Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Alissa S. Crans
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i / i /
V0 @ V1 V0 @ V 1
@@ @@
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@@ s t
1 V0 Ã ² 1V0 @@Ã ²
V0 V0
• laws specifying the source and target of composite morphisms:
◦ ◦
V1 ×V0 V1 / V1 V1 ×V0 V1 / V1
p1 s p2 t
² ² ² ²
s t
V1 / V0 V1 / V0
• the associative law for composition of morphisms:
◦×V0 1
V1 ×V0 V1 ×V0 V1 / V1 ×V0 V1
1×V0 ◦ ◦
² ²
◦
V1 ×V0 V1 / V1
• the left and right unit laws for composition of morphisms:
i×1 /
V0 ×V0 FV1 V1 ×V0 V1 o 1×i V1 ×V0 V0
FF xx
FF
FF xxx
FF xx
F ◦ xxx
p2 FFFF xx p1
FF xxx
FF
" ² |xxx
V1
n-vector spaces
L N
• , of n-vector spaces
Moral: Homological algebra is secretly
categorified linear algebra!
V ⊗ V ⊗ VUUUU
jj
1⊗B jjjjjjj UUUU
UUB⊗1
UUUU
jjj UUUU
jjjjjjj UUUU
ju *
V ⊗V ⊗V V ⊗V ⊗V
B⊗1 1⊗B
² ²
V ⊗ V ⊗ TVTTT V ⊗V ⊗V
ii
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B⊗1 TTTTTT) iiiiiiiB⊗1
it i
V ⊗V ⊗V
If we draw B : V ⊗ V → V ⊗ V as a braiding:
V V
B=
V V
V V V V V V
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V V V V V V
Proposition: Let L be a vector space over k
equipped with a skew-symmetric bilinear
operation
[·, ·] : L × L → L.
Let L0 = k ⊕ L and define the isomorphism
B : L0 ⊗ L0 → L0 ⊗ L0 by
B((a, x)⊗(b, y)) = (b, y)⊗(a, x)+(1, 0)⊗(0, [x, y]).
Then B is a solution of the Yang–Baxter
equation if and only if [·, ·] satisfies the Jacobi
identity.
Goal
² ²
[[[w, y], z], x] + [[w, y], [x, z]] [[[w, x], z], y] + [[w, x], [y, z]]
+[w, [[x, y], z]] + [[w, z], [x, y]]
[Jw,x,z ,y]
[Jw,y,z ,x]
² ²
[[[w, z], y], x] + [[w, [y, z]], x] [[w, [x, z]], y]
+[[w, y], [x, z]] + [w, [[x, y], z]] + [[w, z], [x, y]] +[[w, x], [y, z]] + [[[w, z], x], y]
RRR
RRR lll
RRR lllll
RRR lll Jw,[x,z],y
RRR lll
R l
[w,Jx,y,z ] RRRRR lll
ll
+J[w,z],x,y + Jw,x,[y,z]
RRR lll
RR) lull
[[[w, z], y], x] + [[w, z], [x, y]] + [[w, y], [x, z]]
+[w, [[x, z], y]] + [[w, [y, z]], x] + [w, [x, [y, z]]]
Zamolodchikov tetrahedron equation
Given a 2-vector space V and an invertible linear
functor B : V ⊗V → V ⊗V , a linear natural isomorphism
[Y ◦ (1⊗1⊗B)(1⊗B⊗1)(B⊗1⊗1)][(1⊗B⊗1)(B⊗1⊗1) ◦ Y ◦ (B⊗1⊗1)]
[(1⊗B⊗1)(1⊗1⊗B) ◦ Y ◦ (1⊗1⊗B)][Y ◦ (B⊗1⊗1)(1⊗B⊗1)(1⊗1⊗B)]
=
[(B⊗1⊗1)(1⊗B⊗1)(1⊗1⊗B) ◦ Y ][(B⊗1⊗1) ◦ Y ◦ (B⊗1⊗1)(1⊗B⊗1)]
[(1⊗1⊗B) ◦ Y ◦ (1⊗1⊗B)(1⊗B⊗1)][(1⊗1⊗B)(1⊗B⊗1)(B⊗1⊗1) ◦ Y ]
Y: ⇒
%%
%%
%%
%%
%%
%
Left side of Zamolodchikov tetrahedron
equation:
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BB
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Right side of Zamolodchikov tetrahedron
equation:
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JJJJJJ
BB Ã(
BB
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In short, the Zamolodchikov tetrahedron
equation is a formalization of this commutative
octagon:
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Theorem: Let L be a 2-vector space, let [·, ·] : L×L → L be a skew-
symmetric bilinear functor, and let J be a completely antisymmetric
trilinear natural transformation with
Jx,y,z : [[x, y], z] → [x, [y, z]] + [[x, z], y].
Let L0 = K ⊕ L, where K is the categorified ground field.
Let B : L0 ⊗ L0 → L0 ⊗ L0 be defined as follows:
B((a, x) ⊗ (b, y)) = (b, y) ⊗ (a, x) + (1, 0) ⊗ (0, [x, y])
whenever (a, x) and (b, y) are both either objects or morphisms in
L0. Finally, let
Y : (B ⊗ 1)(1 ⊗ B)(B ⊗ 1) ⇒ (1 ⊗ B)(B ⊗ 1)(1 ⊗ B)
be defined as follows:
L0 ⊗ L0 ⊗ L0
p⊗p⊗p
²
L⊗L⊗L
(x,y,z)
J +3
Y =
$ z
[[x,y],z] L [x,[y,z]]+[[x,z],y]
aÄ _
j
²
L ⊗ L0 ⊗ L0
0
(1,0)⊗(1,0)⊗(0,a)
Topology Algebra
Crossing Commutator
Crossing of crossings Jacobi identity
Crossing of crossing Jacobiator
of crossings identity
.. ..
Examples