IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL. AP-31, NO.

6, NOVEMBER 1983 829

Reflection from a Periodically Perforated Plane Using a Subsectional

Current Approximation
BARRY J. RUBIN, m h m m , IEEE, AND HENRY L. BERTONI, SENIOR h m m E R , IEEE

Absrruct-The scattering from a zero thickness plane having finite sheet
resistance and perforated periodically with apertures is calculatedfor
arbitrary plane wave illumination. The surface current density within the
unit cell is approximated by a finite number of current elements having
rooftop spatial dependence. The transverse electric field is expressed in
terms ofthe current, and the electric field boundary condition is satisfied satisfy the electric field boundary condition over each conductor
in an integral sense over the conductor, generating a finite dimension
matrix equation whose solution is the current density. Since the conduc-
tor shape is defined through the locations of subsectional current ele-
ments, arbitrary shaped apertures can be handled. The reflection coef-
ficient and current distribution are calculated for square apertures in
both perfectly conducting and resistive sheets, andfor cross-shaped aper-
tures. Finite resistivity is shown to cause the magnitude of the transverse
magnetic(TM)reflectioncoefficienttodecrease more rapidlyandits
phasetodecrease less rapidly,as theangle of incidenceapproaches
glancing. Throughdetailedplotsofthecurrentdensity,thecurrent
crowding around the apertures is made clearly evident.
I. INTRODUCTION
C OKDUCTINGplaneshavingperiodicaperturesareusedfor
shielding, as ground planes and reflector surfaces for antennas,
forgroundplanes in printedcircuitassembliesthatconnect
integratedcircuits,andforband-passradomes.Althoughmany
approaches have beenused totreatperiodicsurfaces,noneare
well suitedforperiodicarraysofarbitraryshapedapertures in
perfectly conducting or resistive sheets.
Reflectionfrom an arrayofrectangularaperturesin a per-
fectlyconductingsheetwasinvestigatedthroughavariational
approach by Kieburtz and Ishimaru [ l ] . Chensolvedtheaper-
tureproblem[2]as well as thecomplementaryproblem[3]
(reflection from a periodic array of conducting plates) by repre-
sentingtheelectricfieldandcurrentdensity.rcspectively,by
modefunctionsorthogonal overselectedrectangularregions.
However,themodalrepresentations in [2]and[3]preclude
the analysisofarbitraryshapedapertures or plates. or finite
resistance conductors.
LuebbersandMunk[4]computedthetransmissioncoeffi-
cient for an array of thin slotsby approximating the field through
anexpansionwhichincludesonlytheelectricfieldcomponent
transverse to the slot. Since the tangential field is not considered,
the approach cannot be extended to wide slots or apertures in
general. In [ 5 ] . Pelton and Munk calculate the scattering from a
periodic array of crossed dipoles, while in [ 6 ] ,Munk and Burrell
' considerthefieldsproducedby an infinitearrayofpiecewise
linear current elements. However, it is not clear how such thin
wire elements could be used to represent a sheet which is solid
exceptforapertures.Anapproachemployingsmooth subsec-
tionalelements(surfacepatches)ratherthanthinwiresseems
a priori to be preferable.
Inthefollowingapproach, we employsmoothsubsectional
current elements to represent the current on the conductor, and
subsection. Since the conductor shape in the unit cell is defined
through the location of subsectional current elements. any shape
aperture can be accommodated, and since the field is tested over
the conductor, the sheet maybe perfectly conducting or resistive.
11. REDUCTION OF THE SCAMERINGPROBLEM TO A
FIKITE DIMENSION MATRIX EQUATION IN
UNKXORY CURREKTS
Fig. 1 shows the structure to be considered. The apertures are
periodically spaced. having periodicities dl and d2 in the x and y
directions. respectively. They need not be rectangular. The con-
ductor, located in the plane z = 0. has zero thickness and sheet
resistance R , 2 0.
The incident wave has the form
EOe/(wt-k'.r) (1)
where r is the position vector and for incidence from z > 0. the
incident plane wave has the wave vector
k' = k i x o + k;.yo - ki20
= ko (sin 8 cos @xo+ sin 6 sin @yo- cos 8zo). (2)
and ko = 6 where o is the angular frequency, po and eo
are the permeability and permittivity of free space, and Q and 8
are the polar and azimuthal angles of incidence, respectively.
A . Fourier SeriesRepresentation of the Fields
The total field is the sum of the incident field (denoted by a
superscript i) and the scattered field (denoted byasuperscript
s). Sincethestructure is periodic.theFloquetcondition[7]
must be satisfied: the surface current density as well as all electric
andmagneticfieldcomponentscanberepresentedbyperiodic
functionsof x and y multiplied by thesameFloquetfactor
-
exp (-~kf p ) where kf is the transverse part of the wave vector
k', and p is the transverse part of the position vector r.
Consistent with the Floquet condition, the scattered electric
and magnetic fields,andthesurfacecurrentdensitycanbeex-
pressed as
.
R n 1

