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Indexed in Web of Science
Table of Contents for Year 2015 [15 articles]
Performance of Recycled Porous Hot Mix Asphalt with Gilsonite Additive, Lud> Djakfar, Hendi
Bowoputro, Bangun Prawiro, and Nugraha Tarigan
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 316719, 7 pages
Research on Dissipation and Fatigue Capacity of Nonstiffener Shear Panel Dampers, Ji-long Li, Ya-nan
Tang, and Xuan-ming Liu
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 191359, 13 pages
Optimizing Construction Project Labor Utilization Using Differential Evolution: A Comparative Study of
Mutation Strategies, Nhat-Duc Hoang, Quoc-Lam Nguyen, and Quang-Nhat Pham
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 108780, 8 pages
Reservoir Inbow Prediction under GCM Scenario Downscaled by Wavelet Transform and Support Vector
Machine Hybrid Models, Gusfan Halik, Nadjadji Anwar, Budi Santosa, and Edijatno
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 515376, 9 pages
Comparison of Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS for Road Pavement Maintenance Prioritization:
Methodological Exposition and Case Study, Yashon O. Ouma, J. Opudo, and S. Nyambenya
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 140189, 17 pages
fe Inbuence of Calcium Chloride Salt Solution on the Transport Properties of Cementitious Materials,
Yaghoob Farnam, Taylor Washington, and Jason Weiss
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 929864, 13 pages
Assessing Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt with Wire Wool Fibers, Ahmed N. Bdour, Yahia
Khalayleh, and Aslam A. Al-Omari
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 795903, 6 pages
Enhancing the Classical Closed-Loop Algorithm in terms of Power Consumption, Rahman Mirzaei and
Seyed Sina Kourehli
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 291076, 9 pages
A Two-Stage Method for Structural Damage Prognosis in Shear Frames Based on Story Displacement
Index and Modal Residual Force, Asghar Rasouli, Seyed Sina Kourehli, Gholamreza Ghodrati Amiri, and
Ali Kheyroddin
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 527537, 15 pages
Effects of Posttensioning Slippage on 2-Way Spanning Concrete Slabs, Niall Holmes and Eoin Byrne
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 980840, 13 pages
Evaluation of Steel Shear Walls Behavior with Sinusoidal and Trapezoidal Corrugated Plates, Emad
Hosseinpour, Shahrizan Baharom, and Yasser Yadollahi
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 715163, 11 pages
Probabilistic Assessment of Degree of Bending in Tubular X-Joints of Offshore Structures Subjected to
Bending Loads, Hamid Ahmadi and Amirreza Ghaffari
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 518450, 12 pages
Experimental Study of Hysteretic Steel Damper for Energy Dissipation Capacity, Daniel R. Teruna,
Taksiah A. Majid, and Bambang Budiono
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 631726, 12 pages
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of De>cient RC Structures with Bar Pullout and Joint Shear
Degradation, Arslan Mushtaq, Shaukat Ali Khan, Hamza Farooq Gabriel, and Sajjad Haider
Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 537405, 10 pages
Impact of Train Schedule on Pedestrian Movement on Stairway at Suburban Rail Transit Station in
Mumbai, India, Shah Jiten, Joshi Gaurang, Parida Purnima, and Arkatkar Shriniwas
Page 1 of 2
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Volume 2015 (2015), Article ID 297807, 9 pages

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Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Advances in Civil Engineering
Volume 2015, Article ID 316719, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/316719

Research Article
Performance of Recycled Porous Hot Mix Asphalt with
Gilsonite Additive

Ludfi Djakfar, Hendi Bowoputro, Bangun Prawiro, and Nugraha Tarigan

Department of Civil Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia

Correspondence should be addressed to Ludfi Djakfar; ldjakfar@ub.ac.id

Received 29 May 2015; Accepted 17 September 2015

Academic Editor: Samer Madanat

Copyright © 2015 Ludfi Djakfar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of porous asphalt using waste recycled concrete material and explore the
effect of adding Gilsonite to the mixture. As many as 90 Marshall specimens were prepared with varied asphalt content, percentage
of Gilsonite as an additive, and proportioned recycled and virgin coarse aggregate. The test includes permeability capability and
Marshall characteristics. The results showed that recycled concrete materials seem to have a potential use as aggregate in the hot
mix asphalt, particularly on porous hot mix asphalt. Adding Gilsonite at ranges 8–10% improves the Marshall characteristic of the
mix, particularly its stability, without decreasing significantly the permeability capability of the mix. The use of recycled materials
tends to increase the asphalt content of the mix at about 1 to 2% higher. With stability reaching 750 kg, the hot mix recycled porous
asphalt may be suitable for use in the local roads with medium vehicle load.

