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• Ground-wave propagation
• Sky-wave propagation
Increasing
Tilt
Earth
Ground-Wave
• Radio waves follow the Earth’s surface
• AM broadcasts during the day
• Works best at lower frequencies (40, 80, and
160 meters)
• Relatively short-range communications
Sky Wave Propagation
• Signal reflected from ionized layer of atmosphere
back down to earth
• Signal can travel a number of hops, back and forth
between ionosphere and earth’s surface
• Reflection effect caused by refraction
• Examples
– Amateur radio
– CB radio
Line-of-Sight Propagation
Line-of-Sight
• Signals travel in a straight line from
transmitting to receiving antenna
• Useful in VHF and UHF ranges
• Television, AM/FM broadcast
• Signals are easily reflected, causing problems
with mobile operation
Line-of-Sight Propagation
• Transmitting and receiving antennas must be within
line of sight
Aim:
• To predict the average received
signal strength at a given distance
from the transmitter -
Large scale propagation models,
hundreds or thousands of meters.
• To predict the variability of the
signal strength, at close spatial
proximity to a particular location -
Small scale or fading models.
Free-space and received fields
Reflections from Ground and
Buildings
Electric Properties of Material Bodies
Permittivity ε F/m Farads/m
Permeability µ H/m Henries/m
Conductivity σ S/m Siemens/m
ε = ε0 εr
ε0 = Permittivity of free space =
8.85 • 10-12 F/m
εr = Relative permittivity
Er = Γ Reflection E E
i r
E
i coefficient
θi θr
Et = T = 1 + Γ
E
i θi = θr
Transmission E
t
coefficient
Vertical Propagation
(Or Parallel Polarization)
E E
i r
H H
i ε 1, µr1, σ 1
θi θr
ε 2, µ 2, σ 2
θt
E
t
= η2 sinθt - η1 sinθi
η2 sinθt + η1 sinθi
Horizontal Propagation
(Or Perpendicular Polarization)
E E
i r
H H
i r
ε 1, µ 1, σ 1
θi θr
ε 2, µ 2, σ 2
θt
E
t
= η2 sinθt - η1 sinθi
η2 sinθt + η1 sinθi
Brewster Angle:
No Reflected Wave
Γ|| = 0
= εr – 1 + sin2θB
2 Cases
sinθB = [(εr -1)/(εr2 -1)]1/2
[First medium is air ε1 = ε0, ε2 = ε0εr]
θi θr
E
t
Parallel / Perpendicular /
vert. polarization horiz. polarization
θi = θr θi = θr
Ei = Er Ei = - Er
Mobile Radio Propagation
Propagation basics
Properties of Radio waves
Antenna Basics
Introduction to Radio Propagation
mechanisms
Introduction
• The mobile radio channel places fundamental
limitations on the performance of wireless
communication systems
• Path may be
LOS
NLOS Obstructed by buildings, hills, foliage, cars on
streets etc.
• Radio Channels are random and time varying
• Modelling radio channels have been one of the
difficult parts of the mobile radio design.
Propagation Basics
• When electrons move, they create EM waves that can
propagate through space.
p t Gt G r λ
2
Pr (d ) =
(4π ) 2 d 2 L
FREQUENCY BY
c
λ=
fc
BASICS ANTENNA
• HIGHER THE FREQUENCY HIGHER THE
GAIN FOR THE SAME SIZE ANTENNA.
BASICS ANTENNA(2)
• An isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna that
radiates power with unit gain uniformly in all
directions. It is the reference antenna in wireless
systems.
• The effective isotropic radiated power(eirp) is
defined as EIRP=PTGT
• the effective radiated power(ERP) is the radiated power in comparison to the halfwave dipole
antenna
BASICS ANTENNA
• Since the dipole antenna has a gain of
1.64(2.15db)
20 log(d 0 / d )
=
E2/120π w/m2
EXAMPLE
• for a base station let pt=10w fc=900 mhz gt=2
gr=1
• the mobile station is at a distance of 5 km
• find the received power in dbm
− 10 log pt Gt Gr λ
2
Pr (d ) =
(4π ) 2 d 2
10 x 2 x1x(.33) 2
10 log(
(4π ) 2 .5000 2