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  • US History Taking Sides Extra Credit

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    Luke Ericson
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    US History Taking Sides Extra Credit

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    Luke Ericson
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    mm need for consensus in the decision. tiefs of Staff out of the loop. Uniike other military historians, mn responsibility for the strategy e sues that the Joint Chiefs of Staff Johnson and telling him that his “Master's views are not as new a nk. Bruce Palmer, Jr, in The Twe who generally absolve the military strategy was seriously s some reviewers of his book Vietnam (University Press cf Kentucky, 9 see a flawed strategy of war. Sum: ve asked Congress for a declaration c against North Vietnam. One scholar has claimed that ove ve been published. The star rdner and Ted Gittinger, eds., Vietnam: The Texas Press, 1997). See also’ Lanry ericanization of the War in Vietnam ason’s War (W.W. Norton, 1989); intest (Random House, 1972); tson and the Wars for Vietna ad in the U.S. Department ‘ed States, 19641968: Vietnam (Government Printing Office, 199 he relevant sections of one of the most useful collections Coes and essays, Major Problems in the History of the Vieonam robert J. McMahon (Houghton Mifflin, 2000). The bureaucratic perspective can be found in a series: of 3eorge C. Herring iversity Of Texas Press, | text America’s Longest War: pf, 1986). A brilliant article ofte and former policymaker James pen: An Autopsy,” The Atlantic parison of the 1954 Dien Bien Phu and 1965 U.S. ed I. Greenstein and John P. Burke, ity Testing: Evidence From Two Viet terly (Winter 1989-1990). A nice revi y's military thinking is Michael C. Desch’s -essons of Vietnam,” Orbis Summer 1998), im (van Dee, 1995). Primary sources. n found in anthologies is ‘Thompson, mployed during the war, McM were responsible for not stand renty-Five Year War: America’s Miltary 1984), and Harry G. Summer On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War (Presidio Press, 15 mers argues that Johnson ‘sho of war and fought a conventiy et 7,000 books about the Vietnam ting point for the current issue 15: Liga Early Decisions (Universey Berman, Planning a Tragedy: (W. W. Norton, 1982) and. David Halberstam, The Best and and Lloyd C. Gardner, Pay Any Prices! of State's two-volume Foreign Relations of of prima War, 2 ete entitled LB/ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of: lew essay on Vietnam's impacts “Wounded Warriors Has the Women’s Movement of the 1970s Failed to Liberate American Women? YES: R Carolyn Graglia, from Domestic Tranquility: A Brief Against Feminism (Spence, 1998) - » NO: Sara M. Evans, from “American Women in the Twentieth Cen- | ty,” in Harvard Sithot, ed, Paspectves on Modern Americas Making Sense ofthe Twentit Century (Oxford Uaiversity Pres, 2001) ISSUE SUMMARY 3 YES: Writer and lecturer F. Carolyn Graglia argues that women should stay at home and practice the values of “true motherhood!” _ because contemporary feminists have discredited marriage, deval- ued traditional homemaking, and encouraged sexual promiscuity. NO: According to Professor Sara M. Evans, despite class, racial, religious, ethnic, and regional differences, women in America experi. ‘enced major transformations in their private and public lives in the ‘twentieth century. 6) ess 1961, President John F. Kennedy established the Commission on the sof Women to examine “the prejudice and outmoded customs that act as iers to the full realization of women’s basic rights.” Two years later, Betty n, a closet leftist from suburban Rockland County, New York, ‘wrote bout the growing malaise of the suburban housewife in her bestseller The ist Mystique (W.W. Norton, 1963). The tots of Friedan's “feminine mystique” go back much earlier than the § fest- World War II “baby boom” generation of suburban America. Women histo- f fans have traced the origins of the modern family to the early nineteenth cen ly. As the nation became more stable politically, the roles of men, women, and dren became segmented in ways that still exist today, Dad went to.work, the Elids went to school, and Mom stayed home. Women’s magazines, gift books, Gind the religious literature of the period ascribed to these women a role that fofessor Barbara Welter has called the “Cult of True Womanhood.” She describes Ideal woman as upholding four virtues—piety, purity, submissiveness. and Ao usually extending the values of the Cult of True Womanhood to the’ world. This was true of the women reformers in the Second Great AWe and the peace, temperance, and abolitionist movements before the Ci ‘The fist real challenge to the traditional values system occurred when a of women showed up at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 to sign thes Declaration of Rights. It soon became Clear that If they were going to pass reform laws, would have to obtain the right to vote. After an intense struggle, the Nin Amendment was ratified on August 26, 1920. Once the women’s mover obtained the vote, there was no agreement on future goals. The problems Great Depression and World War If overrode women’s issues. ¢ ‘World War Il brought about major changes for working women. Six ral women entered the labor force for the fist time, many of whom were 1 “The proportion of women in the labor force,” writes Lots Banner, “ick from 2s percent in 1940 to 36 percent in 1945. This increase was greatef that of the previous four decades combined.” Many women moved-into' paying, traditionally men’s jobs as policewomen, firefighters, and precision‘ makers, Steel and auto companies that converted over to wartime productlste ‘made sure that lighter tools were made for women to use on the assembly {i ‘The federal government also erected federal childcare facilities. a ‘When the war ended in 1945, many of these’ women lost their noiitea llonal jobs. The federal day-care program was eliminated, and the gover ‘told women to go home even though a 1944 study by the Women's Bureali Cui

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