1. Introduction investigating the effect of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA)

In the recent years, as the Indonesian economy improves,
the need for additional infrastructure tends to increase. In
most cities, areas which used to be residential ones have been
converted into commercials. Many 2- or 3-story buildings
mostly built in 1980s have been demolished and rebuilt into
8–12-story buildings, hence leaving a large amount of waste
material as by-product of demolition.
In the same time, as the need for infrastructure to
support the economic activities increases, many agricultural
fields have also been converted into residential areas, hence
decreasing the open land area. Consequently, the amount
of rain water being infiltrated into underground has also
decreased. ICPI [1] has perspicuously illustrated this phe-
nomenon, as shown in Figure 1.
These two phenomena need to be addressed in all aspects
of civil infrastructures since in the long run it will affect
the human life. As for the transportation infrastructure, the
construction of roads should also consider these aspects,
as part of the road sustainability. When waste materials
are available in the area, they should be utilized as part
of the construction materials. However, until recently, only
few countries have implemented such concept [2]. Studies
use on the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures are
limited and governed by the availability of waste concrete
in each country and the imposed restrictions in the design
specifications and environmental regulations [3]. In addition,
most researches that have been conducted on the subject
are usually concerned with using recycled aggregate from
recycled asphalt pavements not from recycled concrete from
building demolition. In other words, extensive researches are
still needed to come up to a better performance of hot mix
asphalt using waste materials from building demolition [4].
Another potential application for sustainable highway
system is the use of the porous pavement system. Porous
pavement has been practiced since the 1960s in Europe
for the construction of airport runway [5]. About 90% of
the construction of new road network in Netherlands has
adopted porous pavement [6]. The road rehabilitation policy
in Japan is directed toward the use of porous pavement [7].
A study by Collins et al. [8] found that the use of porous
pavement reduces peak flow rate of runoff (peak flow rate)
from 52% to 81%. In addition, the use of porous pavement has
also reduced the volume of tracks that vary from 38% to 78%.
Djakfar et al. [9] studied the base course gradation scenario
that provides the best performing for use in the road base
2 Advances in Civil Engineering

Suburb Inner city

70% 95%
30% 5%

Figure 1: Effect of built areas on the amount of water infiltration (ICPI, 2009).

material. Raab and Partl [10] and Cerezo et al. [11] studied
Start
the use of porous pavement to increase the safety for driver
during rainy season by reducing the splashing effect of water.
However, one of the disadvantages of porous asphalt Prepare materials Prepare Marshall
pavement is its performance. Previous research showed that mix specimens
the Marshall stability of porous asphalt specimens usually fell Asphalt, coarse aggregates (virgin,
below 500 kg. This is unfortunate since to be able to be used in and recycled concrete waste), fine
Perform
the arterial or collector road systems, pavement should have aggregate, and Gilsonite additive
Marshall test
Marshall stability at least 750 kg. Therefore, efforts should
be pursued to increase the Marshall stability of the porous Do material
asphalt so that it can be applied on arterial or collector road characteristics testing Do analysis of
systems. Marshall test results
Reviewing the nature of the porous asphalt, in which its
strength and performance were influenced by the internal Prepare design of
End
force among coarse material and the bonding contributed experiment for the mix
by asphalt, increasing the bonding capability of asphalt may
improve the performance of the mixture. This can be done
by adding additive to the mixture. Previous research by Figure 2: Steps of the research.
Ameri et al. [12] shows that adding Gilsonite as an additive
to asphalt binder increases its viscosity and reduces its pene-
tration. A study by Kök et al. [13] observed that increasing Table 1: Properties of AC 60/70.
Gilsonite content provokes better rutting performance of Specifications∗
modified asphalt binders. Bahia et al. [14] found that Gilsonite Number Description Unit Test results
Min Max
can be used as a modifier to improve the performance of
1 Penetration mm 60 79 61.778
asphalt binder and mixture. ∘
Therefore, in this research, the effect of Gilsonite on 2 Softening point C 48 58 49
the performance of porous asphalt using recycled concrete 3 Ductility mm 100 — >1500
∘
material was investigated to explore whether it contributes to 4 Flash point C 200 — 320
the improvement of the mixture performance. 5 Burning point ∘
C 200 — 346
The objective of the study is to evaluate the performance 6 Specific gravity 1 — 1.061
of porous asphalt using waste recycled concrete material. ∗
IDGH Specification (Indonesian Directorate General of Highway).

