Ultra Wide Band Radio Technology (UWB) (B-TECH SEMINAR REPORT)

A SEMINAR REPORT ON
RF transmission based on Microwave UWB

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
VINOD V: 07402144
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
SREE CHITRA THIRUNAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695 018.
NOVEMBER 2010
SREE CHITRA THIRUNAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM - 695 018.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATIONENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that seminar work entitled “RF transmission based on Microwave UWB” is a
bonafide work carried out in the seventh semester by “VINOD V (07402144)” in partial
fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in “ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING” from University of Kerala during the
academic year 2010-2011, who carried out the seminar work under the guidance and no
part of this work has been submitted or published any where earlier for the award of any
degree.
SEMINAR CO-ORDINATOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
SUBHA V S.VAIDYANATHAN
Lecturer, Professor,
Department of ECE Department of ECE
SCT College of Engineering SCT College of Engineering
Thiruvananthapuram-18 Thiruvananthapuram-18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported
us during the making of this seminar. My deepest thanks to Ms Subha.V, lecturer in
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of
Engineering, Trivandrum, the seminar co-ordinator for guiding and correcting various
documents with attention and care. They have taken pain to go through the seminar and
make necessary corrections as and when needed.
I gratefully obliged to thank Prof. S.Balachandran, Principal, Sree Chitra

Thirunal College of Engineering, Trivandrum and Prof. S.Vaidyanathan, Head of the
Department, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering for their timely
assistance during the course of this seminar.
I would like to thank our institution and our faculty members without whom
this seminar would have been a distant reality. I also extend our heartfelt thanks to our
families and well wishers. Last but not the least I would like to express our gratitude to
God almighty.
Vinod V
ABSTRACT
Ultra-wideband (UWB) transmission has recently received great attention in both academia
and industry for applications in wireless communications. It was among the CNN’s top
10 technologies to watch in 2004. A UWB system is defined as any radio system that
has a 10-dB bandwidth larger than 20% of its center frequency, or has a 10-dB band-
width equal to or larger than 500 MHz. The recent approval of UWB technology by
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States reserves the unlicensed
frequency band between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz (7.5 GHz) for indoor UWB wireless commu-
nication systems. It is expected that many conventional principles and approaches used
for short-range wireless communications will be reevaluated and a new industrial sector
in short-range (e.g., 10 m) wireless communications with high data rate (e.g., 400 Mbps)
will be formed. Further, industrial standards IEEE 802.15.3a (high data rate) and IEEE
802.15.4a (very low data rate) based on UWB technology have been introduced.
CONTENTS
SECTION Page No:
List of TABLES i
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. History and Background 2
1.2. FCC Emission limits 4
1.3. UWB Concepts 6
1.4. UWB Signals 9
2. Why UWB 11
3. Bandpass UWB 18
3.1 Filter Technologies 18
4. Multiband-OFDM Approach 21
5. IR-UWB Vs. MB-OFDM 29

6. LNA Architecture 30
7. UWB Antennas 32
8. UWB Vs. Spread Spectrum 35
9. UWB Applications 37
9.1 UWB Outdoor peer-to-peer network (OPPN) 40
9.2 UWB Radar 41
9.2.1 Measuring method 42
9.2.2 UWB radar over NB radar 45
9.2.3 Position Estimation Techniques 46
9.2.4 UWB radar Detection of people in an open area 49
9.2.5 UWB radar monitoring of the level of a liquid 50
9.2.6 GPR- Ground Penetrating Radar 51
9.2.7 guarding of objects 53

9.2.8 Precision Asset Location (PAL) System 54
9.2.9 Vehicular collision avoidance 55
9.2.10 UWB Radars in Medicine 56
9.2.11 Optical UWB RADAR 61
9.3 HDR WPAN 62
9.4 LDR WSN 64
9.5 LDR WBAN 65
10. UWB Network Extension 66
11. UWB ECG Monitoring 68
12. UWB-MIMO 69
13. UWB Endoscope 71

14. BToUWB 72
15. Wireless USB 73
16. UWB SATCOM 74
17. Related Technologies 75
18. Challenges to UWB 78
19. Conclusion 79
References 80
Appendix- UWB transceiver examples 82

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE Page No:
TABLE.1.3 6
TABLE.4 27
TABLE.5 29
TABLE.7 34
TABLE.17 75
TABLE.19 78
i
UWB- Seminar Report 2010 Dept. Of Electronics & Communication
1. INTRODUCTION
Every radio technology allocates a specific part of the spectrum; for example, the signals
for TVs, radios, cell phones, and so on are sent on different frequencies to avoid
interference to each other. As a result, the constraints on the availability of the
RF spectrum becomes more and more strict with the introduction of new radio services.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology offers a promising solution to the RF spectrum
drought by allowing new services to coexist with current radio systems with minimal or no
interference. This coexistence brings the advantage of avoiding the expensive spectrum
licensing fees that providers of all other radio services must pay.
This seminar provides a comprehensive overview of ultra-wideband Communications.
SCT Engineering College, TVM 1

1.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
FIG. 1.1
Ultra-wideband communications is not a new technology; in fact, it was first
employed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1901 to transmit Morse code sequences across the
Atlantic Ocean using spark gap radio transmitters. However, the benefit of a large
bandwidth and the capability of implementing multiuser systems provided by
electromagnetic pulses were never considered at that time. Approximately fifty years after
Marconi, modern pulse-based transmission gained momentum in military applications
in the form of impulse radars. Some of the pioneers of modern UWB communications in the
United States from the late 1960s are Henning Harmuth of Catholic University of America
and Gerald Ross and K. W. Robins of Sperry Rand Corporation .

From the 1960s to the 1990s, this technology was restricted to military and Department of
Defense (DoD) applications under classified programs such as highly secure
communications. However, the recent advancement in microprocessing and fast switching
in semiconductor technology has made UWB ready for commercial applications. Therefore,
it is more appropriate to consider UWB as a new name for a long-existing technology. As
interest in the commercialization of UWB has increased over the past several years,
developers of UWB systems began pressuring the FCC to approve UWB for commercial use.
In February 2002, the FCC approved the First Report and Order (R&O) for commercial
use of UWB technology under strict power emission limits for various devices.

