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FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL Disadvantages of using these synthetic polymers lie mainly in the
Contributor effect on the environment. Plastics are non-biodegradable; they do not
POLYSACCHARIDES SUCH as starch can be broken down to decay or rot. This means that they end up in our rubbish and landfill
simple sugars (monosaccharides) by enzymes (such as amylase) or sites where they can remain for hundreds of years. Burning plastics
during acid hydrolysis. tend to release toxic substances into the atmosphere. Poisonous gases
Hydrolysis is the breakdown of large molecules to small ones by such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen cyanide can be formed if
reaction with water. This can be done in the presence of an acid. plastics contain chlorine and nitrogen, respectively.
Proteins are hydrolysed into the amino acids that make them up The -H-N-C=O link is called the amide or peptide linkage. R-
using dilute acid or alkali. Recycling is a way to reuse plastics so we will produce less new
represents groups of carbon and hydrogen atoms, e.g. C2H5-
Synthetic polymers represent all polymers that are man-made, ones. Thermoplastics are special in that they can be remoulded into
including plastics. new shapes and then reused. Scientists are now making
Proteins can be broken back down into amino acids by reacting
The disposal of plastics poses a big environmental problem. ‘biodegradable’ plastics, allowing them to break down quicker. This
with strong acids and alkalis. This hydrolysis can be done by heating
involves using groups of atoms that can absorb light, to allow it to
the protein with aqueous hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. A
Synthetic polymers include all the polyalkenes made by addition break down. New plastics made by bacteria are able to be degraded in
similar process occurs in the stomach when enzymes break down the
polymerization and the polyesters and polyamides made from months, but are more expensive. Water-soluble plastics are also being
protein in the stomach and in the intestines.
condensation polymerization. Examples of these are polythene, made, which will allow them to decay faster.
polyvinylchloride (PVC), terylene and nylon. Francine Taylor-Campbell is an independent contributor. send questions and
Natural polymers include protein and starch. Starch is a comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
L late to jump on board. Just remind yourself that candidates pass examination as a result
of preparation and use of knowledge in the examination. As you enter your examination
room, be confident that your preparation will not be in vain, since the examiner cannot set a
[>4] This would cause a difference of double the amount. The first amount is to bring
the balance to its original amount. The second adjustment is to debit the actual payment.
question outside of the syllabus and you have been exposed the syllabus by now. As we
continue with the presentations, this week’s is a worked example; go through it in a timely WORKING
manner. Ψ
dŽƚĂů ŽĨĞďŝƚƐŝĚĞ ϮϭϯϵϴϬ
tϭ >ĞƐƐdŽƚĂůŽĨƌĞĚŝƚƐŝĚĞ ϮϭϰϴϲϬ
WORKED EXAMPLE: ^ƵƐƉĞŶƐĞĚĞďŝƚďĂůĂŶĐĞ ;ϴϴϬϬ
K. Leslie prepared the following trial balance from the ledger balances on October 31, 2014.
ƌĞĚŝƚŽƌƐ͗
Since the debit and credit totals disagree, a suspense account was opened for the difference. tϮ ĂůĂŶĐĞ ďͬĨ ϲϮϴϬ
>ĞƐƐ WĂLJŵĞŶƚǁƌŽŶŐůLJ ƉŽƐƚĞĚ ;ϯϰϬͿ
Trial balance as at October 31, 2014 ĚĚĂŵŽƵŶƚ ǁƌŽŶŐůLJ ǁƌŝƚƚĞŶ ϯϲϬ
ĚũƵƐƚĞĚ ďĂůĂŶĐĞ ϲϯϬϬ
ƌ ƌ͘
Ψ Ψ SOLUTION:
ĞďƚŽƌƐ ϭϴϰϬϬ
ĂƐŚĂƚĂŶŬ ϵϮϯϬ
a. K. Leslie
^ƚŽĐŬ ĂƚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϭ͕ϮϬϭϯ ϭϰϱϮϬ Ɖ Suspense account
ƌĞĚŝƚŽƌƐ ϲϮϴϬ Ψ Ψ
^ĂůĞƐ ϭϳϴϯϬϬ
dƌŝĂůĂůĂŶĐĞ tϭ ϴϴϬ ĞďƚŽƌƐ ϭϱϬϬ
WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ ϭϯϯϴϮϬ
^ĂůĞƐ ϲϲϬ ƌĞĚŝƚŽƌƐ͗
ĂƉŝƚĂůEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϭ͕ϮϬϭϯ ϯϬϮϴϬ
<͘tĂŶ ϯϲϬ W͘&ƌĂnjĞƌ ϭϳϬ
ƌĂǁŝŶŐƐ ϭϲϮϬϬ
ͺͺͺͺ W͘&ƌĂnjĞƌ ϭϳϬ
^ƵŶĚƌLJ džƉĞŶƐĞƐ ϭϮϰϭϬ
&ŝdžƚƵƌĞƐ ŶĚ&ŝƚƚŝŶŐƐ ϵϰϬϬ ϭϴϰϬ ϭϴϰϬ
^ƵƐƉĞŶƐĞ ĐĐŽƵŶƚ ;ƚŽ ďĞ ĨŽƵŶĚďLJ LJŽƵ ĂƐƉĞƌ ;ĂͿďĞůŽǁ͘ хϭ
After examination of the books and vouchers, the below-mentioned errors were discovered. b.