Manuscript received August 2,1982: revised February 9, 1983. n,m

B. J . Rubin is with the General Technology Division, IBM Corporation,
Hopewell Junction, N Y 12533. and
H. L. Bertoni is withtheDepartment of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science,Polytechnic Instituteof New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201.

0018-926X/83/1100-0839801.OO 0 1983 IEEE

830 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-31, NO. 6 , NOVEMBER 1983

,Ei

Fig. 1. Plane wave incidentonaconductor having aperiodicarray of

apertures.

for Boundary Conditions

Fig. 2. Rooftop approximation for the current density on the conducting
k z n m = ( k i - k-:, - k:nl)1’2. (4) plane indicating subsections of the unit cell and current elements used
in the expansion ofJ , and J,.
and kt,, is the transverse part of k,, .
For currentsflowingonazerothicknessconductor.the
transversecomponentofthescatteredmagneticfield is anti- spatial dependence [9] so that
symmetric in z, so that the boundary condition for the magnetic P
field in modal form is j, 2 I,,Rx(x-x,.y--y,)
a= 1
-zO X J,, = ~H;,,(Z = 0’) (5)
where Hfnfn(z = O+) is the transverse part of the (n. m)th com- . Q
Jp 2 I y a R y ( x - x p + , , ~-yp+,) (8)
ponent of the scattered magnetic field just above the conductor. a= 1
If we relate the (n. m)th components of the transverse elec-
where I,, and I,,, arecomplexcoefficientsand R,(x - x,.
tric and magnetic fields. E;,, and H;,nz [8] . and then substitute
y - y,) and R,(x - xp+,. y -ypcaj are rooftop functions, as
for H;,, using (S), we find that
shown inFig. 2. Thesubscript a is an integer, and the points
(x,. y,) defir: the centers of the P rooftop functions required to
approximate J,. while the points (xp+,,yp+,) defineAthe centers
of the Q rooftop functions required to approximate Jx.The cen-
ters (x,. ),71 of the rooftop functions representing J , are indi-
cated in Fig. 2 by dots along the lines parallel t o y . Similarly, the
centers ( x p + , . yp+(\.)of therooftopfunctionsfor J,, arein-
dicated by dots along the lines parallelto x .
Therooftopfunctions havetriangulardependency in one
direction and pulse dependency in the other. They are given by
RX(x.l’) = q7a(x)pTb(v)

R,P(X.Y) = P,,(X)47,(Y) (9)

where J X n m and J,,,, are the x andy components of the modal where q 7 ( t )is the triangle function defined as
surfacecurrent densityJ,,, and qo is the impedance of free space.
Equation (6) is valid for all z.

