two segments: Crane column supports a load

from the roofing system of
180 kN and a vertical and
horizontal loads of 220 kN and
22 kN, due to the passage of the
crane. Column is fixed at its
base and simply supported at
the top.
1) Check the W250x73 member
of G40.21 350W steel for the
showed moment and forces.

(Source: Kulak, Grondin, 2010, pp270) 27
CIVI 454
6. Gravity Columns
6.6 Crane Columns: Design Example (cont.)
Solution: The properties of W250x73 are: d = 253 mm; t = 14.2 mm; b=254 mm;
w=8.6 mm; A=9280 mm2; Ix=113X106 mm4; rx=110 mm; ry =64.6 mm
1. A Class of section (see 11.3.2 CSA-S16-14) or Local Buckling Consideration
Width-to-thickness ratio: Flanges  b0/t=(b/2)/t = (254/2)/14.2 = 8.9 < 170/(Fy)-0.5 
flanges Class 2 section [170/(Fy)-0.5=170/(350)-0.5=9.1] O.K (see slide 15)
Web in compression  h/w = (d-2t)/w = (253-2x14.2)/8.6 =26.1 <670/(Fy)-0.5 OK
Web in flexural compression for Class 1: h/w ≤ [1100/(Fy)-0.5][1.0 – 0.39Cf/(ΦCy)]
(see slide 15) Herein: Cf = 400 kN; Cy = AFy = 9280 x 350 x 10-3= 3248 kN and
h/w = 26.1 which is < [1100/(350)-0.5][(1-0.39x400/ (0.9 x 3248)] = 55.6  web Class 1
(see maximum width-to-thickness ratios for elements in flexural compression ,
Table 4-2, page 4-6, Handbook).
A member to be qualified in a Class 1 has to have both the flange and the web that
meet the Class 1 limits, otherwise is Class 2.
Therefore the section meets the local buckling requirement for a Class 2 beam-column.
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source: Kulak, Grondin, 2010, pp271) 28
14

1.B. Member in flexural compression –( Class 1 and Class 2 of I-shaped members)
B. a) Cross-sectional strength C f 0.85U 1x M fx 1
  1 and U 1x   C f 
where Cr M rx 1   
 Ce 
ω1 =0.85 (Clause 13.8.5(c) for members subjected to a concentrated load or
moments between supports)
In this case the bending occurs after the strong axis. The bracket on which the
crane girder rests does not provide support against buckling in the plane of
the applied moments (strong axis).
Ce =(π2EI)/(L)2= (π2x 200000x113x106)/120002=1550kN
U1x = 0.85/[1-(400/1550)]=1.15 (and not less than 1.0);

Cr = ΦAFy = 0.9x9280x350=2920kN (with λ =0);
Mrx=ΦZxFy = 0.9x985x103x350=310kNm
The interaction eq. is: 400/2920 +0.85x1.15x106.7/310 = 0.48<1 OK
(therefore the cross-section strength is satisfactory)
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source: Kulak, Grondin, 2010, pp271) 29

B. b) Overall in-plane member strength check:
For this verification the entire member length is used to determine the slenderness
ratio when checking each segment.
KL/rx= (1.0x12000)/110=109 (for uniaxial strong-axis bending)
-slenderness factor is: kL FY 350
x   109  1.45
rx  E
2
 200000
2
Cr = Crx = ΦAFy(1+λ2n)-1/n,
Crx = 0.9x9280x350x10-3(1+1.45(2x1.34))-1/1.34 = 1100 kN
U1x are defined in Clause 13.8.4 for members in braced frames.
U1x = 1.15 (see slide 25)
Cf 0.85U1x M fx 400 0.85 x1.15 x107 → 0.7<1 O.K.
 1  1
Cr M rx 1100 310
→ section is adequate for overall in-plane member strength.
(Source: Kulak, Grondin, 2010, pp272) 30

