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Noise

Bibhu Datta Sahoo


Associate Professor
Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communication
Engineering
IIT Kharagpur, India

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Introduction
 Electrical noise is current or voltage signal that is unwanted in electrical
circuit
 Noise is not deterministic but is random
 How do you analyze random process => Statistically
 Instantaneous amplitude of noise is not predictable
 In most cases average power of noise can be predicted
 Most of the sources of noise in circuits exhibit constant average power
 For Periodic Signal,
 => Average power dissipated =

 Where, v(t) = periodic voltage source

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Introduction
 How to define Pav for a random Signal:

 Where, x(t) is a voltage quantity


 To simplify calculations we define ,

And is expressed as V2 rather than W

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Power Spectral Density


 Shows how much power the signal carries at each frequency
 PSD, 𝑺𝒙(𝒇) of a random waveform 𝒙(𝒕) is defined as the average power
carried by 𝒙(𝒕) in 1Hz bandwidth around “𝒇”

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Power Spectral Density

 Most electrical circuit noise sources have predictable spectrum


 𝑺𝒙(𝒇) is expressed in 𝑽𝟐/𝑯𝒛 rather than 𝑾/𝑯𝒛
 Common type of PSD => White Spectrum

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Noise shaping by Transfer Spectrum

 If signal with spectrum 𝑺𝒙 (𝒇) is applied to a linear time invariant system


with transfer function H(s), then the output spectrum is given by,

 Where,

 For real 𝒙(𝒕), 𝑺𝒙(𝒇) is an even function. So total power carried by 𝒙(𝒕) in the
frequency range [𝒇𝟏 , 𝒇𝟐] is equal to,

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Noise shaping by Transfer Spectrum

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Amplitude Distribution or
Probability Density Function
 If we take various noise samples and find out how often each sample
comes we can construct a plot showing distribution of each sample
 The plot is called “Probability Density Function(PDF)”
 The distribution of x(t) is defined as,

 Where X is the measured value of X(t) at some point in time

 Gaussian or Normal Distribution:


 The central limit theorem states that if many independent random
processed with arbitrary PDFs are added, the PDF of the sum
approaches a Gaussian distribution
 PDF is given by,

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Correlated and Uncorrelated


Sources
 If we add two noise sources the average power of the sum is given by,

 If 𝑿𝟏(𝒕) and 𝑿𝟐(𝒕) are generated by independent sources then the


integration vanishes and the signals are said to be “Uncorrelated”
otherwise they are correlated

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Types of Noise

 Thermal Noise:
 Resistor Noise:
 Random motion of electrons causes fluctuations in the voltage
measured across conductor

 Ex.

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Types of Noise
 Transfer function

 PSD of 𝑽𝑹 is, 𝑺𝑹(𝒇) = 𝟒𝒌𝑻𝑹

 So total noise power at output is,

 Since,

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Types of Noise
 We get,

 It is independent of 𝑹 because for large 𝑹 the PSD increases but


bandwidth reduces and vice versa for smaller 𝑹 => Average power is
independent of “𝑹”
 Thermal noise can also be implemented as current source as shown
below

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Types of Noise

 MOSFET Thermal Noise:


 For MOSFETs in saturation the channel noise is modelled as a current
source between source and drain, as shown below

 𝜸 = 𝟐/𝟑 for long channel devices


= 𝟏 for short channel

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Types of Noise
 Ex.

 MOSFET Thermal noise due to Gate Resistance and Source


drain resistance:

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Types of Noise

 Reduction of gate resistance:-

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Types of Noise

 Flicker Noise:

 Dangling bonds give rise to extra energy states


 As charge carriers move at the interference some are randomly
trapped and later releases resulting in Flicker Noise
 Depending on how clean the “oxide-silicon” interface is flicker noise
can vary a lot from one CMOS technology to another

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Types of Noise
 Flicker noise is modeled as a voltage source in series with gate, and
the PSD is given by,

 Where, K is a process dependent parameter of the order of 10 -25 V2F

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Types of Noise
 Example: For an NMOS calculate total thermal noise and 1/f noise drain
current from 𝟏 𝒌𝑯𝒛 to 𝟏 𝑴𝑯𝒛
 Answer: PSD of thermal noise current =

 Total thermal noise current from 1KHz to 1MHz is

 The drain current due to flicker noise voltage is,

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Types of Noise
 => Total 𝟏/𝒇 noise from 𝟏 𝒌𝑯𝒛 to 𝟏 𝑴𝑯𝒛

 Note: Total flicker noise from DC to some frequency -> ∞


 This happens but to measure noise power due to very low frequency
we have to wait a long time => not possible

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Concept of Flicker noise corner


frequency

 =>𝒇𝒄 depends on device dimension and bias current

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Representation of Noise in Circuits

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Representation of Noise in circuits


 How do we say which of the following is less noisy?

(a) (b)
 If we compare output noise “Circuit (b)” is more noisy
 However “circuit (b)” amplifies the signal more also
 So we should compare “Input Referred Noise”

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Representation of Noise in circuits

 Example

 Input referred noise is,

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Representation of Noise in circuits

 Is representation with just one voltage source enough?