B. Subsectional Approximation for theSurface Cuvrertt

elsewhere
As mentionedearlier, J, canberepresented as aperiodic
functionmultipliedbytheFloquetfactor so that it canalso and p,($) is the pulse function defined as
be expressed as

J, = (ixxo + j , , y o ) e - i k f . p (7)
0, elsewhere.
where J , and J , are periodic functions ofx a n d y .
We now approximate the periodic part of the surface current Theparameters 7, and ib aresuitablychosenintervalsthat
densityasasuperposition of currentelementshavingrooftop define the sizes of the subsections.
RUBIN AND BERTONI: PERIODICALLY PERFORATED P L A i E 83 1

Fig. 2 shows rooftop functions used to represent the surface We nowcanrewrite (6) using (1 2) as
currep density, The functions overlap so that the current den-
sity J , is continuous piecewise-linear in the x direction and step-
wise-constant in the y direction. Similarly: the current density j,,
is continuous piecewise-linearin the y directionAandstepwise-
constant in the x direction. The subsections for J, have dimen-
. r ~ T~ in the x and y directions,respectively,while
~ i o n s ~ 2 and
the JY subsectionshavedimensions r, and 2rb. Thesubsec-
tionsoverlapsuchthateachpatchofarea T,Tb showninthe
figurehasat least onex-directedrooftopandatleastone y - and
directedrooftopoverlayingit.Withthisapproximationfor J,.
the charge density in each patch resulting from the divergence of
J, is a linear function times the Floquet factor. The net tangential
current flowing in a strip near the edge is finite.While the normal
component of the current in the rooftop approximation goes to
zerolinearlywithdistancefromtheedgeratherthanwiththe
square root. by taking T= and T b small enough the current can be
reasonably well approximated. Consistency with the edge condi-
tions for the current is thus assured [ 101. C. Application of the Boundary Condition
T o describe J,, it is necessary toincluderooftopfunctions Equation(1 5) expressesthetransversecomponentsofthe
whose rectangles of definition are centered on the boundary of scattered electric field in terms of the current coefficientsI,, and
the unit cell and cross from one cell into the neighboring cells. l y e .In order to find these unknown coefficients and therefore
Because the currents at opposite edges of the unit cell are related obtaintheapproximatesurfacecurrentdensity.theelectric
via theFloquetcondition,unknowncurrentcoefficients Zxa. field boundary condition E, = R,J, is applied.
I,, need only be defined at half of the points on the boundary of There are P + Q unknown current coefficients. The boundary
the unit cell. In Fig. 2, dots have been omitted from the redun- condition must therefore be tested at P + Q locations so that ( 1 5)
dant points on the boundary. For the subsections shown in Fig. +
gives a set of P Q equations in that many unknowns. As will
2, thcre are P = 30 coefficients I x a 7 and an equal number Q un- be discussed later: satisfying or testing the electric field at points
known coefficients Z y a . leads to numerical difficulties in solving the equations generated.
Other basis functionssuchaslinearelementsorpulsefunc- We therefore satisfy the boundary condition at z = 0 in an inte-
tions are not suitable to represent relatively solid sheets. Linear gralsense.This is done by integrating the x components of E,
elementssuchasthinwireshavefiniteradiiandit is not clear and J, over P line segments of length r, parallel to x and centered
what radii the wiresshouldhavenorhowfinea wire mesh is at each of the points (x,. y e ) . Two such segments alongx are in-
needed to represent a solid surface. Pulse functions (one-dimen- dicated by heavy lines in Fig.2. Similarly. the J) components of
sional)havebeenused to represent the residual current on ob- E, and J, are integrated over Q line segments of length ‘Tb parallel
staclesinparallel-planewaveguides [ 113 . However, a basis em- t o y and centered at each of the points (xp,,. yP+,),as indicated
ploying two-dimensional pulse functions would lead to fictitious inFig. 2 for one segment. Mathematically, the boundary condi-
line charges wherever the normal component of the current jumps tions take the form
discontinuously, and the electric field resulting from this approxi-
mation would differ markedly from the actual field.
The complex amplitude of the modal surface current density
can be expressed in terms of the coefficients Zxa andIY, via the
Fourier series theorem,giving
P
(16aj
Jxnm = IxaRxnrnenm(Xa.Ya)
a=1