2. Material and Methods

Figure 2 presents the steps in doing the research.
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Asphalt. Asphalt used in this research was AC 60/70.
This is the most commonly used asphalt in Indonesia with
respect to weather and conditions. Tables 1–3 present the
asphalt and the Gilsonite HMA modifier grade characteristics
used in the research.
2.1.2. Coarse and Fine Aggregates. Two coarse aggregates are
used in the research: common and concrete waste recycled
materials. Tables 4–6 present the characteristics of the coarse
and fine materials, respectively.
The common material was acquired from quarry com-
monly used in East Java, Indonesia, while the concrete waste
was acquired from concrete testing by-products.
Before being used, the concrete waste was crushed using
crusher to obtain the required gradation.
The fine aggregate was acquired from Lumajang, the
largest sand quarry in East Java. As can be seen from the
tables, the materials conform to the Indonesia specification,
except the specific gravity and the water absorption of the
waste materials, which have lower values than the specs.
Advances in Civil Engineering
Table 2: Properties of asphalt AC 60/70 mixed with Gilsonite additive.
AC 60/70 specifications
Number Properties Unit
Min Max
1 Penetration 0.1 mm 60
∘
2 Softening point C 48
∘
3 Flash point C 100
Table 3: Properties of Gilsonite HMA modifier grade [15].
Number Properties Values
1 Softening point (ASTM E28-92) 160–185∘ C
≤1.0%
2 Ash (ASTM D-271-70 M)
2% maximum
3 Moisture (AGC method) <0.5%
1.0% maximum
4 Penetration (25∘ C, 100 gm, 5 sec.)
0
5 Flash point (COC) 316∘ C
6 Nitrogen 3%
7 Sulfur 0.3%
8 Specific gravity 1.06
9 Color in mass Black
2.2. Experimental Design. Once the materials were tested,
the next step was to prepare the Marshall specimens. The
experimental design for this purpose is presented in Table 7.
90 Marshall specimens were prepared using proportioned
coarse aggregate and asphalt content as shown in Table 6.
The goal of this step was to obtain the optimum asphalt
content and optimum coarse aggregate proportion. The 5
to 9 percent asphalt content range was selected since most
asphalt mix design has optimum asphalt content in this range
when using local materials. The proportion of regular and
recycled coarse aggregate (as shown in Table 6) was selected
to cover all the possible outcomes, from 0/100 to 100/0 of
common/recycled coarse aggregate proportion. Procedures
to obtain the optimum asphalt content followed the Asphalt
Institute’s [15]. Once the asphalt content was determined, the
related Marshall characteristics could be determined.
All Marshall specimens were mixed at 145∘ C, following
the standard procedure, except for those containing Gilsonite
HMA modifier, which were heated to about 175∘ C, to ensure
that Gilsonite mixes properly with asphalt. The compaction
was conducted at 135∘ C.
The next step was to determine the optimum Gilsonite
additive percentage when added to the mix. This was done by
preparing the Marshall specimens using the optimum asphalt
content obtained from the previous step and mixed with
Gilsonite additive with proportion and number of samples as
shown in Table 8. The results of this step should be able to
determine the optimum mixture.
2.3. Specimens Tests
2.3.1. Permeability Test. A falling head permeability test was
conducted to measure the permeability capability of the
3
Gilsonite additive (%)
0 2 4 6 8
79 62 53.4 45.8 44 41
58 54 56 57 61 65
— 321 336 342 342 342
mixture. The permeability capability is expressed in terms of
permeability coefficient (𝑘), which is calculated as follows:
𝑎𝐿 ℎ
𝑘 = 2.3 [log ( 1 )] , (1)
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2
in which 𝑎 is area of the tube (cm2 ), 𝐿 is thickness of the
specimen (cm), 𝐴 is area of the specimen cross section (cm2 ),
𝑡 is time measured to flow water from ℎ1 to ℎ2 (s), and ℎ1 and
ℎ2 are height of water (cm).
2.3.2. Marshall Test Stage 1. This test was conducted to deter-
mine the Marshall characteristics which includes stability,
flow, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) and void in the mix
(VIM), and the optimum asphalt content. The specimens for
the test were shown in Table 6. The procedure for performing
the test can be found elsewhere [14].
2.3.3. Marshall Test Stage 2. This test was conducted to
determine the amount of optimum Gilsonite additive. The
procedure follows the Marshall procedure as Marshall test
stage 1 except that the amount of asphalt in the mix uses the
optimum asphalt content obtained from Marshall test stage 1.
The specimens for the test were shown in Table 7.
2.4. Analysis of Test Results. The last step of the research was
to analyze the results of the test and provide plausible analysis
of the phenomenon.
3. Results and Discussions
Figures 3–7 present the results of the permeability test and
Marshall test stage 1.
Figure 3 shows that the higher the asphalt content the
lower the 𝑘 value. The table also shows that specimens with
about 50/50 regular/recycled aggregate proportion tend to
have higher 𝑘 value.
Figures 4–7 were used to obtain the optimum asphalt
content. Using the Asphalt Institute procedure (AI, 2009),
the asphalt optimum for each coarse aggregate proportion
can be determined. From the analysis, it was determined that
the optimum asphalt content was 7% for 100/0, 80/20, and
0/100 regular/recycled aggregate proportion, 7.5% for 40/60
and 20/80 proportion, and 8.5% for 60/40 proportion. Based
on the optimum asphalt content, the estimated Marshall
characteristics of the mix at the optimum asphalt content
can then be determined. Table 9 presents the summary
of the optimum asphalt content for each coarse aggregate
proportion and their corresponding Marshall characteristics.
4 Advances in Civil Engineering