15

B. c) Lateral-torsional buckling strength check:
For this verification the crane column is considered braced from out-of-plane
buckling at both ends of the member and at the location of the applied crane loads.
(Crane girder does not provide restraint to the column in the plan of bending, it
provide restraint only in out-of-plane direction.)
KL/ry= (1.0x8000)/64.6=124 (week axis) kL FY 350
y   124  1.65
-slenderness factor is: ry  E
2
 200000
2
Cr = ΦAFy(1+λ2n)-1/n (Cr computed on the week axis)

Cr = 0.9x9280x350x10-3(1+1.652x1.34)-1/1.34 = 903 kN
For calculating Mr , we have to consider that the member is not subject to
uniform moment throughout the length of the beam between braced points.
The lower segment of the crane column is subject to unequal end moments:
106.7 kNm and 75.8 kNm. In this regard, we propose the coefficient ω2 (the moment
Winter 2019
modifier) to take into account the moment variation. (ω2 =1 when the load is applied
between two supports (see figure)).
Design of Steel Structures (Source: Kulak, Grondin, 2010, pp273) 31

6. Gravity Columns
CIVI 454
B. c) Lateral-torsional buckling strength check (continued)
w2 depends on the loading conditions, conditions of the lateral support, and
moment gradient. The expression for ω2 used in S16-14 Clause 13.6 is:
Where the bending moment distribution

within the unbraced segment is linear:
ω2=1.75+1.05k+0.3k2 ≤2.5 (only for
Mf1 ≤ Mf2 moments applied at member ends)
k=Mf1/Mf2; where k is the ratio of the

smaller factored moment to the larger
factored moment at opposite ends of the
unbraced length (positive for double
curvature and negative for single curvature)
k=75.8/107=0.708
Winter 2019
ω2=1.75+1.05x0.708+0.3x0.7082 ≤ 2.5
ω2=2.64 > 2.5 →set it ω2=2.5 32
Design of Steel Structures (According to Beaulieu et al., Calcul des charpante d’acier, pp 473-477)
16

1. B. c) Lateral-torsional buckling strength check (continued)
(13.6) of S16-2014, for bending laterally unsupported members gives:

-for doubly symmetric Class 1 and 2 sections, except closed square and
circular sections, when Mu > 0.67Mp , Mr and Mu are given by the following
equations:
 0.28M p 
M r  1.15M p 1    M p G=77000MPa, shear modulus of steel ;
 Mu  J- St. Venant torsion constant;
for W250x73→ J=575x103 mm4
 2  E 
2
Mu  EI y GJ    I y C Cw – warping torsional constant (mm6);

L  L  for W250x73→ Cω=553x109mm6
for W250x73→ Iy = 38.8x106mm4
33
6. Gravity Columns
CIVI 454
1. B. c) Lateral-torsional buckling strength check (continued)
EIyGJ = 200000 MPa x 38.8x106 mm4 x 77000 MPa x 575x103mm4 =

3436x1020 MPa2mm8 (Eq. 1)
(πE/L)2 IyCω= (π 200000 MPa/ 8000 mm)2 x 38.8x106 mm4 x 553x109 mm6 =
1324x1020 MPa2mm8 (Eq. 2)
Eq.1 + Eq.2 = 4760x1020 MPa2mm8 and 4760 x10 20  69 x1010 MPa mm4
Mu = (ω2π/L) 69x1010 = (2.5π/8000)69x1010 = 677x106 MPamm3 = 677 kNm
Mp= ZxFy=985x103mm3 x350MPa = 345 kNm→ 0.67Mp=231 kNm and Mu > 0.67Mp
When Mu > 0.67Mp, then Mr is calculated with the following Eq:
 0.28M p 
M r  1.15M p 1    M p
 Mu 
34
(Source: Kulak, Grondin, 2010, pp273)
17