where at z = 0: X = ~ 0
p + p ,= 1.2, Q (16bj
.2nn .2nm
I--I I-Y
e n i 1 2 ( x , y=) e d l e d 2 . where JSx and Jsy are thex andy components of the surface cur-
In theforegoingequations, R,,, and Rynin aretheFourier rent density J,, and T , and T b are as previously defined.
series coefficients of R,(x. J)) and R J x , y ) . and from (91, (10). We now substitute J,, and Jsy. as given by (7) and (8). and
and (11) are E: and E$ from (15), into (16). Interchanging the order of sum-
mationandintegrationin(16),andcarryingouttheindicated
integrations, we obtain the set of equations

where Sa@)= sin (s)/t; is the

sampling
function. =-E X0 .P = 1 . 2 . ....P
832 IEEE T R ~ J J S A C T ~ OON
N S ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-31, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 1983

Q Equation
(1 in of7) form
is the amatrix
dimension
equa-
finite
cP

a=1
JxaZyxap + 2 Iya(Zvyap - R s F y a p )
a=1
(17b)
tion thatrelatesthecurrentcoefficients
dent electric field. When solved,
Ixa and Iya totheinci-
(17) yields the surface current
-
- -Eye, 0 = 1 , 2 , .... Q. density
existing
on conductor
the when
illuminated
plane
a by
Here, .Exo and E arethe X and y componentsoftheincident wave.
yo
electric field quantlty Eo, and The Fourier series in (1 8a)-(18d) are absolutely convergent.
This can be seen by substituting the expressions for the coeffi-
( :)
Sa k x n -
kg--:, cients R,,, and Rynj7z from (14) into(18a)-(18d). For 12,

)
770
z x x a p = -- mterms
infinite
thecontained
in
+the
magnitudes
03 the
of
2k0 n , m Sa(k;: kznm decrease
as
series
1

implying absolute convergence. Had the electric field been made

to vanish atisolatedpointsinstead of makingitslineintegrals
vanish.themagnitudesofthetermsintheinfiniteseriesof
( 1 8) would then have had the following asymptotic behavior:
1 1
tIdFTi? Or n Z @ T 2 ’

The infinite series would not be absolutely convergent, leading to

numerical difficulties in evaluating the Z coefficients in (1 8).

111. EXPRESSIONS FOR THE REFLECTION

COEFFICIENTS IN TERMS OF THE
CURRENT COEFFICIENTS
Having defined the Z and F coefficients of (17), we can now
compute the current distribution induced on the conductor by
an incident plane wave, and hence determine the scattered field.
While a plane wave incident on the structure of Fig. 1 gives rise to
aninfinitenumberofscatteredwaves,onlyafinitenumber
propagate. the others being evanescent. Restricting ourselves to
frequenciessuchthat ko < min (7r/d1. 7r/d2), onlythe ( 0 , 0)
mode propagates.Sincetheamplitudeof this modestrongly
depends on the incident field polarization, and since an incident
wavehaving onepolarizationgenerallyexcitesscatteredwaves
having bothpolarizations, we finditconvenienttodecompose
boththeincidentandscatteredfieldsintocomponents having
electric field transverse t o z (TE polarization) and magnetic field
transverse to z (TM polarization). Using this decomposition, we
express the reflection coefficients as

* %+a.xpcp. (1 Sf)
In (1 8), sa(t;)again is the sampling function, the asterisk indicates
complex conjugation, 6ti,u is the Kronecker delta defined as
1, u=u
L,IJ =
0, elsewhere, where rTE and rTM are the reflection coefficients relating the
TE and TM scatteredmagneticfields,and H;(TM): tothe
TE and TM incident fields, Hf(TE) and H f ( T M ) :x1 and x 2 are the
cross-polarization coefficients. related through reciprocity by
and

