‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫‪...‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٣‬א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٤‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٥‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .٦‬א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫אא‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬

‫؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .١‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫((‬ ‫)) א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬

‫((‬ ‫א‬ ‫))‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫((‬ ‫א‬ ‫))א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫=‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫אא‬

‫!!!‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫((‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫))א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪٨−١‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫) ‪٥٠ − ٩‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫) ‪١٠٠ − ٥٠‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪4‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪5 -‬א‬

‫((‬ ‫א‬ ‫))א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪2‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪3‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪4‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪5‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪1-‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪2-‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪3-‬‬
‫א‪:‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫‪V = I * R VOLT‬‬
‫‪I = V / R AMP‬א‬
‫‪R = V / I OHM‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪2‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪ .١‬א‬
‫א (‬ ‫א‬ ‫) א‬ ‫‪ .٢‬א‬
 ‫א א‬ ‫‪1 -‬א‬

‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪٣٦٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫؟؟؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪ :‬א‬
‫) ‪(Ammeter‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫) ‪( Voltmeter‬‬ ‫א‬
‫) ‪( Ohmmeter‬‬ ‫א‬
 ‫) ‪( AVO meter‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪DC Direct Current‬‬
‫‪AC Alternating Current‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪ ٠‬א ‪ .١٠‬א‬ ‫‪ 10‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ * 10/10٨‬א = ‪٨‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪ ٠‬א ‪ ١٠‬א‬ ‫‪ ٥٠‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪* 50\10٦‬א = ‪٣٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪2-‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪3-‬‬
‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫((‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬
 ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ DC‬א ‪AC‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪1-‬‬
‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪2-‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪1-‬א‬
‫‪2 -‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪3 -‬א‬
‫‪4 -‬א‬
 ‫‪5 -‬א‬
‫א א‬ ‫‪6-‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫((‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫))א‬
‫א )‬ ‫) א א‬ ‫‪2 -‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪( 10MHZ - 20MHZ - 40MHZ‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ( א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫‪١‬‬ ‫) ‪( DIVISIONS‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪٨‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪1 -‬א‬
‫א ‪ ١٠‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪2 -‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫) ‪( TP‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫‪3‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)) ‪(( RESISTOR‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)) ‪(( RESISTANCE‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪2-‬‬
‫‪ 100‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪200 K OHM‬‬
‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪220‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ٢٢٠‬א‬ ‫‪1 - 221‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ٢٢٠٠٠‬א א ‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪2 - 223‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٣٣١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ٣,٩‬א‬ ‫‪3 - 3R9‬‬
 ‫א‬
‫‪1 -‬א א‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪RT = R1 + R2 + R3‬‬
‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א א‬

‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪....‬א‬
 ‫‪4 -‬א‬
‫)) ‪(( L‬‬ ‫)) ‪(( COIL OR INDUCTOR‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬
‫)) ‪(( INDUCTANCE‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫))‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪((H‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫((‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫)) ‪ TRANSFORMERS‬א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪XL‬‬
‫‪XL = 2 * ~ * F * L OHM‬‬
 ‫)‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪~ = 22/7‬א‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫א‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ZL‬‬
‫)‪r‬‬ ‫‪XL +‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪r‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪XL‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬
‫)) ‪(( CAPACITOR‬‬
‫)) ‪(( C‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ .............‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪99%‬‬ ‫א‬
‫؟؟‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ....‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 (( CAPACITANCE )) ‫א‬

( F )‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ (( UF . NF . PF ))

UF
‫ = א‬1\ 1000000 ‫א‬ =

NF
 ‫א ‪ = 1\ 1000000000‬א‬ ‫=‬

‫א ‪ = 1\ 1000000000000‬א‬ ‫= ‪PF‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪XC‬‬

‫‪XC = 1/ 2 * ~ * F * C‬‬
‫) )‬ ‫= ‪~ = 22\7‬א‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫=א‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫= א‬
‫‪ZC‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪R‬‬ ‫‪XC +‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫= ‪ZC‬א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪1-‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪2 -‬א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪1 -‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪2 -‬א‬
‫‪ ( 104 , 102 , 105 , 336 ....‬א )‬ ‫‪3 -‬א‬
‫‪336‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪33000000‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪1000000‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫((‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫))‬ ‫‪1-‬‬
‫((‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫))‬ ‫‪2-‬‬
‫((‬ ‫))‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪3-‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪6 -‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ 1-‬א‬
‫‪ ........‬א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ 2-‬א‬
‫‪............‬א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫‪-‬א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)) ‪(( N - TYPE‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫)) ‪(( P - TYPE‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬
‫‪7 -‬א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( N - TYPE‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫‪N = NEGATIVE‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( P - TYPE‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪P = POSITIVE‬‬
‫(‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א א‬
‫؟؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫؟؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א ‪ INSULATING LAYER‬א ‪THE BARRIER‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫؟؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪1-‬‬
‫‪FORWARD BIASED‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( A‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( k‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪0,6‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪0,3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪REVERSE BIASED‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪2-‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( A‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( k‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫א ‪BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫א‬ ‫‪1-‬‬
 ‫א א‬ ‫‪2-‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪1-‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪−−−−−−−−−−−−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−−−−−−−−−−−−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪2-‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−−−−−−−−−−−−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−−−−−−−−−−−−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫)) ‪(( AC TO DC‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫؟؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א (‬ ‫א‬ ‫))‬ ‫‪1-‬‬

‫א (‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫))‬ ‫‪2-‬‬

‫א (‬ ‫א‬ ‫))‬ ‫‪1-‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪2-‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( D1 - D2‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( D3 - D4‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( D3 - D4‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)) ‪(( D1 - D2‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪D2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ D1‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪D1‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ D2‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪8 -‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א‬

‫‪ezonet@hotmail.com‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