B. c) Lateral-torsional buckling strength check (continued)
Therefore: Mr = 1.15x0.9x 345[1-(0.28x345/677)] = 306kNm and not greater than

Φ Mp (e.g., Mr< 0.9x345=310 kNm)
Thus the factored moment resistance for the member is governed by lateral -
torsional buckling and Mr=306kNm.
The interaction expression of Class 2, W-shaped member is evaluated:
Cf 0.85U 1x M fx
 1
Cr x M rx
400 0.85 x1.15 x107
 1 → 0.78<1 O.K.
903 306
Since the interaction values for cross-sectional, overall member, and lateral-
torsional member strength are all less than 1, the W250x73 is adequate.
35

6.7 Base Plate Design for Gravity columns
Column member section, C1, scenario 1 for Cf = 2140kN (see slide 6).
For base plates subjected to vertical gravity loads only, the following
assumptions and design method are recommended:
1. The factored gravity load is assumed uniformly distributed over the base
plates within a rectangle of 0.95d x 0.8b (see diagram).
2. The base plate exerts a uniform pressure over the footing.
3. The base plate projecting beyond the area of 0.95d x 0.8b acts as a
cantilever subjected to the uniform bearing pressure.
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16 -14 and Handbook of Steel Constr, ) 36
18

Base plate for the column C1, scenario 1 for Cf=2140kN. (see part 25 of S16-14)
d
C
1. Determine the required area of plate A = Cf/Br

where Br is the factored bearing resistance/ unit of bearing area and
Br = 0.85Φcf’c
(where Φc = 0.65 in bearing for concrete)
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16.1-14 and Handbook of Steel Constr, pp 4-153) 37

Base plate for the column C1, scenario 1 for Cf=2140kN (continued).
2 Determine B and C the dimensions of base plate in such a way that the
dimensions “m” and “n” to be approximately equal.
3 Solve for the base plate thickness, tp.
In order to minimize deflection of the base plate, tp should be not less than
(m/5) or (n/5.)
For columns carrying vertical gravity loads only, this connection is required
only to hold the parts in line. In order to facilitate safety erection 4 anchor
bolts are recommended.
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source Handbook of Steel Constr, page 4-153) 38
19

Base plate for the column C1, scenario 1, that has Cf = 2140kN (continued).
Column: W250x80 is supported by a concrete foundation with f’c = 20MPa.
Design the base plate assuming fy = 300MPa steel.
Aplate required = Cf/Br = 2140x103/(0.85 x 0.65 x 20) = 193665 mm2
Try B = C = 445mm; Aplate = 198025 mm2 > Aplate required OK
Determine “m” and “n”. Note: for tp<65mm; Fy = 300MPa
0.95d = 0.95x256 = 244 mm tp>65mm Fy =280MPa
Therefore m = (445-244)/2=100.5 mm therefore, m = 100.5 mm
0.80b = 0.8x 255 = 204 mm
Therefore n = (445-204)/2=120.5 mm therefore, n = 120.5 mm
Use n for choosing tp. tp = [(2x2140x103x120.52)/(445x445x0.9x300)]0.5 = 34 mm
n/5 = 24.1 mm < 34 mm. Use tp = 34 mm.
Therefore use PL 34 x 445 x 445 for base plate (check available plate thickness)
39
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source Handbook of Steel Constr, page 4-153)

450
255
Base
W-350x80 4-M22
Bolt diameter
40 mm & 64mm or 20M
washer
256
500
(See next slide)

350
Min. bolt to
edge distance
340
Therefore use base plate 34x450x500
Winter 2019 40
Design of Steel Structures (Source Handbook of Steel Constr 2014, page 1-93)
20

6. Gravity Columns
CIVI 454
Anchor rods
According to CSA S16-14 Clause 25.2 at least

4 anchor rods are required.
Suggested max. anchor rod hole sizes and min. washer sizes for gravity columns
Anchor rod Max. hole Minimum washer Minimum washer
diameter [in] diameter [mm] size [mm] thickness [mm]
3/4 33 51 6.4
7/8 40 64 7.9
1 46 76 9.5
1-1/4 52 76 12.7
1-1/2 59 89 12.7
Winter 2019
1-3/4 70 102 15.9