The unit vector along k; is cos @xo + sin @yo,while the unit
RUBIN AND BERTONI: PERIODICALLY PERFORATED PLANE 833

vector perpendicular to kf is sin @xo- cos @yo so that for inci-

dence other than normal the magnetic field can be decomposed
into
~ - +
j = H, ~ (COS ~@xo ) sin @yo>
) H, - (sin @xo-
H $ ~ ”= COS @yo). (21)
In (20), onlythe (0. 0) modecontributestothescattered
field.Applying (21) to thescatteredfieldandsubstitutingthe
resultinto (5)using (12). andthenreapplying (21) to the in-
cident field, we find from (20) that
0 P

- - Chen
0 P - Solution of eq. (17)

where RxOO and Ryoo. the (0, 0) terms in theFourierseries

expansions of R , and R,. respectively, are from (14) both ~ ~ ih~~/
d,d2. Fornormalincidence,wereplace(22a)-(22c)bytheir 6 10 14 18 22
respective limits as 0 goes to 0. Freq. IGH,)
Fig, 3. Comparison with results of Chen [ 3 ] . Reflection of a normally in-
IV. NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF SURFACE CURRENTS cident plane wave from a periodic array of rectangular plates (I?,= 0, E
AND REFLECTION COEFFICIEXTS along!, P = 72, Q = 8 5 , N = 30,:V = 40). Dimensions in centimeters.

The infinite series contained in ( 1 8) are truncated by consider-

ing only those terms for which
-hT < n <N , -&I < nz <11.1 r---l

so that ( U V + 1)(2lf + 1) is the total number of modes used.

Negligible change in the current density has been observed when
N =2d1 I M = WZ/T~ (23)
whileonlyaslightdifferencehasbeenobservedintheresults
when N and M are halved.

A. Scattering fiorn a Periodic Arrayof Plates

As mentionedpreviously,theplane wave reflectionfroma
periodic array of thin perfectly conducting plates was considered
by Chen [3]. In Fig. 3, the reflection coefficient for a plane wave
normallyincident on aperiodicarrayofplates is shown.The
wave has its electric field parallel t o t h e y axis and the plate has
dimensions0.254cmand1.35cm whiletheperiodicitiesare
dl = 0.76 cm and d2 = 1.52 cm.
Chen’sresultsaregivenbythedashedline. Thereflection
coefficient. obtained by solving (17) with P = 72: Q = 85, N =
30. and M = 40. andsubstitutingtheresultingcurrentcoeffi-
cients into (22), is indicatedbythesolidline.Theresonant
frequencycomputed via (17) is slightlyhigher andtheentire
curve appears slightly shifted in frequency. Otherwise, the results
obtained here arein good agreement with those of Chen.
Asacheck on theplatecurrentdistribution;asecond case
was considered (Fig. 4). Here, a periodic array of lossless square
Fig. 4. Surface current density obtained using the rooftop approximation
plates 0.15 wavelength on a side was illuminated by a normally for a plane wave normally incident on an array of 0.15 h lossless plates
incident wavehavinga 12017 V/cmelectricfieldparallel to the (Ex = 120nV/cm, 1%’ = ,If = 32).
 834 IEEE TRAhTSACTlONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-31, NO. 6,NOVEMBER 1983

I
3.9 4.4
T-
r----- 1
13.9

- -
22
T
I
31

i
5.1 4.9

7- I
I9 I
-
4 X
19.0 10.3 I
I
- -
41 46

1%
14.3 13.6
+ 5.8 T
I I_ I
I 113 I
I
-I
7.7 7.6
--L
10.6

-
6.1
7.0
10.3

-6.7
10.5

-II %1
I

I
-
121
-
71 67

I-
----_-
t7 i7 I
I.
L----- _I
Fig. 5. Current distribution (mA/cm) over a quarter section of the unit
cell when a normally incident plane wave illuminates a perfectly con-
ductingplaneperforatedwithsquareapertures (E, = 1V/cm, k o =
-
111
I