Table 4: Properties of regular coarse aggregate.

Specifications∗
Number Properties Unit Test results Notes
Min Max
1 Specific gravity — 2.5 — 2.642 OK
2 SSD specific gravity — — — 2.690 OK
3 Specific gravity — — — 2.776 OK
4 Water absorption % — 3 1.818 OK
5 Los Angeles % — 40 12.748 OK
6 Impact value % — 30 12.186 OK
∗
IDGH Specification (Indonesian Directorate General of Highway).

Table 5: Properties of concrete waste aggregate.

Specifications∗
Number Properties Unit Test results Notes
Min Max
1 Specific gravity — 2.5 — 2.45 Not OK
2 SSD specific gravity — — — 2.56 OK
3 Specific gravity — — — 2.74 OK
4 Water absorption % — 3 4.8 Not OK
5 Los Angeles % — 40 27.36 OK
6 Impact value % — 30 20.42 OK
∗
IDGH Specification (Indonesian Directorate General of Highway).

Table 6: Properties of fine aggregates.

Specifications∗
Number Properties Unit Test results Notes
Min Max
1 Specific gravity — 2.5 — 2.733 OK
2 SSD specific gravity — 2.5 — 2.770 OK
3 Specific gravity — — — 2.839 OK
4 Water absorption % — 3 1.359 OK
∗
IDGH Specification (Indonesian Directorate General of Highway).

Table 7: Proportion of the aggregate, asphalt content, and number Table 8: Design of experiment to obtain optimum Gilsonite content.
of samples.
% Gilsonite additive Number of samples
Common and Asphalt content (%) 7% 3
recycled materials 5 6 7 8 9 8% 3
proportion (%) Number of samples 9% 3
100/0 3 3 3 3 3 10% 3
80/20 3 3 3 3 3
60/40 3 3 3 3 3
40/60 3 3 3 3 3 Another point that can be explained from the table is
20/80 3 3 3 3 3 that none of the mixes meets the VIM requirement. As
the Australian standard requires that the VIM should be
0/100 3 3 3 3 3
in the range of 18 to 25%, all mixes fall below the range.
The plausible explanation on this phenomenon is that higher
asphalt content in the mix fills void, causing reduced void
area.
As can be seen from Table 9, the optimum asphalt content Table 9 also shows that stability increases as the pro-
at any coarse aggregate proportion ranges from 7% to 8.5%. portion of recycled aggregate increases. That brings to an
These values are a bit higher when compared to commonly early conclusion that recycled material has positive effect on
optimum asphalt content when using the regular coarse increasing mix stability. In addition, higher recycled material
aggregate, which typically ranges from 5.25 to 6.5%. That may proportion decreases the asphalt content as well. This is due to
be due to the effect of the recycled materials in the mix. the fact that recycled materials have less pores compared with
Advances in Civil Engineering 5

Table 9: Summary of optimum asphalt content and its Marshall characteristics.