With just
noise
source

Represent noise both


as current and voltage
source

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Calculation of Input Referred Noise

 Zero-Source Impedance (Input Shorted)

 Infinite-Source Impedance (Input Opened)

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Calculation of Input Referred Noise

 Example:
 Ignoring Flicker Noise

 Thus,

 If 𝑪𝒊𝒏 → ∞ then the gets shorted to ground resulting in zero output


voltage. But output noise is present.
 So noise current flowing through 𝑪𝒊𝒏 should generate output voltage
 Thus,

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Calculation of Input Referred Noise

 Are we counting noise twice??


 Here, and represent same noise => they are correlated.
 From previous example,

and

where,
𝑽𝒏, 𝑴𝟏 = gate referred noise voltage of 𝑴𝟏
𝑽𝒏, 𝑹𝑫 = noise voltage of 𝑹𝑫

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Calculation of Input Referred Noise

 Since 𝑽𝒏, 𝑴𝟏 and 𝑽𝒏, 𝑹𝑫 appear in both there is a strong correlation


between 𝑽𝒏, 𝒊𝒏 and 𝑰𝒏, 𝒊𝒏
 When signals are correlated => use superposition of voltages
 When signals are uncorrelated => use superposition of power
 Thus,

 Substituting and

 𝑽𝒏, 𝑿 is independent of 𝒁𝒔 and 𝑪𝒊𝒏

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LEMMA

 The above are equivalent at low frequencies if


 Circuit are driven by infinite impedance


 Noise source can be transformed from “drain-source” current to a gate
series voltage for arbitrary 𝒁𝑺 .

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Common Source-Noise Analysis

 Minimize noise maximize “𝒈𝒎”


 Transistor used for voltage amplification
 => Minimize noise by maximizing “𝒈𝒎”
 Transistor used for current generation (or current source)
 => Minimize noise by minimizing “𝒈𝒎”

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Common Gate Noise Analysis

 Thus

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Common Gate Noise Analysis

 => does not contribute? (Why?)


 Thus,

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Example

 To compute input referred voltage


compute by shorting input to
ground.
 Thus,

 Thus, input referred noise voltage must satisfy,

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Example (contd.)
 To calculate input referred current we open the input and compute
corresponding output noise.
 Thus,

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Noise in Single Stage Amplifiers

 “𝟏/𝒇” noise for common gate topology :-


 Short input to ground:

 Gain from input to output is,

 With input open output noise voltage is given by,

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Noise in Single Stage Amplifiers

 Why is noise not considered?


 Anything to do with degeneration?
 Thus,

 If output impedance of M2 is small and comparable to “g m1” would we


get the same expression
 Try to analyze it with the following circuit

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Source Follower
 Now,

 Input impedance of common source and


source follower is very high for a large
bandwidth
 Input referred noise voltage is enough to represent
the input referred noise
 Voltage gain of Common Drain or Source Follower is

 Thus,

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Source Follower – Noise Analysis

 Isn’t this similar to the noise voltage of common source. Do


you know why?
 How do you compute input referred noise?
 By Removing inputs i.e. ac ground for inputs
 Don’t CS and Source follower look similar when input ac
grounded.
 If both CS and Common Drain have same input referred noise which
circuit is more desirable
 CS provides signal gain
 Source follower’s gain < 𝟏

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Cascode Amplifier – Noise Analysis


 At low frequency noise currents of
M1 and M2 flow through RD and noise
is thus similar to CS stage,

 Where 1/f noise is ignored

 What about noise of M2?


 If for M1 can noise current flow
 to the output?
 No.? Why?

 If for M1 but output impedance of M1 is


high what happens to the noise current and
consequent output noise voltage

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Cascode Amplifier – Noise Analysis

 Can you use the lemma to transform above circuit to the


following:

Can you use principle of


degeneration to show that
is really small?

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Noise in Differential Pair


 We can find the output noise voltage by using one current source at a
time. For example, using only

 Thus,

 If 𝑹𝑫𝟏 = 𝑹𝑫𝟐 = 𝑹𝑫
 We get,

 Similarly,

 Thus

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Noise in Differential Pair


 Similarly, noise due to RD1 and RD2 can be taken into account, resulting
in,

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Noise in Differential Pair

 What about noise current due to the trail current (𝑰𝒔𝒔)?


 Acts as correlated noise so using superposition of voltage gets
cancelled out if circuit is completely symmetric.

 What about 𝟏/𝒇 noise?

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Noise in Source loaded Differential


Pair
 Using concept of half circuit we get,

 Thus,

 So total input referred noise will be twice of above:-

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Noise Bandwidth
 What makes the two equal

 Thus,

𝝅
 Prove that for following circuit 𝑩𝒏 = ∗ 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝟐

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Noise In Telescopic Op Amp


 Prove that,

 How come noise of 𝑴𝟑, 𝑴𝟒, 𝑴𝟓 and 𝑴𝟔 are not there?


 What transistors are they -> Cascode
 Does cascade transistor contribute much noise?

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