1145 01 900 C01 Tec 001 R0 PDF

METOR EXPANSION PROJECT
3827 C200-N00100 1145-01-900-C01-TEC-001

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS
INDEX
PART I GENERAL
PART II SITE PREPARATION DESIGN CRITERIA
PART III DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA
PART IV REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA
PART V STEEL STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA
PART VI PIPERACKS DESIGN CRITERIA
PART VII BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN CRITERIA
PART VIII SANITARY INSTALLATIONS DESIGN CRITERIA
ATTACHMENT “A” ANCHOR BOLTS SIZING
1145-01-90-C01-TEC-001 REV-0 05/03/2007 2 de 117 INE-DOCUMENTO

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PART I
GENERAL

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INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 5
1.1 Scope 5
1.2 Site Location 5
1.3 Climatic Conditions 6

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1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
This engineering standard covers the general requirements and conditions for
the design of the following items of Civil and Architectural Works for Metor
Expansion Project:
- Site conditions
- Earthwork, roads and paving
- Drainage system
- Concrete structures
- Steel structures
- Pipe Racks
- Architectural design
- Sanitary installations
METOR Expansion Design Basis Document is based upon INELECTRA’s

standards and criterion. It has been separated in parts with their particular index,
in order to comply as precise as possible with the project needs.
These standards and criterion have been partially adapted for the project,
therefore, they might include items or specifications that will not be applied.
This Design Basis replaces the document 1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001 Rev 1

(3827 C200-00100) from METOR Expansion Project Basic Engineering. Every
change is tracked.
1.2 Site Location
PEQUIVEN Industrial Area - Jose, Venezuela (approximately 30 Km from

Barcelona).
General geology:
Geology of the area of Jose corresponds to quaternary sediments of the El Pilar

Formation, outcrop of the Quiamare Formation and the Quebradon Formation.
From the view of texture, silty shales are predominant in the area with sandy
shales and shaly sandstones. According to the soil survey, three sectors can be

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distinguished: sandstone strings, alluvial slopes and elongated hills or hills to the
south of the slopes.
1.3 Climatic Conditions
- Temperature:
Max. Annual Mean: 31.4 °C

Min. Annual Mean: 22.4 °C
Annual Mean: 26.5 °C
Dry Bulb Temperature: 34 °C
Wet Bulb Temperature: 30 °C
- Atmospheric pressure:
The averages of the means per month during 1970 - 1978 are the following:
1012.6 mb(J), 1012.3 mb(F), 1011.7 mb(M), 1011.6 mb(A),

1011.7 mb(M), 1012.7 mb(J), 1013.1 mb(J), 1012.3 mb(A),
1011.6 mb(S), 1010.3 mb(O), 1010.3 mb(N), 1011.5 mb(D).
- Wind speed and prevailing direction:
Max. Annual Mean: 52.0 km/h

Min. Annual Mean: 6.1 km/h
Prevailing direction during the year:
N: 23.26%
NNE: 20.93%
ESE: 19.60%
- Rainfall data (mm per year):
Annual Mean Precipitation: 369.2 mm

Max. Annual Mean Precipitation: 684.2 mm
Min. Annual Mean Precipitation: 207.3 mm
Max. in 1 hour 63.4 mm
Max. in 10 minutes 27.3 mm
Max. in 5 minutes 17.9 mm

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PART II
SITE PREPARATION DESIGN CRITERIA

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INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 9
1.1 Scope 9
1.2 Language 9
1.3 Measurement Units 9
1.4 Standards 9
2. EARTHWORK 10
2.1 Retaining Walls 10
2.2 Remote Repressing System 11
2.3 Process Areas 11
2.4 Trenches 11
2.5 Control Room Building 11
3. ROADS 12
3.1 Transverse Slope (Pumping) 12
3.2 Road width 12
3.3 Stabilization width 12
3.4 Longitudinal Slope 12
3.5 Curves 13
3.5.1 Horizontal Curves 13
3.5.2 Vertical Curves 13
4. PAVING 13
4.1 Paving ground elevation 13
4.2 Joints 14

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1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
The objective of the following document is to describe the earthwork, road and
pavement works general design criteria, specifically for industrial plants
according to what is established in this document.
1.2 Language
All drawing, calculation sheets, and document will be written in English.
All drawings title, building finish material in general drawings and notes will be
written in English.
1.3 Measurement Units
The measurement system will be the Metric System (MKS).
1.4 Standards
The standards and references that will usually be used in the project are the
followings:
- Nationals:
• Norms for the Roads geometric projects, Norvial 1985

Transportation and Communication Ministry (MTC).
• Roads, Studies and Projects.