Coarse aggregate proportion

100/0 80/20 60/40 40/60 20/80 0/100
Marshall characteristics Australian specifications
Optimum asphalt content
7% 7% 8.5% 7.5% 7.5% 7%
VIM 13.0 12.9 12.3 12.4 13.2 15.6 18%–25%
Stability 342.3 454.5 520.6 528.3 559.3 560.9 >500 kg
Flow 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.9 4.2 2–6 mm
MQ 113.3 130.1 149.4 136.4 145.3 137.3 <400 kg/mm

Table 10: Marshall characteristics at different percentage of Gilsonite additive.

Asphalt content % recycled materials % Gilsonite additive VIM Stability Flow MQ

20.0 653 5 131
7% 21.0 707 5.5 129
21.6 623 4.5 138
22.3 718 5.5 130
8% 21.5 675 5.8 116
19.8 621 5.8 107
7.5% 100%
20.6 868 5.4 161
9% 21.9 771 5.5 140
21.0 825 4.2 196
20.3 707 5.6 126
10% 20.3 743 5.6 133
21.8 686 5 137

0.6 700
Marshall stability (kg)

600
Permeability coefficient (k)

0.5 500
0.4 400
300
0.3 200
0.2 100
0
0.1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Asphalt content (%)
0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
100/0 40/60
Asphalt content (%) 80/20 20/80
60/40 0/100
100/0 40/60
80/20 20/80 Figure 4: Marshall stability of specimens (kg) at each asphalt
60/40 0/100 content and coarse aggregate proportion.
Figure 3: Permeability coefficient (𝑘) at each asphalt content and
coarse aggregate proportion.

accomplished by the Marshall test stage 2 as explained above.

the natural materials. When one looks to the stability value,
except at the 100/0 and 80/20 proportions, all mixes conform
to the specification of the porous asphalt mix. However,
when referred to regular hot mix asphalt specification, which
requires that the minimum stability of a mix should be 800 kg,
the stability value in Table 9 is a bit low. In other words, the
mix may not be suitable to be implemented in the arterial or
collector road system.
In order to increase the stability, one may need to add
some additives, as previous researches have shown. This was
Using Table 7 as the experimental design, the tests were
conducted to the specimens and the results are shown in
Tables 10 and 11.
An analysis of variance was performed to the data to
determine the effect of adding Gilsonite to each Marshall
characteristic. The summary of the analysis is presented in
Table 12.
As can be seen from Table 12, Gilsonite additive affects
the Marshall characteristics and permeability capability of the
mix, except for the VIM. That means that Gilsonite did not
significantly affect the existence of void in the mix; even at
6 Advances in Civil Engineering

6 29
Marshall flow (mm)

Marshall VMA (%)

5 28
4 27
3 26
2 25
1 24
0 23
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Asphalt content (%) Asphalt content (%)

100/0 40/60 100/0 40/60

80/20 20/80 80/20 20/80
60/40 0/100 60/40 0/100

Figure 5: Marshall flow of specimens (mm) at each asphalt content Figure 7: Marshall VMA of specimens (%) at each asphalt content
and coarse aggregate proportion. and coarse aggregate proportion.

Table 12: Summary of effect of Gilsonite additive on the Marshall

25
characteristics and permeability capability.
Marshall VIM (%)

20
Gilsonite effect
15 Marshall characteristics
𝑝 value Remarks
10
VIM 0.937 Not significant
5
Stability 0.007 Significant
0 Flow 0.007 Significant
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Asphalt content (%) MQ 0.032 Significant

100/0 40/60 Table 13: Effect of Gilsonite additive on Marshall characteristic.