I
-
102
-
87
&
80

I
0.001 c m - 1 , N = M = 16). Dimensions in centimeters. L_ ___------- _I
Fig. 6. Currentdistribution(pA/cm) over a quarter section of the unit
cell when a normally incident plane wave illuminates a resistive plane
x axis.Theperiodicities d l and d2 are both 0.30 wavelength. perforated with square apertures (R, = IO4 a/., Ex = lV/cm, k o =
The current distribution existing when an isolated but otherwise 0.001 cm-1, A'= 11.1 = 16). Dimensions in centimeters.
identicalplate is illuminated by thesameincidentfield is cal-
culated in [9] . (In that reference, although rooftop functions are
used to represent the surface current density, the plotscorrespond
t o linearly interpolated current densities.) The' current densities
in thetwo casesareverysimilar. Fortheperiodiccase,the
distribution of IJSx I is somewhat flatter while IJ, I is smaller.
Thisbehavior is notunexpected, sinceas theperiodicity goes
from infinity (the isolated plate) to 0.15 wavelength (a contigu-
ous perfectgroundplane), IJ, I shouldapproachaconstant
distribution of 2 A/cm while lJSv I should approach.zero.

B. Scarteritzg from u Periodic Away of Apertures

Thecurrentdistributionwhena low frequencyplane wave
is normally incident on an array of square apertures 0.5 cm on
0.6 1 - --R,= lsl/O

a side is shown in Fig. 5. The conductor is lossless, the electric

field has unit magnitude and is directed in the x direction, d l = 0.5 ' I

d2 = 1 .O cm: ko = 0.001 cm-' (Ao = 6 0 m) and N = M = 16.

As expected,thecurrentcrowdsalongthe edges and flows
aroundtheaperture, beingconstrictedwhentheaperturecuts
off thepathwayandspreadingthroughouttheconductorelse-
where: its y component falls to zero along the lines of symmetry
(dashedlines).Thenetcurrententeringanyregion is nearly
zero-thesurfacechargedensity is small throughoutthecon-
ductor, as to be expected for normal incidence at low frequency
(kodl and kodz 1).
InFig. 6, the same structure is considered,exceptthecon- -a: (
1
I
2
I
20
5
l
10
l 1
50
1
90
ductor has a sheet resistance of lo4 ! 2 / ~The resulting current 90-H (Degrees)
distribution is more uniform and two orders of magnitudesmaller Fig. 7. TM reflection coefficient for a plane wave incident at a glancing
(the current is shown in pA/cm in Fig. 6 and in mA/cm in Fig. 5). angle (90 - e) on the structureof Fig. 5. (E, = 1V/cm, kg = 0.1 cm-1,
Again,thecurrentflowsaround the apertureandthesurface P=Q=184,Ar=M=32).
charge density is negligibly small.
In Fig. 7 we plot the TM reflection coefficient as a function
of 0 for the structure shown in Figs. 5 and 6 except a finer sub-
dMsion of the unit cell is used. Here, @ = 0' and ko = 0.1 cm-'
RUBIN AND BERTONI: PERIODICALLY PERFORATED PLANE 835

(X, 2 60 cm).Thesheetresistance R , takes on values 0 and

1 .Q/n. Thereflectioncoefficientsarenearlyequal for small
0 , butdecreaseanddivergeas 8 approaches 90" (glancing in-
cidence).Themagnitudeofthereflectioncoefficientforthe
resistivesheetdecreasesmorerapidlyandthephasedecreases
less rapidly as 0 approaches glancing incidence.
At low frequency, severalsquarestructureswerestudiedfor
plane waves incident at arbitrary 9.The results indicate that the
reflectioncoefficient i s independent of @, inagreementwith
results from periodic screens [ 121 .
Since we approximate the current distribution through subsec-
tional current elements, any conductor whose shape can be sub-
dividedintorectangularregionscanbeaccommodated.Fig. 8
shows the current distribution in the conductor surrounding an
aperture shaped as a cross. The plane wave is normally incident,
theelectricfieldhasunitmagnitudeand is directedinthe x
6.0
-----L -
7.1 4.6
+