The necessary amendments were then made and the suspense account closed. Corrected trial balance as at October 31, 2014
i. The sales day book was undercast by $600. ƌ ƌ͘
ii. A purchase of goods costing $840 from K. Wan was entered correctly in the purchases Ψ Ψ
day book but was wrongly posted to K. Wan A/c as $480. [>2] ĞďƚŽƌƐ ϭϵϵϬϬ
iii. The purchase of new fixtures and fittings cost $780 for business use had been debited to ĂƐŚĂƚĂŶŬ ϵϮϯϬ
^ƚŽĐŬ ĂƚEŽǀĞŵďĞƌ ϭ͕ϮϬϭϯ ϭϰϱϮϬ
the purchases account. [>3]
ƌĞĚŝƚŽƌƐtϮ ϲϯϬϬ
iv. A sales ledger balance of $1,500 for L. Angel had been omitted from the trial balance ^ĂůĞƐ ϭϳϴϵϬϬ
figure. WƵƌĐŚĂƐĞƐ ϭϯϯϬϰϬ
v. A payment by cheque of $170 to a creditor, P. Frazer, had been posted to the wrong side ĂƉŝƚĂůEŽǀĞŵďĞƌϭ͕ϮϬϭϯ ϯϬϮϴϬ
of his account, although it was correct in the bank account. [>3] ƌĂǁŝŶŐƐ ϭϲϭϬϬ
^ƵŶĚƌLJdžƉĞŶƐĞƐ ϭϮϰϭϬ
&ŝdžƚƵƌĞƐ ŶĚ&ŝƚƚŝŶŐƐ ϭϬϭϴϬ ͺͺͺͺͺͺ
YOU ARE REQUIRED TO: ϮϭϱϰϴϬ ϮϭϱϰϴϬ
a. Prepare the suspense account, starting with the balance which you are required to
calculate from the trial balance.
b. Prepare the trial balance as it would appear after the correction of all errors. This is an appropriate point at which to end this week’s presentation. Always remember,
“You have to learn the rules of the game, and when you have, to play better than anyone else”.
Look out next week for a presentation on Sole Trader and Adjustments. See you then.
REASONING:
[>1] The amount can be had by adding the debit side and less the credit side of the trial Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to
balance. See [W1] kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Diseases
Contributor
ELLO, STUDENTS. Here we are, fast approaching the
significance
Past information is used to produce trends.
The last
Contributor b. Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of an electronic
I, STUDENTS! Next week will be the last publication of the office filing system
lap
b. Level of access
1. In some offices personnel are allowed to ‘dress down’ on Fridays. c. Password protection
However, some workers are choosing to dress inappropriately.
a. What attribute is not being displayed by these workers? 16. Discuss three duties that a records management clerk must
b. How can inappropriate dressing have a negative impact on the perform in doing each of the following tasks:
business? a. Processing records
c. State three standards that should be observed when choosing b. Managing records
clothes to wear to the office. operator.
a. What are two advantages of this change? 17. a. Identify two types of information that are protected by
2. a. Explain the term ‘memorandum’ and say when it is used. b. What are two disadvantages? copyright law.
b. Explain the difference between a letter and a memorandum. c. Write out the greeting that may be recorded for Brackett &
Tugman answering system. 18. a. Discuss how copyright provides protection for the secrecy of
3 a. What is a report? information.
b. Give two instances when it is necessary to write a report. 8 You have been asked to assist in the orientation of Shanelle, the b. What is meant by the term ‘defamation’?
new mailroom clerk. Explain how she should handle the following c. Discuss the two main forms of defamation.
4. Describe three forms of written communication that a business tasks:
can use to communicate with external clients. a. Sorting mail 19. Define the term ‘employment turnover’.
b. Preparing a mailing list
5. You have been asked to present a discussion on effective 20. Explain the difference between employee turnover and
communication to a group of business students. Outline the points 9. What is the difference between a postage book and a mail retrenchment.
that you would present. register?
21. List three types of financial records.
6. Within an organisation there are both formal and informal 10. State two items of accounting data that must be recorded by the
organisational structures. Identify two office situations in which mailroom clerk. You need to attack these questions with some degree of purpose as
there are: your examination draws near.
a. Formal organisational structures 11. Identify four sources of information about job opportunities.
b. Informal organisational structures 12. Explain the term ‘unsolicited application’. Have a productive week.
