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Lecture 4
Dr Ee Loon Tan
Flowchart
Concrete
Structures
Reinforced
Concrete Prestressed
Concrete
AS3600
Strength Serviceability
Limit State Limit State
Beams in Deflection of
Beams in Shear
Bending Beams
Section 8.2
Section 8.1 Section 8.1
Design failure?
Masterpiece!
• Stress ribbon concrete bridge in Uruguay is a tension
structure using prestressed steel cables in compression
embedded in precast concrete built in 1963
Lecture outline
1. Learning outcomes
2. Deflection limitations and formulas
3. Effective span, Lef
4. Young modulus of concrete, Ec
5. Short‐term load combinations, ws
6. Long‐term load combinations, wl
7. Effective second moment of area, Ief
8. Examples
Learning outcome
• By the end of this lecture you will be able to:
– Calculate deflection using both the
simplified calculation
– and deemed to comply span‐to‐depth ratios
for reinforced beams according to
Australian Standard AS 3600
Introduction
• Serviceability in structural engineering mainly referring to
deflections and vibrations to the main structural elements of a
building or bridge.
• Serviceability in vibrations which are related to dynamic
deflections. Vibrations are limited for humans in floor systems
as well as for lateral drift.
• However, vibrations are generally more characteristic of steel
floor systems which are much lighter.
• Serviceability improved limitation on crack widths. Large crack
widths may allow corrosion of reinforcement.
Limits of calculated vertical
deflections of beams and slabs
• T.2.3.2 of AS 3600 gives the limits of calculated vertical
deflections for beams and slabs
Deflection formulas (1)
• Use equations for elastic deflection
• For a simply supported beam under uniformly
distributed load (UDL), mid‐span deflection:
5wLef
4
Δ
384 Ec I ef
• For a cantilever beam under UDL, free end
deflection: wL
4
ef
Δ
8 Ec I ef
Deflection formulas (2)
• For a continuous beam under uniformly
distributed load (UDL), mid‐span deflection:
2
Lef
Δ [ M L 10 M M M R ]
96 E I
c ef
– ML is the moment at left support
– MM is the moment at middle of the beam
– MR is the moment at right support
Deflection formulas (3)
• For cantilever beams:
Deflection formulas (4)
• For simply supported beams:
Load combinations, ws & wl
AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 Cl.4.3
• For serviceability design only
• Short‐term effects:
– Also referred to as immediate deflection
G s Q
• Long‐term effects:
– Long‐term deflection is the part of the deflection
that occurs due to shrinkage of concrete and due
to creep.
G l Q
Short‐term and long‐term
load factors, Ψs & Ψl
• Extract from AS 1170.0 (T.4.1)
Effective span, Lef
Cl.1.7 of AS 3600
• For simple and continuous beams
– Lef = lesser of (Ln+D) and L
• where L = centre to centre span
• Ln = clear span
• D = total depth of the member
Ln
L
Effective span, Lef
Cl.1.7 of AS3600
• For cantilever beams
– Lef = Ln+D/2
Ln
Young’s modulus, Ec
• From Cl.3.1.2 of AS 3600:
Ec 1.5 0.043 f cmi when f cmi 40MPa
– For normal weight concrete, = 2400kg/m3:
– where fcmi = mean compressive strength
Beam deflections using
AS 3600 Cl.8.5
• In AS 3600, there are 3 methods that can be
used to determine the deflection of beams
– (a) Refined Calculation
– (b) Simplified Calculation (Ief )
– (c) Deemed to comply span‐to‐depth ratios
Effective second moment
of area, Ief (1)
• Cl.8.5.3.1 of AS 3600:
3
M cr
I ef I cr I g I cr * I ef . max
Ms
– Ief.max = Ig when p = Ast/bd ≥ 0.005
– Ief.max = 0.6Ig when p = Ast/bd < 0.005
– b = width of the cross‐section at the compression
face
– Ms* = maximum bending moment based on short‐
term serviceability load
Effective second moment
of area, Ief (2)
• Icr = moment of inertia of a cracked elastic section
• Ig = gross moment of inertia of uncracked section
(can sometimes neglecting reinforcement)
• Mcr = cracking bending moment
I g
M
'
cr f (estimated from gross - section)
ct . f
y
0.6 f (Cl.3.1.1.3)
' '
where f
ct . f c
– where fct.f ’ = characteristic flexural tensile strength
Effective second moment
of area, Ief (3)
• The value of mean Ief has to be determined as
follows (Cl.8.5.3.1):
• For simply supported beams
– The value at mid‐span M
Ast
A M B
Ast Ast
M B
– Asc = area of compression steel
– Ast = area of tension steel
• Question: What is the significance of having
compression steel in a beam a far as long‐term
deflection is concerned?
Total deflection
• Simplified approach combined short and long‐
term deflections as followed:
total s l
Beam deflections using
AS 3600 Cl.8.5
• In AS 3600, there are 3 methods that can be
used to determine the deflection of beams
– (a) Refined Calculation
– (b) Simplified Calculation (Ief )
– (c) Deemed to comply span‐to‐depth ratios
Deemed to comply span‐to‐depth
ratios for deflection control (1)
• Cl.8.5.4 of AS 3600
• Applicable to:
– (i) Reinforced concrete beams of uniform cross‐
section
– (ii) When applied loads are uniformly distributed
– (iii) Imposed (live) load, (q) does not exceed the
permanent (dead) load, (g).
Deemed to comply span‐to‐depth
ratios for deflection control (2)
• When Cl.8.5.4 is satisfied, the beam
deflections are deemed to comply with the
requirements of Cl.2.3.2
• (See T.2.3.2, calculated deflection limitations
of beams and slabs):
Lef k1 Lef bef Ec
1/ 3
d k 2 Fd .ef
Example
• 13‐storey residential building under construction in Shanghai
collapsed in June 2009 due to allowing unqualified
contractor to build underground car park
Whiteboard
• Do tutorial 4
• Bring along a copy of:
– AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 (Page 15 ‐ 17)
– AS 3600:2009 (Page 33 ‐ 34) & (Page 113 ‐ 116)
• For more information, please read chapter 5 and 8 of
the “Concrete Structures” textbook by Warner and
Rangan