1.2 FCC EMISSION LIMITS
FIG. 1.2
In order to protect existing radio services from UWB interference, the FCC has
assigned conservative emission masks between 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz for commercial
UWB devices. The maximum allowed power spectral density for these devices—that is,
–41.3 dBm/MHz, or 75 nW/MHz—places them at the same level as un-intentional
radiators (FCC Part 15 class) such as televisions and computer monitors.

The spectral mask for outdoor devices is 10 dB lower than that for indoor devices,
between 1.61 GHz and 3.1 GHz, as shown in above Figure.
According to FCC regulations, indoor UWB devices must consist of handheld equipment,
and their activities should be restricted to peer-to-peer operations inside buildings.
The FCC’s rule dictates that no fixed infrastructure can be used for UWB communications
in outdoor environments. Therefore, outdoor UWB communications are restricted to
handheld devices that can send information only to their associated receivers.

1.3 UWB CONCEPTS
FIG. 1.3
Narrow band, Wide band, UWB
TABLE.1.3

Traditional narrowband communications systems modulate continuous waveform (CW)
RF signals with a specific carrier frequency to transmit and receive information.
A continuous waveform has a well-defined signal energy in a narrow frequency band that
makes it very vulnerable to detection and interception. Above Figure represents both
narrowband & wideband signals in the time and frequency domains.
UWB systems use carrierless, short-duration (picosecond to nanosecond) pulses with a
very low duty cycle (less than 0.5 percent) for transmission and reception of the
information.
Low duty cycle offers a very low average transmission power in UWB
communications systems. The average transmission power of a UWB system is on the
order of microwatts, which is a thousand times less than the transmission power of a cell-
phone! However, the peak or instantaneous power of individual UWB pulses can be
relatively large, but because they are transmitted for only a very short time, the aver-
age power becomes considerably lower. Consequently, UWB devices require low transmit
power due to this control over the duty cycle, which directly translates to longer battery
life for handheld equipment. Since frequency is inversely related to time, the

short-duration UWB pulses spread their energy across a wide range of frequencies—
from near DC several gigahertz (GHz)—with very low power spectral density (PSD).
The wide instantaneous bandwidth results from the time-scaling property of theoretical
Fourier transforms.

1.4 UWB SIGNALS
FIG. 1.4(a)
UWB modulates an impulse-like waveform (WAVELET) with Data. A typical baseband UWB
pulse, also called monopulse, such as the Gaussian first derivative pulse can be used.
UWB signals must have bandwidths of greater than 500 MHz or a fractional bandwidth
larger than 20 percent at all times of transmission. Fractional (relative) bandwidth is a
factor used to classify signals as narrowband, wideband, or ultra-wideband and is defined
by the ratio of bandwidth at –10 dB points to center frequency.

where fh and f1 are the highest and lowest cutoff frequencies (at the –10 dB
point) of a UWB pulse spectrum, respectively. A UWB signal can be any one of a variety of
wideband signals, such as Gaussian, chirp, wavelet, or Hermite-based short-duration
pulses. Above Figure represents a Gaussian monocycle as an example of a UWB pulse.
WAVELET Generation
FIG. 1.4(b)
The development of laser-actuated semiconductor fast-acting switches that can
produce impulses or short duration waveforms of one or several cycles has been of
interest for UWB. The traveling wave tube (TWT) can be used. It can be excited with
a narrow impulse, but its energy is limited by the peak power of the TWT.

2. Why UWB?
The nature of the short-duration pulses used in UWB technology offers several
advantages over narrowband communications systems. Next, we discuss some of the key
benefits that UWB brings to wireless communications.
2.1 Ability to share the Frequency Spectrum
FIG. 2.1
UWB systems reside below the noise floor of a typical narrow-band receiver and
enables UWB signals to coexist with current radio services with minimal or no interference.

2.2 Large Channel Capacity
One of the major advantages of the large bandwidth for UWB pulses is improved
channel capacity. Channel capacity, or data rate, is defined as the maximum amount of
data that can be transmitted per second over a communications channel. The large channel
capacity of UWB communications systems is evident from Hartley-Shannon’s capacity
formula shown above. Where C represents the maximum channel capacity,
B is the bandwidth, and SNR is the signal-to-noise power ratio. As shown in Equation,
channel capacity C linearly increases with bandwidth B. Therefore, having several
gigahertz of bandwidth available for UWB signals, a data rate of gigabits per second
(Gbps) can be expected.
However, due to the FCC’s current power limitation on UWB transmissions, such a
high data rate is available only for short ranges, up to 10 meters. This makes UWB systems
perfect candidates for short-range, high-data-rate wireless applications such as wireless
personal area networks (WPANs). The trade-off between the range and the data rate
makes UWB technology ideal for a wide array of applications in military, civil, and
commercial sectors.
2.3 Ability to work with Low Signal-to-Noise ratios
The Hartley-Shannon formula for maximum capacity also indicates that the channel
capacity is only logarithmically dependent on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Therefore, UWB
communications systems are capable of working in harsh communication channels
with low SNRs and still offer a large channel capacity as a result of their large bandwidth.
2.4 Low probability of intercept and detection
Because of their low average transmission power,UWB communications systems
have an inherent immunity to detection and intercept. With such low transmission power,
the eaves-dropper has to be very close to the transmitter (about 1 meter) to be able
to detect the transmitted information. In addition, UWB pulses are time modulated
with codes unique to each transmitter/receiver pair. The time modulation of extremely
narrow pulses adds more security to UWB transmission, because detecting picosecond
pulses without knowing when they will arrive is next to impossible. Therefore, UWB
systems hold significant promise of achieving highly secure, low probability of inter-
cept and detection (LPI/D) communications that is a critical need for military operations.
2.5 Resistance to Jamming
Processing gain (PG) is a measure of a radio system’s resistance to jamming and is
defined as the ratio of the RF bandwidth to the information bandwidth of a signal. The
frequency diversity caused by high processing gain makes UWB signals relatively resistant
to intentional and unintentional jamming, because no jammer can jam every frequency
in the UWB spectrum at once. Therefore, if some of the frequencies are jammed,
there is still a large range of frequencies that remains untouched. However, this resis-
tance to jamming is only in comparison to narrowband and wideband systems. Hence, the
performance of a UWB communications system can still be degraded, depending on its
modulation scheme, by strong narrow-band interference from traditional radio transmitters
coexisting in the UWB receiver’s frequency band.