I
direction.and k , = 0.01cm-' (X, 2 6 m). Furthermore, the
periodicities are dl = d2 = 1 .O cm, R, = 0, the dimensions of 16.0 11.1 to., I
the aperture are as shown. and N = 11.1 = 14. As expected, the
current increases where the aperture restricts the flow and spreads
I
5.9
5.6 d 5.4
d 4
out, going around corners. elsewhere. The surface charge density
is small, as indicated by the near zero divergence of the current. I
The reflection coefficient for the structure of Fig. 8 is plotted f11.9 10.6 10.3 I
versus k o inFig. 9. Forsmall ko theincident wave is almost I I
totallyreflected,butat ko = 4.15cm-'aresonance is ob-
served (total transmission). However, the wavelength at resonance
I 1% 6.6
d
6.0
---L -
5.8

is so short that a finersubdivision of the unit cell may be required

I I
for greater accuracy. L_ - _ - - - - - --A
Fig. 8. Current distribution (mA/cm) over a quarter section of the unit
C. Influence of Subsectional Dimensions on lVumeiicu1Accuracy cell when a normally incident plane wave illuminates a perfectly con-
ducting plane perforated with apertures shaped as crosses (Es= IV/cm.
As mentionedin [3]. as the angle of incidence 0 increases, kg = 0.01 cm-1: 3' = M = 14). Dimensions in centimeters.
so do the amplitudes of higher order scattered modes. The cur-
rentdistributionbecomeslesssmooth,anda largenumberof
subsectionalelements(meaningsmall r, and 7 6 ) maybere-
quired for anaccurateapproximationofthetruecurrentdis-
tribution. We shallconsidertheconvergenceofthereflection
coefficient as a function of subdivisionsizewhentheincident
wavehasthemorecritical.ortransxersemagnetic (TM) polari-
zation.
Table I gives the TM reflectioncoefficient as afunctionof
7 , for the structure of Fig. 5 when R, = 0, 0 = 0". and r, = 7 b .
For k , = 0.1 cm-' and 0 = 89.9", rTM significantlyincreases
as 7, decreases from d1/4 to d1/16. while for k o = 0.01 cm- '
and 8 = 89.9" or ko = 0.1 cm-' and 0 = 89", I'Th1 is nearly
saturated.Thisindicatesthatmanysubsectionalelementsare
requiredfor
accuracywhen ko/(90 - 0) exceeds O.l(cm
degrees)-'.Fornormalincidenceandlowfrequency,
is nearly unity even when 7, = d1/4. Also rTE is nearly unity
for the values ko and 0 considered here. Fig. 9. Reflection coefficient for a plane wave normally incident on the
structure of Fig. 8. ( R , = 0. Q = O", P = Q = 35, iV = M = 14).
CONCLUSION
An approach employing a rooftop current representation was TABLE I
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT VERSUS SUBDIVISION SIZE FOR A
used t o calculate the current distribution and reflection coeffi- P L A N E W A V E I N C I D E N T O N T H E S T R U C T U R E O F FIG. 5
cients for periodic arrays of plates or apertures illuminated by
a plane wave. Good agreement with previous results was shown
for a wave normally incident on an array of plates. The approach
applied t o rectangular apertures in both perfectly conducting and
resistivesheetsyieldedtheexpecteddecreasein Th.1 reflection
coefficient as the angle of incidence approaches glancing. How-
ever. the magnitude
- of the reflection coefficient for the resistive
sheet decreases more rapidly and the phase decreases less rapidly ( R , = 0, Q = o",H = & I = 2d1:7,).
836 ANTENNAS
IEEE TRmSACTIONS ON A N D PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-31, NO. 6 , NOVEMBER 1983

