ENEE 3522 AC Circuit Equations for Power Systems Analysis Fall 2018

A. Voltage, Current, Complex Power, and Impedance

For any component in power system circuits, we are concerned with four electrical quantities of that
component:

Voltage phasor V = |V|θV V

Current phasor I = |I|θI A

Complex power S = |S|θV −θI = |S|θpf VA

(θV −θI ) = θpf is power factor angle, where −90° ≤ θpf ≤ 90°.

Impedance Z = |Z|θpf Ω
R + jXL = (R + jωL), θpf > 0° (lagging or inductive component)
Z R + j0 = R, θpf = 0° (unity pf or resistive component)
1
R – jXC = (R − j ), θpf < 0° (leading or capacitive component)
𝜔𝐶

Knowns Equations to solve for unknowns

𝑽
V, I S = VI* Z=
𝑰
𝑺 ∗ |𝑽|𝟐
V, S I =( ) Z=
𝑽 𝑺∗
𝑽 |𝑽|𝟐
V, Z I= S=
𝒁 𝒁∗
𝑺 𝑺
I, S V= Z=
𝑰∗ |𝑰|𝟐

I, Z V = ZI S = | I |2Z

V=? I=?

Note: No equation can be derived from S and Z to obtain V and I.

S, Z Only voltage magnitude can be derived. Only current magnitude can be derived.
|𝑽|𝟐
Z=  | V | = √𝒁𝑺∗ 𝑺
𝑺∗ S = | I |2Z  |I| = √
𝒁

B. Active Power, Reactive Power, Apparent Power, and Power Factor

Given complex power S = |S|θpf = P +jQ VA,
Active power = P = |S|cos(θpf) W
Reactive power = Q = |S|sin(θpf) VAR
(For capacitive components or θpf < 0°, Q is negative.)

Apparent power = |S| = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 VA

cos(θpf) lagging (when θpf > 0°)

Power factor = pf
cos(θpf) leading (when θpf < 0°)

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