2.6 High performance in multipath channels
The phenomenon known as multipath is unavoidable in wireless communications
channels. It is caused by multiple reflections of the transmitted signal from various
surfaces such as buildings, trees, and people. The straight line between a transmitter
and a receiver is the line of sight (LOS); the reflected signals from surfaces are
non-line of sight (NLOS).
The effect of multipath is rather severe for narrowband signals; it can cause signal
degradation up to –40 dB due to the out-of-phase addition of LOS and NLOS continuous
waveforms. On the other hand, the very short duration of UWB pulses makes them less
sensitive to the multipath effect. Because the transmission duration of a UWB pulse is
shorter than a nanosecond in most cases, the reflected pulse has an extremely short
window of opportunity to collide with the LOS pulse and cause signal degradation.

2.7 Superior penetration properties
Unlike narrowband technology, UWB systems can penetrate effectively
through different materials. The low frequencies included in the broad range of the UWB
frequency spectrum have long wavelengths, which allows UWB signals to penetrate a
variety of materials, including walls. This property makes UWB technology viable for
through-the-wall communications and ground-penetrating radars (GPRs). However, the
material penetration capability of UWB signals is useful only when they are allowed to
occupy the low-frequency portion of the radio spectrum.
2.8 Simple transceiver architecture
UWB transmission is carrierless, meaning that data is not modulated on a continous
waveform with a specific carrier frequency, as in narrowband and wideband technologies.
Carrierless transmission requires fewer RF components than carrier-based transmission.
For this reason UWB transceiver architecture is significantly simpler and thus cheaper
to build.

The transmission of low-powered pulses eliminates the need for a power amplifier
(PA) in UWB transmitters. Also, because UWB transmission is carrier-less, there is no
need for mixers and local oscillators to translate the carrier frequency to the required
frequency band; consequently there is no need for a carrier recovery stage at the
receiver end. In general, the analog front end of a UWB transceiver is noticeably less
complicated than that of a narrowband transceiver. This simplicity makes an all-CMOS
implementation of UWB transceivers possible, which translates to smaller form
factors and lower production costs.
FIG. 2.8

3. Bandpas UWB
FIG. 3
Low energy, short duration UWB pulses modulates Input data.Microwave Spectrum
controlled by BPF impulse response. Modulation scheme may be among PPM, OOK, or
BPSK.
3.1 Filter Technologies
UWB bandpass filter is a key component of UWB system. It must have an ultra wide
passband, but also needs high selectivity to reject signals from existing systems such as
1.6 GHz global positioning systems (GPS) and 2.4 GHz Blu-etooth systems. In addition, in
some cases, the UWB bandpass filter needs to introduce steeply notched frequency bands

in order to reduce interference from existing NB radio systems located within the UWB
pass-band. These requirements increase the challenges for the UWB filter designer.
However, since conventional filter theory is based on the narrowband assumption and
cannot be used to design UWB bandpass filters , novel techniques and technologies need
to be developed for UWB bandpass filter design.
FIG. 3.1(a)
Microstrip Filter
FIG. 3.1(b)
microstrip filters ony become practical above 300MHz. It is a size issue. the inductance and
capacitance of the the microstrip line PCB traces to form the filter, rather then discrete
inductors and capacitors.
FIG. 3.1(c)
4. Multiband-OFDM Approach
The ability of UWB technology to provide very high data rates for short
ranges (less than 10 meters) has made it an excellent candidate for the physical layer of
the IEEE 802.15.3a standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs). However, two
opposing groups of UWB developers are battling over the IEEE standard. The two
competing technologies are single band and multiband. The single-band technique,
backed by Motorola/XtremeSpectrum, supports the idea of impulse radio that is the
original approach to UWB by using narrow pulses that occupy a large portion of the
spectrum. The multiband approach divides the available UWB frequency spectrum
(3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) into multiple smaller and nonoverlapping bands with bandwidths
greater than 500 MHz to obey the FCC’s definition of UWB signals. The multiband
approach is supported by several companies, including Staccato Communications,
Intel, Texas Instruments, General Atomics, and Time Domain Corporation.
To date, several proposals from both groups have been submitted to the
IEEE 802.15.3a working group, and the decision is yet to be made because

both technologies are impressive and have technical credibility. The following subsections
discuss the two leading candidates for the 802.15.3a standard: direct-sequence UWB
(DS-UWB) and multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
DIRECT-SEQUENCE UWB
FIG. 4(a)
Above figure shows DS-UWB with 3.1-to 5-GHz range band plan.

And the below figure shows DS-UWB with 6-to 10.6-GHz band plan
FIG. 4(b)
Direct-sequence UWB is a single-band approach that uses narrow UWB pulses and
time-domain signal processing combined with well-understood DSSS techniques to
transmit and receive information. Data representation in this approach is based on
simple bi-phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation, and rake receivers are used to
capture the signal energy from multiple paths in a multipath channel.

According to the proposals sent to the IEEE 802.15.3a standardization committee by
the proponents of this technology, the DS-UWB technique is scalable and can achieve
data rates in excess of 1 Gbps. The technical reason behind using DS-UWB is the
propagation benefits of ultra-wideband pulses, which experience no Rayleigh fading. In
contrast, narrowband transmissions degrade significantly due to fading.
MULTIBAND OFDM
FIG. 4(c)
The multiband UWB approach uses the 7500 MHz of the RF spectrum
available to UWB communications in a way that differs from traditional UWB techniques.
The UWB frequency band is divided into multiple smaller bands with bandwidths greater
than 500 MHz.
This approach is similar to the narrowband frequency-hopping technique.
Dividing the UWB spectrum into multiple frequency bands offers the advantage of avoiding
transmission over certain bands, such as 802.11a at 5 GHz, to prevent potential
interference. In the multiband approach, UWB pulses are not as narrow as in traditional
UWB techniques; therefore, synchronization requirements are more relaxed. A variety of
modulation techniques have been proposed by industry leaders for the multiband
approach; however, OFDM, which was initially proposed by Texas Instruments, offers
improved performance for high-data-rate applications. Infact, both technologies are
technically valid and impressive. Supporters of DS-UWB criticize the multiband OFDM
systems for their complexity, which results from using complex Fast Fourier Trans-
forms (FFTs). On the other side, advocates of multiband OFDM believe that their technique
offers better coexistence with other radio services, and they disapprove of DS-UWB

because of possible interference concerns. The debate will likely continue until the IEEE
802.15.3a standardization committee reaches a decision.
MB-OFDM generation method
FIG. 4(d)
PLL provides center frequencies for first three Group “A” bands.