as the angle of incidence approaches glancing. For normal inci- [ 121 D. A. Hill and J. R. Wait, “Electromagnetic scattering of an arbitrary
dence, only a small number of subsections is needed to compute plane wave by a wire mesh screen with bonded junctions,” Can. J .
Phys.. vol. 54, no. 4. pp. 353-361, 1976.
the reflection coefficient, while a greater number is required as
theparameter ko/(90 - 0) increases. A cross-shapedaperture
wasinvestigatedandexhibited,asexpected,asharpresonance
for normal incidence.
REFERENCES
R . B.KieburtzandA.Ishimaru,“Aperturefields ofan array of
rectangular apertures.” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propngar., vol. AP-9.
pp. 506-514, Nov. 1961.
C. C. Chen,“Transmissionthroughaconducting screen perforated
periodically with apertures.” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theor)- Tech..
vol. MTT-18, pp. 627-632. Sept. 1970.
C. C. Chen. “Scattering by a two-dimensional periodic array of con-
ductingplates.“ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagar.. vol. AP-18,pp.
660-665,Sept.1970.
R. J. Luebbers and B. A. Munk, ”Cross polarization losses in periodic
arrays of loaded slots,” IEEE Trans. Anlennas Propagar.,vol.-AP-23.
pp. 159-164, Mar.1975.
E. L. Pelton and B. A . Munk,“Scattering from periodicarrays of
crossed dipoles,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. A€’-27, pp. Henry L. Bertoni (M’67-SM’79) was born in
323-330. May 1979. Chicago, IL, on November 15, 1938. He received
R. A. Munk and G . A. Burrell, “Plane-wave expansion for arrays of theB.S.degree in electricalengineering from
arbitrarilyorientedpiecewiselinearelements and its application in NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston, IL in 1960,
determining the impedance of a single linear antenna in a lossy half- the M.S. degree in electrical engineering in 1962
space.” IEEE Trans. Antentzns Propagat., vol. ”-27. pp. 331-343. and the Ph.D.degree in electrophysics in 1967,
May 1979. bothfrom the PolytechnicInstitute of Brooklyn
R . E. Collin. FieldTheor! of GuidedWaves. New York: McGraw- (now of New York), Brooklyn, NY.
Hill, 1960, Ch. 9. pp. 368-371. In 1966 he joined the faculty of the Polytechnic
h’. Marcuvitz, WaveguideHandbook. M.I.T. Rad. Lab. Ser., no. Institute of New York, Brooklyn. and now holds
IO. New York: McGraw-Hill,1951,Ch. 1. the rank of Professor in the Department of Electri-
A. W. Glissonand D. R.Wilton,“Simpleandefficient numerical calEngineeringandComputerScience. He was
methods for problems of electromagneticradiation and scattering from elected Speaker of the Faculty for 1981-1982. Since 1967 he has served as a
surfaces,“ IEEETrans.AntennasPropagat., vol. AP-25,pp. 593- consultant in the areas of radar, ultrasonics and radio propagation. His re-
607,Sept.1980. search has dealt with variousaspects of wave propagation andscattering.
Born and Wolf, Principles of Oprics. Oxford: Pergamon. 1959. Ch. Theseinclude the geometricaltheory of diffraction,electromagnetic and
11.5. optical waves at multilayered and periodic structures. magnetoelastic waves,
S. Wu and Y. L. Chow, ”An application of the moment method to and ultrasonics as applied to both signal processing and nondestructive evalu-
waveguidescatteringproblems,” IEEETrans.MicrowaveTheory ation. He is a member of the Acoustical Society of America,the International
Tprh.. vol. M’M-’IO. on. 744-749. Nov. 1972. Union of Radio Science. and Sicma Xi.