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Noise
Introduction
Electrical noise is current or voltage signal that is unwanted in electrical
circuit
Noise is not deterministic but is random
How do you analyze random process => Statistically
Instantaneous amplitude of noise is not predictable
In most cases average power of noise can be predicted
Most of the sources of noise in circuits exhibit constant average power
For Periodic Signal,
=> Average power dissipated =
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Introduction
How to define Pav for a random Signal:
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Where,
For real 𝒙(𝒕), 𝑺𝒙(𝒇) is an even function. So total power carried by 𝒙(𝒕) in the
frequency range [𝒇𝟏 , 𝒇𝟐] is equal to,
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Amplitude Distribution or
Probability Density Function
If we take various noise samples and find out how often each sample
comes we can construct a plot showing distribution of each sample
The plot is called “Probability Density Function(PDF)”
The distribution of x(t) is defined as,
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Types of Noise
Thermal Noise:
Resistor Noise:
Random motion of electrons causes fluctuations in the voltage
measured across conductor
Ex.
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Types of Noise
Transfer function
Since,
Types of Noise
We get,
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Types of Noise
Types of Noise
Ex.
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Types of Noise
Types of Noise
Flicker Noise:
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Types of Noise
Flicker noise is modeled as a voltage source in series with gate, and
the PSD is given by,
Types of Noise
Example: For an NMOS calculate total thermal noise and 1/f noise drain
current from 𝟏 𝒌𝑯𝒛 to 𝟏 𝑴𝑯𝒛
Answer: PSD of thermal noise current =
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Types of Noise
=> Total 𝟏/𝒇 noise from 𝟏 𝒌𝑯𝒛 to 𝟏 𝑴𝑯𝒛
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(a) (b)
If we compare output noise “Circuit (b)” is more noisy
However “circuit (b)” amplifies the signal more also
So we should compare “Input Referred Noise”
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Example
With just
noise
source
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Example:
Ignoring Flicker Noise
Thus,
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and
where,
𝑽𝒏, 𝑴𝟏 = gate referred noise voltage of 𝑴𝟏
𝑽𝒏, 𝑹𝑫 = noise voltage of 𝑹𝑫
Substituting and
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LEMMA
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Thus
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Example
Example (contd.)
To calculate input referred current we open the input and compute
corresponding output noise.
Thus,
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Source Follower
Now,
Thus,
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Thus,
If 𝑹𝑫𝟏 = 𝑹𝑫𝟐 = 𝑹𝑫
We get,
Similarly,
Thus
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Thus,
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Noise Bandwidth
What makes the two equal
Thus,
𝝅
Prove that for following circuit 𝑩𝒏 = ∗ 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝟐
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