COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (LECTURE 14) PAGE 1 OF 5

TELEVISION

 A system used to transmit and recevie motion pictures (frame by frame) and
sound over guided or unguided channels, is called Television System.

 The message transmitted by a television is two-dimensional image with motion,

and therefore a function of two variables, spatial as well as time.

 The only difference between picture and sound is their structures, that is, picture
distributed on two dimensions and voice over one dimension.

 Persistence of vision is how long an image sensation retain in the eye or brain
whose value is17Hz.

 Normally in TV, picture are send via amplitude modulation (AM) while voice
over frequency modulation (FM).

 Generalized Transmit and Recevie TV system is given below.

UIT FROM THE DESK OF ENGR. DR. JAWWAD AHMAD

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (LECTURE 14) PAGE 2 OF 5

 Camera converts light signal into electrical signal while mic converts sound signal
into electrical signal thus both are behaving like transducer.

 Charge Couple Device (CCD), is the recently known approch, which is used in
modern cameras.

 There are several types of television systems with numerous variations found in
different countries like for analog TV, National Television System Committee
(NTSC), Squentiel Couleurmmoire (SECAM) having 60Hz, used in USA, Russia,
Korea, etc. While International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR), Phase
Alternating Line (PAL) having 50Hz, used in European countries as well as in
Pakistan and India also.

 For the digital system, High-Definition Television (HDTV) system is employed.

IMAGE

 An image can be considered as a still frame subdivided into several small squares
or picture elements known as “Pixels”.

 Actually, image is a distribution of light-intensities, so to “read/undertand image”

is to read light intensities.

 In monochromatic TV system, the information of the entire picture is transmitted

by transmitting an electrical signal proportional to the brightness level of the
picture elements / pixels taken in a certain sequence.

 Conversion of light energy into electrical energy is done by means of Photo-

Electrical Effect.

 Normally, the term “Reproduce” is used when electrical signal transform into light
signal, and for the transformation of light signal into electrical signal “Generation”
word is used.

Electrical reproduces
  Light Light   Electrical
generation

UIT FROM THE DESK OF ENGR. DR. JAWWAD AHMAD

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (LECTURE 14) PAGE 3 OF 5
 Consider a mosaic as shown in a 5 by 5 cell as fixed frame, which is a part of any
video. For the simplicity, only two levels are considered out of infinite intensity
levels.

 Now this generated signal, is need to be reproduced at receiver.

RASTER/SCANNING SYSTEMS

 The image at transmitter-end, furnishes by the television camera tube by means

optically generated charged image as target mosaic. This charged image on target
mosaic acquires a positive electric charge proportional to the brightness of the
image. Thus, instead of a light image, a charge image is formed.

 An electron gun that generate electron beam when supplied with high voltages
known as high tension (HT) voltages, at receiver-end, now scans the target-mosaic
surface with an electron beam in the manner as shown.

 The beam is controlled by a set of voltages (periodic sawtooth signals) across

horizontal and vertical deflection plates. Horizontal oscillator or relaxation
oscillator generate sawtooth signals for scanning.

 Start from upper left-hand corner with 1st pixel and scan the first row (trace) in
53.5μsec, the raster/scanning beam quickly flies back (retrace) in 10μsec, to the
start of the second row horizontally, and continue this way until finishes to the last
row, and then back to 1st pixel for next frame.

 The scanning lines are not perfectly horizontal but have a small downward slope,
because during the horizontal deflection the beam is also continuously deflected
downward due to a slower vertical deflection signal, as shown.

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (LECTURE 14) PAGE 4 OF 5

 There are basically, three types of scanning techniques: (i) Flickers, (ii) Interlased
Scanning, and (iii) Frame Grabbing Reproduction.

 In Flickers, the screen left blank for certain period, while in Interlased, odd and
even field scanning introduce that decreases flicker effect. Frame Grabbing
Reproduction, is even better technique than these scanning methods, as it first
store image and then reproduces frame with higher frequency rate. In Pakistan,
Siemens was the first company to lanuch TV set with employing Frame Grabbing
Reproduction Scanning technique having 100 Frames per second reproduction
rate.

 Remember, field frequency is double of frame frequency because number of lines

divides on the screen.

 Scanning is continuous at a rate of 50/60 picture frames per second, generating a

video signal having Bandwidth of 6MHz, using VSB-modulation.

 While the voice message is 4.5MHz ahead from video signal.

SCAN-SYNCHRONIZATION & BLANKING PULSES

 When the electron beam flies back horizontally after completing each horizontal
line that are control by Automatic Frequency Controller (AFC), it will leave an
unwanted flyback trace on the screen. To avoid this, a blanking pulse, known as
the horizontal blanking pulse (HBP), is added during the flyback interval, which
occurs at the end of each horizontal sweep.

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (LECTURE 14) PAGE 5 OF 5
 Similarly, a vertical blanking pulse is added at the end of each vertical sweep to
eliminate the unwanted vertical retrace. These blanking pulses are added at the
transmitter.

 To synchronize rows in transmitter and recevier, scan-synchronization

information is added at transmitter, known as synch pulses. This is done by
adding a large pulse to each blanking pulse, which tells the scanning beam about
end of the row. If this information is missing then distortion is the result.

 Clipper circuit clipps the synch pulses and sent them to the synch processor.
Differentiator (High Pass Filter) seperates horizontal synch pulse and integrator
(Low Pass Filter) seperates vertical synch pulse. These pulses are then fed to the
respected sweep generator.

UIT FROM THE DESK OF ENGR. DR. JAWWAD AHMAD