TABLE.4
Integration of Multiband and cognitive radio (CR)
FIG. 4(e)
Cognitive Radio(CR) is an emerging approach for a more flexible usage of the precious radio
spectrum resources. By investigations on the radio spectrum usage, it has been observed
that some frequency bands are largely unoccupied most of the time, some other frequency
bands are only partially occupied, and the remaining frequency bands are heavily used.
A CR terminal can sense its environment and location and then adapt some of its features
allowing to dynamically reuse valuable spectrum. This could lead to a multidimensional
reuse (dynamical usage) of spectrum in space, frequency and time, exceeding the severe
limitations in the spectrum and bandwidth allocations.

5. IR-UWB Vs. MB-OFDM
TABLE.5

6. LNA architecture
Due to the wide bandwidth, classical narrow band LNA design techniques cannot be used.
Feedback amplifier architecture, described in Figure, has been considered as a good
candidate for wideband amplification due to its relative simplicity to provide flat gain and
good 50 Ohms matching with respect to low noise.
FIG. 6(a)
Wideband input impedance matching
The main challenge in UWB designs is to extend matching to the wide frequency range of
3.1-10.6 GHz. The LNA has to exhibit good input impedance.

FIG. 6(b)
NB Interference suppression
FIG. 6(c)
A tunable center frequency RF “roofing filter” applied to the UWB NB interference
mitigation problem. This filter will introduce significant group delay distortion in the
passband, and so spectral shaping of the transmitted waveform out of the interference
band will also be required to minimize the resulting degradation in system performance.
In the second case, an accurate estimation of the frequency, phase, and amplitude of the
jammer is required to significantly reduce the interference level.

7. UWB Antennas
Antennas are particularly challenging aspect of UWB. If an impulse is fed to an antenna,
it tends to ring, severely distorting the pulse and spreading it out in time. Poor matching
and large reflections. Conventional wideband antennas such as the log-periodic and
the spiral are wideband in amplitude, but not in phase; they distort the UWB signal.
The best antennas for UWB are arrays of TEM horns. The higher the frequency the antennas
can be equally small.
In UWB systems, antenna design is one of key technologies and has been widely
investigated by both academia and industry. The antenna design considerations are
strongly dependent on the modulation scheme, which the UWB systems are using, and
applications.

In general, MB-OFDM UWB wireless communication systems require the antennas which
should have broadband response in terms of return loss, gain at the directions of
interest, and /or polarization. Such requirements are almost the same as the designs for
conventional broadband wireless systems but a required extremely broad bandwidth of
50% to 100% with a consistent gain response.
However, additional attention must be paid for pulse-based UWB systems where the UWB
antenna usually function as a bandpass filter and tailor the spectra of the radiated/
received pulses so that the waveforms of radiated/received pulses are distorted.

TABLE.7
FIG. 7

8. UWB Vs. SPREAD SPECTRUM
FIG. 8
Although UWB and spread-spectrum techniques share the same advantage
of expanded bandwidth, the method of achieving the large bandwidth is the main
distinction between the two technologies. In conventional spread-spectrum techniques,
the signals are continuous-wave sinusoids that are modulated with a fixed carrier
frequency.
In UWB communications, on the other hand, there is no carrier frequency; the short
duration of UWB pulses directly generates an extremely wide bandwidth. Another
distinguishing factor in UWB is the very large bandwidth. Spread-spectrum techniques can
offer megahertz of bandwidth, while UWB pulses provide several gigahertz of bandwidth.
Above figure shows the time and frequency domain representation of narrowband,
wideband, and UWB signals.
The low transmission power could be a disadvantage for UWB systems, because the
information can travel only short distances. Therefore, for long-range applications, spread-
spectrum techniques are still more appropriate.

9. UWB APPLICATIONS
The trade-off between data rate and range in UWB systems holds great
promise for a wide variety of applications in military, civilian, and commercial sectors.
The FCC categorizes UWB applications as either radar, imaging, or communications devices.
Radar is considered one of the most powerful applications of UWB technology. The
fine positioning characteristics of narrow UWB pulses enables them to offer high-resolution
radar (within centimeters) for military and civilian applications. Also, because of the very
wide frequency spectrum band, UWB signals can easily penetrate various obstacles. This
property makes UWB-based ground-penetrating radar (GPR) a useful asset for rescue
and disaster recovery teams for detecting survivors buried under rubble
in disaster situations.
In the commercial sector, such radar systems can be used on construction
sites to locate pipes, studs, and electrical wiring. The same technology under different
regulations can be used for various types of medical imaging, such as remote heart
monitoring systems. In addition, UWB radar is used in the automotive industry for collision
avoidance systems. Moreover, the low transmission power of UWB pulses makes them
ideal candidates for covert military communications. UWB pulses are extremely difficult to
detect or intercept; therefore, unauthorized parties will not get access to secure military
information. Also, because UWB devices have simpler transceiver circuitry than
narrowband transceivers, they can be manufactured in small sizes at a lower price than
narrowband systems.
Small and inexpensive UWB transceivers are excellent candidates for
wireless sensor network applications for both military and civilian use. Such sensor
networks are used to detect a physical phenomenon in an inaccessible area and transfer
the information to a destination. A military application could be the detection of biological
agents or enemy tracking on the battlefield. Civilian applications might include habitat
monitoring, environment observation, health monitoring, and home automation.
The precise location-finding ability of UWB systems can be used in inventory
control and asset management applications, such as tagging and identification systems—
for example, RFID tags. Also, the good performance of UWB devices in multipath channels

can provide accurate geolocation capability for indoor and obscured environments where
GPS receivers won’t work.
The high-data-rate capability of UWB systems for short distances has
numerous applications for home networking and multimedia-rich communications in the
form of WPAN applications. UWB systems could replace cables connecting camcorders and
VCRs, as well as other consumer electronics applications, such as laptops, DVDs, digital
cameras, and portable HDTV monitors. No other available wireless technologies—
such as Bluetooth or 802.11a/b—are capable of transferring streaming video.