80/20 20/80
60/40 0/100 Marshall Test results at 9% Specifications Remarks
characteristics Gilsonite
Figure 6: Marshall VIM of specimens (%) at each asphalt content
and coarse aggregate proportion. VIM 21.2 18%–25% OK
Stability 761 >500 kg OK
Flow 5.4 2–6 mm OK
Table 11: Results of permeability test on specimens with Gilsonite MQ 144 <400 kg/mm OK
additive. Permeability 0.327 cm/sec 0.2–0.5 cm/sec OK
Asphalt % recycled % Gilsonite Permeability coefficient
content concrete
0.41 in Table 13. It shows that adding Gilsonite gives positive effect
7% to the mix since all mix requirements were met by doing that.
0.35
0.36
0.40 4. Conclusion
8% 0.42 Based on the above discussions, the following conclusions can
7.5% 100% 0.44 be drawn:
0.31
(1) Recycled concrete materials seem to have a potent
9% 0.34 to be used as aggregate in the hot mix asphalt,
0.34 particularly on porous hot mix asphalt.
0.31 (2) Adding Gilsonite additive at ranges 8–10% improves
10% 0.36 the Marshall characteristic of the mix, particularly its
0.30 stability, without decreasing the permeability capabil-
ity of the mix.
(3) The use of recycled materials tends to increase the
some point this gives an advantage for the mix, since adding asphalt content of the mix, from the range 5-6% to 7-
Gilsonite increases the performance of the mix. 8%.
Using the standard procedure for Marshall analysis, it (4) With stability reaching 750 kg, the hot mix recycled
was found that the optimum Gilsonite content was 9%. porous asphalt may be suitable for use in the local
Furthermore, the related Marshall characteristic is presented roads with medium vehicle load.
Advances in Civil Engineering 7

Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
The results presented in this paper are part of the research
project funded by the Indonesian Ministry of Higher Educa-
tion Research Fund. The authors would like to thank all the
Minister that have provided the fund.
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Advances in Civil Engineering

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Country United States

Engineering
Civil and Structural Engineering
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Publisher Hindawi Publishing Corporation H Index

Publication type Journals

ISSN 16878086, 16878094

Coverage 2008-ongoing

Quartiles

The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green)
comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third
highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.
Civil and Structural Engineering

Category Year Quartile

Civil and Structural Engineering 2009 Q3
Civil and Structural Engineering 2010 Q4
Civil and Structural Engineering 2009
2011 Q32010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Civil and Structural Engineering 2012 Q4
SJR Citations per document

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks

0.4 This indicator counts the number of citations received by
journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on documents from a journal and divides them by the total
the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a number of documents published in that journal. The chart
0.2
measure of scientiYc inZuence of journals that accounts shows the evolution of the average number of times
for both the number of citations received by a journal and documents published in a journal in the past two, three and
the importance or prestige of the journals where such four years have been cited in the current year. The two
0
citations come from It measures the scientiYc inZuence of years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™
the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to (Thomson Reuters) metric.
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
the global scientiYc discussion an average article of the

Total Cites  Self-Cites Cites per document Year Value

Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2009 1.000
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self- Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2010 0.200
citations received by a journal's published documents Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2011 0.476

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Advances in Civil Engineering 12/31/16, 9)22 PM

during the three previous years.

80
Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2012 0.493
Journal Self-citation is deYned as the number of citation 1
Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2013 0.626
from a journal citing article to articles published by the Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2014 0.813
same journal. Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2015 0.836
40 Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2009 1.000
0.8
Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2010 0.200
Cites Year Value
Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2011 0.476

External Cites per Doc  Cites per Doc % International Collaboration

Evolution of the number of total citation per document and

1.2 International Collaboration accounts for the articles that
40
external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations have been produced by researchers from several countries.
removed) received by a journal's published documents
0.8 The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed
during the three previous years. External citations are 20
by researchers from more than one country; that is
0.4
calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from including more than one country address.
the total number of citations received by the journal’s
0
documents. 0
Year International Collaboration
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2009200933.33
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Cites Year Value 2010 30.30
Citable documents  Non-citable documents Cited documents  Uncited documents

120 120
Not every article in a journal is considered primary research Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows,
and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during
journal's articles including substantial research (research the following year.
60
articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year 60
windows vs. those documents other than research articles, Documents Year Value
reviews and conference papers. Uncited documents 2009 0
0 Uncited
0 documents 2010 8
Documents
2009 2010 2011 Year
2012 Value
2013 2014 2015 Uncited documents
2009 2010 2011201231 2013
2011 2014 2015
Non-citable documents 2009 0 Uncited documents 2012 48

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