2 83 127 19.1
(Source Handbook of Steel Constr, page 4-158) 41
Design of Steel Structures

Clause 25.1: Loads:
Suitable provision shall be made to
transfer factored axial loads, including
uplift, shears, and moments to footings W-shape
and foundations. column
Clause 25.2 Minimum number of

anchor rods:
Columns shall be fitted with at least 4 rod
anchor rods. (S16-2014)
nut
washer
Base plate
Grout 25mm
(Source Roger Colin, 2004)
Winter 2019 42
Design of Steel Structures (Source Handbook of Steel Constr 2014, page 1-93)
21

Base plate design for Crane columns (see application given on slide 27)
Mf = 78.5kNm; Cf=400kN; W250x73 column cross-section with d = 253mm;
t = 14.2mm; b=254mm; w=8.6mm; for the concrete foundation, f’c=20MPa.
e = Mf/Cf=78.5/400=0.2m= 200mm. For showing different calculations we consider
the cases with e=100mm and e=225mm.
Anchor rod
is required
(C/2-e) (C/2-e)
C
Small eccentricity Moderate ecc. Large eccentricity
e ≤ C/6 C/6 < e <C/2 e >C/2

43
(Source: Kulak, Grondin, 2010, pp337)

Base plate design for Crane Columns (cont.)
1). Consider the eccentricity e = 100mm; It must
assume a dimension for either C or B to start
calculation. By setting f1 = 0.85Φcf’c we can
approximate C or B. We must also check if the
base plate dimensions are larger than the size b x
h of W profile. For C=400mm→C/6<e<C/2=200mm
e=100mm
(moderate eccentricity)
a/3 +e = C/2→ a=3(C/2-e) = 3(400/2-100)=300mm
For equilibrium: ΣF=0 →f1Ba/2 = Cf→f1= 2Cf/(Ba) or
f1=2Cf/[3B(C/2-e)]
m=[400-(0.95x253)]/2=80 mm
f2+f3 = 0.85(0.65)20=11.05 MPa (see next slide)
(f2+f3)/a = f2/(a-m) similar triangles
11.05/300 = f2/(300-80)→f2=8.1MPa C=400mm
44
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (According to C. Rogers, Course notes, 2004)
22

Base plate design for Crane columns (cont.)

(Mf is the moment about point 0) =80mm
Mf=[8.1x80x(80/2)x350 +(11.05-8.1) (80/2)x O

tp
(1/3)80x350)]x10-6 =10.17 kNm
f1
Mr= 0.9(300)350tp2/4 = 23625 tp2
8.1 MPa
11.05
(where fy =300MPA)
Equating Mf = Mr;
C=400mm
10.17x106=23625tp2→ tp= 21mm
Choose the plate thickness, tp= 22mm
(see Table for plates dimensions)
Deflection: t p ≥ m/5 = 80/5 =16mm OK
45
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (According to C. Rogers, Course notes, 2004)
CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns C=450mm

6.8 Base Plate design for columns subject to
axial force and bending
Base plate design for Crane Columns (cont.)
B=420mm
2). Consider e = 225mm; For C=450mm

→e=C/2=225mm (large eccentricity)
Anchor rods is now required.
At equilibrium:ΣF=0→Cf+T =[(f1x a)/2]B
ΣM =0; Cf(td+e)-[f1xa)/2]Bx(C/2+td-a/3)=0 and e=225mm
td = 450/2-45= 180mm
T=ΦbAnFu where Φb=0.67 53.5 C/2
f1 = 0.85x0.65x20 = 11.05 MPa 45
ΣM =0→ 400(180+225)-[(11.05x10-3a)/2]x 420x Tf
(225 +180-a/3)=0 td f1=11.05
162000-2.142a(405-0.333a) = 0
0.71a2 – 867.5a +162000 = 0→ a = 230mm C=450mm
ΣF=0 →T=(f1a/2)B-Cf= (11.05x10-3 x 230/2)420-