9.1 UWB Outdoor peer-to-peer network (OPPN)
FIG. 9.1
Downloading of video movie purchase or rental, for example, is a very data-intensive
activity that could be enabled by UWB.

9.2 UWB radar (Short-range radar (SRR))
FIG. 9.2
The wide bandwidth of UWB signals implies a fine time resolution that gives them a
potential for high-resolution positioning applications /Localization and tracking (LT)/
ranging, provided that the multipaths are dealt with.
As of Short Pulse Width we can Resolve Multipath Components .

Above Figure demonstrates external views of this UWB radar model.
The major specifications of the prototype are given be
• Operation range 8 m;
• Pulse power 10 mW;
• Average power 80 ~W;
• Width of the antenna 's pattern: 8° x 8°; and
• Duration of radiated radio pulses 2 ns.
9.2.1 THE MEASURING METHOD OF UWB RADAR
While constructing UWB radars, as with constructing conventional narrow-band radars,
we use the property of electromagnetic waves to be scattered from a boundary of
two media with different parameters. The short electromagnetic pulses radiated by radar
are scattered by a moving object. The oscillation frequency within the pulse and the
repetition frequency ofpulses are changed owing to the Doppler effect. The sign of these
variations depends on the direction of target movement relative to the radar and the
variation value depends on the object's radial velocity. According to this direction, the signal
spectrum is going wider or narrower and moves toward high or low frequency areas.

The radars work in conditions of high level of passive noise - the signals, reflected from
walls and stationary objects, which will have large amplitude and will disguise useful signals.
Time slots, opening the receiver at the moment of input of signal reflected from object at
distance defined are formed in receiving path to eliminate interfering pulses. This task in
radar design is executed by a time discriminator, being gated. It consists of fast-acting
electronic switches. The switching time is on the order of 200-300 picoseconds. The
switches connect the receiving antenna to the UWB amplifier at the moment of signal input.
These moments are defined by a delay magnitude of the control signal at a software-
controlled delay line. All of the rest of the time, the receiver is closed. The signals received
at time slots are detected and amplified in integrating amplifier and the signal, carrying
data of target motion is selected at its output.
The time constant of integration of integrating amplifier is chosen independently of the
bandwidth of the desired signal. For example, measuring a person's vital signs, the
bandwidth of the desired signal is near 40 - 50 Hz, that corresponds to an accumulation of

10 - 30 thousands of pulses, approximately. The accumulation permits us to decrease the
average radiated power of the transmitter and increase the signal-to-noise ratio at the
input of the amplifier.
The selected and amplified low-frequency signal enters the analog-digital converter (ADC) .
The microprocessor-controlled unit directs the work of the radar on given algorithms,
monitors the state of major units and modules, and provides data output for further digital
processing in the computer. The selection of moving targets, fast Fourier transform, and
digital filtration are software-programmable at the computer.

9.2.2 UWB radar over NB radar
• Higher range resolution and accuracy .Ultra High Range Resolution (UHRR)
• enhanced target recognition
• immunity to passive “interference”
• immunity to co-located radar transmissions
• signals scattered by separate target elements do not interfere
• operational security because of the extremely large spectral spreading
• ability to detect very slowly moving or stationary targets
• Multiple targets can be resolved
• With a long pulse NB radar waveform, changes in the target aspect cause a
change only in the amplitude of the echo signal. With UWB signals, the echo
signal will change, which makes efficient signal processing.
• NB signal processing in radar almost always utilizes the envelope. With UWB
waveforms, either the envelope or the RF signal can be used.
• In indoor and dense urban environments the GPS signal is typically unavailable.

9.2.3 POSITION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES
FIG. 9.2.3(a)

In the below set-up Short-pulse RF emissions from the tags are subsequently received by
either all, or a subset, of these sensors and processed by the central hub CPU.
FIG. 9.2.3(b)
A set of three or more receivers (four receivers are typically used) are positioned at
known coordinates within, or about the periphery of, the area to be monitored.

In order to comprehend the high-precision positioning capability of UWB signals,
position estimation techniques should be investigated first. Position estimation of a node
in a wireless network involves signal exchanges between that node
(called the target_ node; i.e., the node to be located) and a number of reference nodes.
A central unit that gathers position information from the reference nodes and then
estimates the position based on those signal parameters. Signal parameters, such as
TOA (time-of-arrival), angle-of-arrival (AOA), TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival),
RTD (Round Trip Delay) and/or received signal strength (RSS), are estimated.
Short-pulse RF emissions from the tags are subsequently received by receivers and
processed by the central hub CPU. A typical tag emission consists of a short burst, which
includes synchronization preamble, tag identification (ID), optional data field (e.g., tag
battery indicator), and FEC bits. Time differences of arrival (TDOA) of the tag burst at the
various receiver sites are measured and sent back to the central processing hub for
processing. Calibration is performed at system startup by monitoring data from a reference
tag, which has been placed at a known location.

9.2.4 UWB radar Detection of people in an open area
FIG. 9.2.4(a)
Detection was made on two persons moving a distance 50 meters from the edge of a forest.
The results of measurements are shown in below waveform.
FIG. 9.2.4(b)

9.2.5 UWB radar monitoring of the level of a liquid
FIG. 9.2.5
This radar provides measurements of a liquid's level in tankage which can have a depth
from I to 20 meters. Accuracy of measurements is 5mm. The radar transfers the data of
measurements via wireless communication line to a control panel with a rate of 5c.

9.2.6 GPR- Ground Penetrating Radar
(Through-wall detection UWB radar)
FIG. 9.2.6(a)
Radar cross section (RCS) - An example of total propagation losses and reflection losses in a
simplified through-wall detection scenario
FIG. 9.2.6(b)
Here strongest clutter signal occurs by reflection from a wall and the weakest expected
reflection from a target at the maximal range. As key functional requirements to the radar
we select the separation of a breathing target from a stationary clutter.