7 The managers of Brackett &Tugman law firm are considering Hyacinth Tugman is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to
13. Describe how an employment agency operates.
using an automated answering service to replace their telephone kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
yl:mathematics
(iii) The modal mark Semi-Interquartile range
SOLUTION
Rearrange the data in order of size: 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7
The measure of dispersion gives an indication of how good the
average is as a representative value of the given data. The smaller the
dispersion, the better the average is as an approximation of the data.
of data
students in a test: 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 11, 12.
(i) The mode, the most frequently occurring score, is 5.
(ii) The median, the middle value is 5
(average of the 3rd and 4th values) INTERQUARTILE RANGE
(iii) The mean = Sum of scores = 30 = 5 The median score of the above is the average of 4 and 6, that is 5.
Number of scores 6 (Average of the 5th and 6th scores.)
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE The median, 5, divides the scores into two sets from which the
Contributor upper and lower quartiles are found:
NOTE
THIS WEEK’S lesson will continue the review of analysis of data. We
The data, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, has two scores occurring most times and Q1 (lower quartile) is the median of 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, that is 4.
will begin with the homework on.
is said to be bimodal. Q2 (upper quartile) is the median of 6, 6, 7, 11, 12, that is 7
HOMEWORK Let us now consider measures of dispersion. The Interquartile range is Q2 - Q1 = 7 - 4, = 3.
Six students earned the following marks in a test: 5, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7 This is represented by the following:
Calculate Interquartile range
CONTINUED ON PAGE 20
This is a measure of the chance that a given event will occur. You were advised that in the analysis of data you need to determine the value of the mean, median, mode,
The probability = Number of favourable events upper and lower quartiles, interquartile range and semi-interquartile range.
Total numbers of events
The following will illustrate the computation of the above.
From the above scores of 10 sudents, what is the probability of scoring greater than 6? Given the following marks (out of 20) gained by 15 students:
The number of scores greater than 6 is 3 (7, 11, 12). 0, 1, 1, 3, 7, 8, 8, 10, 12, 14, 14, 14, 15, 16, 17
The Probability = 3
10 (a) I am sure that you have no difficulty in determining that:
NOTE (i) The median mark (the middle value or the 8th place) is 10
(ii) The model mark (most frequently occurring score) is 14
Probability is always a positive value and is less than one. (iii) The mean mark = Sum of the marks
The above example relates to discrete values with a small number of scores. Number of marks
= 140 = 9.33
Lets us attempt the following example: 15
The height of orange seedlings on a farm is given as follows: The mean mark = 9.33
Height (cm) 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15
(b) To determine the upper and lower quartiles, the simple explanation is as follows:
Frequency 4 14 20 9 3 If the median is assumed to divide the score into two distributions, then the quartiles are the median of
each.
Calculate The lower quartile (The median of the lower distribution or the 4th score) is 3.
(i) The number of seedlings in the sample. The upper quartile (The median of the upper distribution or the 12th score) is 14.
(ii) The mean height of the seedlings in the sample.
(iii) The median height. Do you notice the pattern in the distribution of the 15 scores?
(iv) The probability that a plant selected at random is less than 9 cm.
1st 4th 8th 12th 15th
Lower Median Upper
SOLUTION Quartile Quartile
(i) The number of seedlings in the sample is the sum of the frequencies:
= 4 + 14 + 20 + 9 + 3 = 50 (c) The interquartile range is the difference between the 4th and 12th values; this is 14 - 3 = 9.
Answer: 50
(d) The semi-interquartile Range is 1/2 (Upper Quartile - Lower Quartile) = 1/2 (14 - 3) = 4.5
(ii) Rewrite the 5th table with the average height of each class:
NB: This is the value which represents the class. I do recommend that you attempt similar examples from your textbooks.
Height (cm) 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 As this is the final lesson, I do wish you all the best in the CXC CSEC examinations. You are also
Ave. Height (H) 2 5 8 11 14 encouraged to:
Continue to review effectively the work presented during the year.
Frequency (f) 4 14 20 9 3 Have vital, available copies of all the lessons which were presented.
Include these as a critical part of your review package.
Given a table of grouped values, then the mean = f x H Also include past-paper questions, model answers and a suitable calculator.
N Have a current CXC syllabus to ensure adequate coverage. This will ensure that you review those
The mean is 2 x 4 + 5 x 14 + 8 x 20 + 11 x 9 + 14 x 3 topics which I omitted.
50
= 8 + 70 + 160 + 99 + 42 All the best.
50
= 379 = 7.58 Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
50
NOTE
This value is an approximation as the average height of each class is used to represent the value of the
class.