400 = 493-400=93kN; T = 93kN
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (According to C. Rogers, Course notes, 2004) 46
23

53.5+7.1=60.6mm
Base plate design for Crane columns (cont.) 53.5 14.2/2
T=93kN. Select anchor rod size.

Try D = 22mm; (see Table 3-4 pp 3-8 Handbook
of Steel Constr.) Tr=189kN (A325M)
=2(60.6)
Determine moment and shear on plate caused
=121.2
by anchor rod:
Mf = T(d)=93(53.5+14.2/2) =5630kNmm
Vf=93kN
Mr = 0.9(300)121.2t2/4x10-3=8.18t2 (Mr = 0.9FyZ) 14.2
Mr >Mf →t>(5630/8.18)0.5→ t ≥ 26.2mm
Combine moment and shear eq.
Mf/Mr +Vf/Vr ≤1
5630/(8.18t2) +93x103/[(0.9(0.66)300(121.2t)]=1
688/t2 +4.3/t = 1; t2-4.3t-688=0→t=26mm
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (According to C. Rogers, Course notes, 2004) 47

Base plate for column where e ≤ C/6

Assume uniform bearing stress on an
reduced area = B(C-2e)
- Determine the required area of plate;

- Find the uniform bearing stress on
reduced area;
- Calculate cantilever lengths “m” and “n”;
- Use larger length to calculate Mf;
- Calculate base plate thickness by
equating Mf=Mr;
- Check deflection (t ≥ m/5; t ≥ n/5).
48
24
6. Gravity Columns
CIVI 454
6.9 Appendix: S16-2014
The frame is considered braced if it is five

times as stiff as the same frame having
moment resisting connections instead of
bracing (page 2-38 S16).
Cr shall be based on the axis of bending (see Clause 10.3.2).

49
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16-2014, pp 1-40)

50
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16-2014, pp 1-40)
25

51

52
26

k = ratio of the smaller factored moment to the larger factored moment

at opposite ends of the member length (positive for double curvature
and negative for single curvature.
53
Axial compression force

and bending
Axial compression
force
Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source: www.behance.net) 54
27

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Instructor: Dr.

CIVI 454 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures 1

Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures 2

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

6.1 Tributary area for columns

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Tributary area for C1 is:

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

DL roof = 2.2 kPa SL(snow)=2.4 kPa 8

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

DL roof = 2.2 kPa SL(snow)=2.4 kPa Scenario 2 8

Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures 9

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

At DL LL SL Occ DL at DL f Cum Total Total Cf

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Maximum width-to-thickness ratios of elements subject to compression

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Clause 11: Width-to-Thickness ratios; Elements in Compression according to S16-14

The maximum width-to-thickness ratios of elements subject to flexural

Table 2 given in page 2-24 of Commentary of CSA/S16-2014 is provided in

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

In this Fig, the requirements for

(Cy is the axial compressive

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

of Doubly Symmetric Shapes

Table 1 shall be taken:

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Table 1 is in slide 13.

Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures (Source S16-14)

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

Winter 2019 Design of Steel Structures

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

CIVI 454 6. Gravity Columns

C f U 1 X M fx Cr = ΦAFy(1+λ2n)-1/n; (see Clause 13.3 with λ=0)

Instructor: L. Tirca PhD., ing. (OIQ)

Cr = 2863 kN (for λ=0); Mfx=500x0.2065=103 kNm.

B. b). Overall member strength – In plan stability (strong axis bending):

(10.3.2) Failure mode involving bending in plane:

The effective length shall be taken as the actual length