SPIDER
FIG. 9.2.6(c)
GPR was deployed as a backup sensor for a large mining vehicle.
GPR system block diagram
FIG. 9.2.6(d)

9.2.7 guarding of objects
QUick response Perimeter Intrusion Detection –QUPID
FIG. 9.2.7
The UWB radar is also used for guarding of objects in the medicine storage room.
The UWB electromagnetic wave is just like defense sphere detecting any moving objects
crossing the guarded perimeter line. Fig. demonstrates the scheme of guarding of objects.
Waveform shows output radar signals which fluctuate corresponding to something
crossing of the secured perimeter line. Thus can be used to protect a perimeter from
unauthorized intruders.

9.2.8 Precision Asset Location (PAL) System
For detection of on-board items inside vehicles
FIG. 9.2.8
In an automotive environment, the localization of a wireless key, inside or
outside a car and its distance from the car, could be estimated by UWB radar technique.

9.2.9 Vehicular collision avoidance
FIG. 9.2.9
In this application, an approaching car is detected by using SRR as well as delivery of
warning messages by wireless communication from the approaching car.
Smart highways- UWB devices placed inside the vehicles enable them to communicate and,
thus, provide real time local intelligence in order to avoid accidents.
The 2006 Mercedes S-Class uses 24 GHz short range UWB radar as part of its driver assistant
systems. Elapsed time of pulsed signals is used to detect objects within 0.2 to 30 m. It can
detect and track up to 10 objects with a range accuracy of 7.5 cm.

9.2.10 UWB Radars in Medicine
FIG. 9.2.10(a)
Discrete pulses emitted from the UWB transmitter travel to the human body and incidence
it. The pulses comprising the information reflected from the human body travel back to the
UWB receiver and then the result is recorded. Signal processing is performed through
obtaining the pulses response with the shape and electrical properties of pulse.
Electromagnetic pulses coming from a UWB radar are able to probe the human body.
A UWB radar was able to detect, non-invasively, the movements of the heart wall.
This is because there exists a definite difference in reflection magnitude between the
heart muscle and the blood it pushes into the vascular tree.
This evidence opens up a whole new area for non-invasive measures and monitoring of
human body functions. In practice, any object of adequate size can be monitored. Vocal

cords, vessels, bowels, heart, lung, chest, bladder and fetus are good candidates for UWB
radar probing. Radar monitoring of human physiologic functions was considered as
early as the 1970s , but any further development was impeded by the cumbersome and
expensive technology of those times.
As long as human body monitoring is concerned, it has to be recognized that no other
technology is using the same physical principle as UWBs. Further, no other system or
methodology lets one monitor the movements of internal organs without direct skin
contact or using a radiated, instead of induced electromagnetic field. Functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is actually providing images of moving internal organ
but, as it uses an induced field, the patient has to be confined UWB radar, using a radiated
field, lets the patient be absolutely free in space. No other direct comparison is to be
made between UWB radar and MRI, as the purpose and final clinical target of the two
methodologies are far too different.
AS the UWB electromagnetic signal is not influenced by clothes or blankets, and the
useful range is in the order of a few meters, a through-clothing heart rate monitor is
viable so that interesting potential applications can be envisioned. Home

health care, emergency rooms, intensive care units, hospitals, pediatric clinics (to alert
for the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, SIDS), rescue operations (to look for some
heart beating under ruins, or soil, or snow) or law enforcement are some potential areas
of application.
UWB pulse-echo delay times in the human body
UWB Radar emits (W tc) a short packet of electromagnetic waves whose echoes (W
echo) are sampled using “conventional” UWB receiver.
FIG. 9.2.10(b)

A straightforward application of UWB radar-based heart and breath activities
is shown for intensive care units (IU) and conventional hospital beds as well
FIG. 9.2.10(c)
UWB radar-based exploration of arteries
FIG. 9.2.10(d)
A UWB radar could replace presently used fetal monitors which use ultrasound (to detect
placentary blood flow) and pressure sensors (to detect uterine contractions): the UWB

radar signal contains data about maternal heart rate, maternal breath rate, fetal heart rate,
fetal movements, and uterine contractions. Furthermore the remote, non-contact,
non-invasive operation permits conventional, uninterrupted mother and child care.
UWB radar emissions are safe and, therefore, the system is well suited for a
chronically positioned equipment to monitor the last period of pregnancy.
FIG. 9.2.10(e)

9.2.11 OPTICAL UWB RADAR
Instead of emitting a short electromagnetic pulse, a short train-wave of light
(Electromagnetic energy as well) is emitted (IR laser diode is used as the antenna) and the
echoes detected by a very fast PIN photodiode (UWB receiver equipped with a PIN
Photodiode). Resulting biomedical applications are quite interesting.

9.3 High Data Rate(HDR) WPAN (IEEE 802.15.3a)
FIG. 9.3
AWICS (Aircraft Inter communications system), is specifically designed for use in extremely
high multipath environments such as those commonly encountered inside helicopters and
aircraft. As such, its audio data rate and packet structure was selected to permit operation
in the presence of severe signal reverberation.
However, with spread spectrum, multipath signal degradation was prevalent within
the confines of the aircraft fuselage. Deleterious multipath effects were also encountered in
communications between an internal base unit and a remote user standing outside of the
aircraft while the rotor system was engaged and turning. In the latter case, the degradation
was found to be caused by multipath

reflections from the large rotor system. The receiver essentially encountered a
self-jamming situation from its own signal reflections. After an initial exploration of
spread-spectrum signaling, UWB eventually emerged as a leading candidate technology
for AWICS applications.
As shown, both pilot and copilot remain tethered, whereas crewmen are permitted to be
mobile. UWB AWICS support eight simultaneously transmitting (i.e., “party line”) mobile
users.
The AWICS system operates at -band with an instantaneous 3-dB RF bandwidth of
approximately 400 MHz and an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of approximately
26 dBm.

9.4 Sensor, positioning, and identification network (SPIN)
LDR WSN (IEEE 802.15.4a) for precision automobile parking
FIG. 9.4
To identify whether a particular slot in parking area has been occupied. Sensors produce
LDR pulses to indicate slot occupancy. Pulses are guided to Master AP at security cabin,
through Slave APs. Master AP will display exact vacant slot, thus security person can guide
the incoming vehicles to the correct direction.

