Unit 2 Study Guide

Part 1: Describe the following

Protons: Positive charge, nucleus of atom, mass= neutrons

Neutrons: neutral charge, nucleus of atom, mass=protons
Electrons: negative charge, in electron clouds outside of nucleus,
smallest particle
Atomic Number: equals number of protons, top number on periodic
table
Mass Number: atomic mass rounded
Atom: the building block of all matter, atoms of elements are identical
Isotope: atoms of an element that have a different number of neutrons
Ion: atoms of an element that have a different number of electrons
Atomic Mass: the average of all the isotopes of an element, bottom
number on periodic table

1. List Dalton’s four-part atomic theory

a. elements are composed of atoms
b. atoms of the same element are identical
c. elements can physically mix or chemically mix in whole
number ratios
d. atoms of one element are never turned into atoms of
another element
2. Who first proposed atoms? Why was he not believed?
a. Democritus, no proof
3. Describe each subatomic particle, their location and where they
are found.
a. proton, +, nucleus
b. neutron, 0, nucleus
c. electron, -, electron cloud or outside of nucleus
4. Identify the important change in Dalton’s atomic theory and tell
why this change was made.
a. Dalton said that atoms were indivisible, but we now know
about subatomic particles that make up atoms
5. Describe the Gold-Foil Experiment in detail.
a. Shot positively charged alpha particles at gold foil. They
expected all particles to go through, but many were
deflected.
 6. Explain the conclusions from the Gold-Foil Experiment.
a. based on deflection of alpha particles it was concluded that
most of the mass of an atom was in a positively charged
center called the nucleus, and the rest of the atom is mostly
empty space.
7. Fill out the following table in historical order:

Scientist Discovery How it was Picture of

done model
Democritus first to say atom NA Indivisible
sphere
John Dalton 4 part atomic NA Indivisible
theory sphere
JJ Thomson electron cathode ray chocolate chip
experiment cookie dough/
plum pudding
Millikan Size of electron Oil drop chocolate chip
or electron experiment cookie dough/
charge plum pudding
Rutherford nucleus gold foil nucleus in
experiment center with
positive charge
Goldstein proton NA nucleus in
center with
positive charge
Bohr electrons in NA Like Bohr’s but
orbitals electrons in
fixed orbitals
Schrodinger electrons in NA electron cloud
electron clouds, model
we cannot say
exactly where
they are
Chadwick neutron in NA add neutrons to
nucleus rutherford

8. Explain why elements are different from each other.

a. protons identify elements, if you have 6 protons you have to
be carbon, if you have 8 you have to be oxygen
9. What does atomic number tell us? Where is it located on the
periodic table?
a. number of protons, top number
10. What does mass number equal?
a. mass number= number of protons + number of neutrons
11. Tell the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the
following:
a. Zn 30p, 30e, 35n
b. Ca 20p, 20e, 20n
c. F 9p, 9 e, 20n
d. Mercury 80p, 80e, 121n
e. Cesium 55p, 55e, 78 n
f. Gold 79p, 79e, 118n

12. Describe isotopes.

a. atoms of elements with a different number of neutrons
which makes the mass number different.
14
13. Identify which of the following would be an isotope of 𝐶?
6
State why. b only because the bottom number is the atomic
number and in order to be carbon the atomic number has to be 6
14
a. 𝐶
7
16
b. 𝐶
6
14. Tell the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the
following:
59
a. 𝐶𝐶 28p, 28e, 31n
28

84
b. 𝐶𝐶 36p, 36e, 48n
36
 131
c. 𝐶𝐶 54p, 54e, 77n
54

15. Fill out the chart below:

Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of

Number Number Protons Neutrons Electrons
9 19 9 10 9
7 14 7 7 7
20 41 20 21 20
13 27 13 14 13
26 56 26 30 26

16. Describe the three types of radiation.

4
a. alpha; emits alpha particles, 𝐻𝑒is the symbol, charge +2,
2
least penetrating
0
b. beta; emits beta particles, 𝑒 is the symbol, charge -1
−1
0
c. gamma; emits gamma rays, 𝛾 is the symbol, most
0
penetrating
17. Describe half-life.
a. the amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample
to decay.
18. Compare fission and fusion.
a. fission is when an atom with a large mass is split into two
atoms, this is what happens to make nuclear energy
b. fusion is when two atoms with low masses combine to form
one new atom, this is what occurs on stars
19. Write the balanced beta decay equation for the following:
14 0 14
a. Carbon-14 𝐶 → 𝐶 + 𝐶
6 −1 7
13 0 13
b. Nitrogen-13 𝑁 → 𝑒 + 𝑂
7 −1 8
20. Write the balanced alpha decay equations for the following:
222 4 218
a. Radon-222 𝐶𝐶 → 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶𝐶
86 2 84
 238 4 234
b. Uranium-238 𝐶 → 𝐻𝑒 + 𝑇ℎ
92 2 90
235 4 231
c. Uranium-235 𝐶 → 𝐻𝑒 + 𝑇ℎ
92 2 90
21. A patient is administered 20mg of iodine-131. How much of
the isotope will remain in the body after 40 days, if the half-life for
iodine-131 is 8 days?