9.5 Wearable LDR WBAN (IEEE 802.15.6)
Wearable WBAN for telemedicine
FIG. 9.5
The sensing devices are connected to a central node that is able to transmit data over the
wider area network to alert the physician.

10. UWB NETWORK EXTENSION
FIG. 10(a)
The network is extended to cover wider area. IEEE 1394 can operate over both copper
and fiber single cable. IEEE 1394 is an international standard for high performance serial
bus that will enable simple, low-cost, and high-bandwidth isochronous/asynchronous data
interfacing between UWB buses.
The convergence of UWB and optical fiber distribution techniques, or UWB over fiber
(UROOF), offers the availability of undisrupted service across different networks and
eventually achieves high-data-rate access at any time and from any place. UWB pulses are
generated and encoded in the central office (CO) and distributed to the access points (APs)
via the optical fiber.

UROOF
(UWB Radio Over Optical Fiber) for broadband indoor wireless access
FIG. 10(b)
Another technique for UWB Network extension
To recover the information that is carried by the optical phase, we have to convert
a phase-modulated signal to an intensity-modulated signal (PM-IM). A dispersive
Device (single-mode fiber (SMF)) is used to change the phase relationship between the two
first-order sidebands from out of phase to partially or fully in phase. The electrical signal is
obtained at the output of a PD, which is ready to radiate to the space via an UWB antenna.
FIG. 10(c)
11. LDR UWB ECG Monitoring System
UWB in Biotelemetry
FIG. 11(a)
THE emergence of low power and robust wireless biotelemetry devices has increased
patient mobility and the efficiency of medical staff. Monitoring vital signs for patients
that require long term care can now be performed remotely in the patient’s comfort,
allowing medical staff to monitor several patients simultaneously. UWB is one of the
potential candidates for the body area network.
ECG signals recovered
FIG. 11(b)

12. UWB-MIMO
FIG. 12
MIMO (multiple-input multiple Output) techniques provide better spatial diversity and
higher system capacity. With the development of mobile communication, MIMO
techniques will be widely applied into B3G or 4G mobile communications in the future.
But, most of mobile terminals（MTs）still utilize single antenna/antenna arrays, so the
advantages of MIMO systems can’t be fully exhibited.To exhibit MIMO, MT with multiple-
antenna needed.For that, UWB-based Virtual-MIMO system for cellular network is
proposed. Each AP has a total 9 antennas/antenna arrays and servers the same area of 9
traditional cells. There are 3 Group Cells connected with AP1, which are GT1 consisting of
MT1 and MT2 antenna arrays connect with each other by UWB GT2 consisting of MT3 and
MT4 one or multiple antennas connect with each other by UWB GT3 consisting of MT5 and
MT6 hybrid antennas composed by antennas/antenna arrays connect with each other by
UWB One MT can directly communicate with some other MTs nearby without AP’s relaying.
Each MT in GT is able to not only directly communicate with AP, but also connect with AP
by sharing the antennas of other MTs in the same GT. Ultra-wide-band (UWB) technology
combined with multiple transmit and receive antennas (MIMO) is a viable way to achieve
data rates of more than 1 Gb/s for wireless communications. MIMO systems allow for a
substantial increase of spectral efficiency by exploiting the inherent array gain and spatial
multiplexing gain of the systems. It is shown that the spectral efficiency is increased
logarithmically and linearly, respectively, for single transmit and multiple receive antennas
(SIMO) and MIMO systems. For multiple transmit and single receive antenna (MISO)
systems, a threshold for the data transmission rate exists such that the spatial multiplexing
gain can be obtained if the data rate is lower than this threshold. Two STC
(Space Time Coding) schemes for UWB-MIMO are 1S/2A and 2S/2A.

13. UWB Endoscope
FIG. 13
Endoscope means real-time diagnosis with high resolution images.
A wireless endoscope system is comprised of a capsule endoscope for image capturing, an
external unit for data recording, analysis and diagnosis of syndrome in the gastrointestinal
tract. The capsule endoscope is compose of a miniaturized camera, light-emitting diodes,
CMOS imager, system controller, radio transceiver and battery. And implemented in
0.18µm digital CMOS. High data transmission afforded by UWB.

14. Bluetooth over Ultra Wideband (BToUWB)
FIG. 14
BToUWB is modeled by channeling an existing compliant Bluetooth connection’s data over
a software implemented UWB Medium Access Control (MAC) and simulated Physical (PHY)
layer radio channel. The simulated UWB link may closely resemble a real life UWB
connection. Utilizing the UWB physical layer may provide even more advantages in terms of
connection setup speed and device power saving.

15. Wireless USB
FIG. 15
Under the WiMedia umbrella, industry incorporated UWB as the technology to achieve high
data rates up to 480 Mbps for Wireless USB. Affordable commercial UWB hardware has
become readily available in the form of WUSB dongles as of 2011. It will replace the USB
cable by providing secure high speed, short range communications, like USB but without the
cables.
Belkin CableFree USB
Certified Wireless USB

16. UWB SATCOM
The UWB signals can be overlaid on the existing narrowband spectrum. This is expected to
contribute to increasing spectrum efficiency of the satellite systems.
UWB signals for Ku-band downlink with 500 MHz bandwidth. UWB signals are radiated
from satellites to the earth by which new satellite applications can be developed.

17. RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
TABLE.17

FIG. 17(a)
FIG. 17(b)
It is clear from the figure that UWB is far superior in terms of spatial capacity (bits/sec/sq.
meter) because of larger available bandwidth.

FIG. 17(c)
FIG. 17(d)
Normalized energy consumption for each protocol

18. CHALLENGES TO UWB
► suspicious about the NB interference
► extreme antenna bandwidth requirements
► very accurate timing synchronization need for correlator -based receiver
► Cplx RAKE-type receiver to cope with significant amount of energy in the multipath
► filter matching accuracy
► timely approval from the regulatory bodies
► lack of an universal standard
Systems Possibly
Degraded by Ultra
Wideband
SCT Engineering College, TVM TABLE.19 78

19. CONCLUSION
With the recent advances in semiconductor device technology and the
FCC’s approval of the unlicensed use of ultra-wideband systems, UWB development has
moved from research labs and classified military projects to the commercial sector. UWB
technology brings many opportunities as well as challenges to the world of wireless
communications. UWB is a promising technology for the Next Generation Wireless
Systems!
Home audio systems and PCs without the confusing and messy cables and even more
tech savvy cell phones are the promise of UWB. Some people question whether UWB really
will impact consumer life. A better question is when? There is a definite demand for the
applications that can be developed using UWB. UWB also has a unique edge over
competing technologies in its low cost and low power model. Unfortunately early
regulatory division has split UWB implementers down the middle. Countries around the
world have been reluctant to release radio spectrum for UWB use. The consequential lack
of an universal standard must be addressed so consumers can reap the benefits of UWB.

REFERENCES

Ø UWB Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks- Zhang, Sahinoglu- IEEE Proceedings
Ø Why UWB? A Review of Ultra wideband Technology- Miller – DARPA
Ø Semiconductor Technology Choices for UWB Systems- Harame- IEEE
Ø UWB Radars in Medicine -Staderini -IEEE AESS Systems Magazine
Ø Photonic Generation of UWB Signals- Yao-Journal of Lightwave Technology
Ø UWB Localization Techniques for Precision Automobile Parking System –Mary-IEEE
Ø UWB Communications Systems :An Overview- Tommy- IEEE
Ø Overview of Research and Development Activities in NICT UWB Consortium- Kohno
Ø Comparative Evaluation of Different Modulation Schemes in UWB - Sharda Mungale
Ø An introduction to UWB communication systems- Rakesh- IEEE
Ø UWB Filter technologies- Hao-IEEE Microwave magazine
Ø Recent System Applications of Short-Pulse UWB Technology-Fontana
Ø Performance of Coherent and Non-coherent Receivers of UWB Communication-IEEE
Ø Practical Applications of UWB Technology- Immoreev- IEEE A&E Systems Magazine
Ø Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Communications- Nekoogar
Ø Essentials of UWB- Wood, Aiello- Cambridge
Ø UWB Radio technology- Siwiak- Wiley
Ø http://www.timedomain.com/
Ø http://mtlweb.mit.edu/researchgroups/icsystems/uwb/

Appendix

UWB TRANSCEIVER EXAMPLES
• DRACO UWB Network Transceiver
FIG. 18(a)
A DRACO transceiver node can be operated as an unattended communications relay,
originating sensor (e.g., video, seismic, acoustic, etc.) communications node, reach back
satellite packet node, or destination terminal. DRACO is a proof-of-concept high-speed
multichannel UWB network incorporating both communications security (COMSEC) and
transmission security (TRANSEC) capabilities. COMSEC is achieved through the use of
Type-1 encryption, while TRANSEC is accomplished through the use of UWB waveform.
DRACO UWB electronics include a VHF/UHF multichannel UWB transmitter, companion
multichannel UWB Receiver, and digital processor.

• ORIONUWB Network and Ground Wave Non-LOS Transceiver
FIG. 18(b)
ORION, was designed for small infantry and platoon operations with both a short-range
(1 km) and long-range (50–60 km) back-haul capability. ORION was designed to be modular
in construction and consists of a motherboard and three plug-in daughter cards
including UWB transmitter and transmit/receive (T/R) module, UWB receiver module, and
digital processor module. The modular architecture was selected to permit ORION
operation in several different frequency bands. The ORION digital processor module is also
implemented in a single FPGA and performs a number of tasks including clock and timing
recovery, RF gain control (AGC), RS-232 data generation and recovery, FEC encoding and
de-coding, burst interleaving and randomization, etc.

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A SEMINAR REPORT ON

RF transmission based on Microwave UWB

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

SREE CHITRA THIRUNAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

SREE CHITRA THIRUNAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

SEMINAR CO-ORDINATOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

I gratefully obliged to thank Prof. S.Balachandran, Principal, Sree Chitra

SECTION Page No:

1.1. History and Background 2

1.2. FCC Emission limits 4

1.3. UWB Concepts 6

1.4. UWB Signals 9

3.1 Filter Technologies 18

5. IR-UWB Vs. MB-OFDM 29

8. UWB Vs. Spread Spectrum 35

9.1 UWB Outdoor peer-to-peer network (OPPN) 40

9.2 UWB Radar 41

9.2.1 Measuring method 42

9.2.2 UWB radar over NB radar 45

9.2.3 Position Estimation Techniques 46

9.2.4 UWB radar Detection of people in an open area 49

9.2.5 UWB radar monitoring of the level of a liquid 50

9.2.6 GPR- Ground Penetrating Radar 51

9.2.7 guarding of objects 53

9.2.9 Vehicular collision avoidance 55

9.2.10 UWB Radars in Medicine 56

9.2.11 Optical UWB RADAR 61

9.3 HDR WPAN 62

9.4 LDR WSN 64

9.5 LDR WBAN 65

10. UWB Network Extension 66

11. UWB ECG Monitoring 68

13. UWB Endoscope 71

15. Wireless USB 73

16. UWB SATCOM 74

17. Related Technologies 75

18. Challenges to UWB 78

Appendix- UWB transceiver examples 82

TABLE Page No:

interference to each other. As a result, the constraints on the availability of the

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology offers a promising solution to the RF spectrum

This seminar provides a comprehensive overview of ultra-wideband Communications.

SCT Engineering College, TVM 1

1.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Ultra-wideband communications is not a new technology; in fact, it was first

bandwidth and the capability of implementing multiuser systems provided by

Marconi, modern pulse-based transmission gained momentum in military applications

and Gerald Ross and K. W. Robins of Sperry Rand Corporation .

SCT Engineering College, TVM 2

Defense (DoD) applications under classified programs such as highly secure

communications. However, the recent advancement in microprocessing and fast switching

it is more appropriate to consider UWB as a new name for a long-existing technology. As

SCT Engineering College, TVM 3

1.2 FCC EMISSION LIMITS

–41.3 dBm/MHz, or 75 nW/MHz—places them at the same level as un-intentional

radiators (FCC Part 15 class) such as televisions and computer monitors.

SCT Engineering College, TVM 4

between 1.61 GHz and 3.1 GHz, as shown in above Figure.

and their activities should be restricted to peer-to-peer operations inside buildings.

in outdoor environments. Therefore, outdoor UWB communications are restricted to

SCT Engineering College, TVM 5

1.3 UWB CONCEPTS