Jacobo Carciente.
• Ground dikes for storage tanks

Engineering design manual PDVSA.
• Norms and standards according to the client requirements.
• Pavement notes USM 1987

Gustavo Corredor.

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- Internationals:
• A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 1990

AASHTO
• A Guide for Pavement Design 1993

AASHTO
2. EARTHWORK
In general, the earthwork will be related to the general plant arrangement, the
required levels for the process and the natural drainage of the ground.
Following, some standards and recommendations that must be considered when

projecting an earthwork inside an industrial plant, will be summarized:
2.1 Retaining Walls
For the location and design of the retaining walls and dikes of a hydrocarbons
storage tanks patio, the following requirements should be followed:
The area around the tank should have a minimum slope of 1% towards the
retaining wall or drainage point.
The minimum distance from the tank’s base towards the wall or dike’s foot will be
15 meters.
The dike or wall minimum height will be 0.60 meters.
The wall maximum height will be 3 meters.
The dike’s berm will have a minimum width of 1 meter.
The volumetric capacity of the retaining area will be bigger or equal to 150% of
the full tank capacity. If there are several tanks it will be equal to 150% of the
volume of the biggest tank plus the volume occupied by the rest of the tanks up
to the height of the wall.
When the pavement area and the drainage system guarantees a fast drain off,
the area slope could be of 0.5%.

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In areas for spherical tanks, the minimum slope will be of 2.5% towards a sump
in an accessible and safe place. The area will be defined by a curb in its
perimeter of 0.60 m of maximum height.
2.2 Remote Repressing System
It will serve a maximum of 10 tanks.
The distance between the remote repressing and the nearest tank’s wall will be
of 30m.
The patio minimum slope will be of 1%.
The volume of the whole repressing system will be bigger or equal to 110% of
the capacity of the biggest tank that drains towards it.
The maximum occupied area will be of 1 ha.
2.3 Process Areas
The roads around the process areas should be elevated a minimum of 0.20 m
over its tallest point.
The area will have a minimum slope of 1% towards the sumps, in spill walls or
confined areas.
It will be defined with the process group, the design necessities and criterion to
confine zones within the process areas with curbs.
2.4 Trenches
The transverse dripping slope will be bigger or equal to 0.50%. Lengthwise, the
minimum slope will be of 0.30%.
The trench’s highest point should be 0.25m under the top of the sleepers. When
the trench’s width will be bigger than 8 meters, it is convenient to divide the slope
in two directions, locating the highest point in the trench center.
2.5 Control Room Building
The minimum distance toward the edge of the roads will be of 2m.

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The talus slope relation will be of 8H:1V.
The talus edge protection will be of 1.50m.
The entrance of the services and the protection levels against floods will
determine the embankment height.
In areas that have not been indicated, the minimum recommended slope is of
0.50%, in areas where the drainage will be confined by ditches and/or curbs the
slope could be of 0.30%.
The cut and filling talus will depend upon what is recommended on the soil study
and usually they vary between 1.5H:1V to 3H:1V.
3. ROADS
3.1 Transverse Slope (Pumping)
The Transverse Slope will vary from 1% to 3% usually using 2%. In

intersections, the pumping could be reduced up to 0.50% for accomplishing the
pavement curves transitions.
3.2 Road width
The type of vehicle for which it will be designed will determine the road width. To
the width of the vehicle selected 0.50m of lateral spaces will be added to define
the causeway width. The total width of the road will be the sum of the number of
canals in each circulation way plus the lateral spaces, normalizing the width
values to 3, 3.30 or 3.60 by lane.
3.3 Stabilization width
The typical dimension of the stabilization strip is 0.60m it could go up to 1.80m

depending on the use that it will have (curbs, ditches, bumpers, etc.).
3.4 Longitudinal Slope
The minimum longitudinal slope will be of 0.30% for drainage purposes. The
maximum could go up to 8%, in short sections and in access and exit ramps.
Tank patio ramps could have 10% of maximum slope.

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3.5 Curves
3.5.1 Horizontal Curves
The minimum curvature ratio towards the border of the causeway will be of 6 m,
however, it should be according to the design vehicle.
3.5.2 Vertical Curves
Vertical curves will be designed for algebraic deference (A) of longitudinal slopes
bigger than 1%. The minimum longitude for the vertical curve is around 30m,
however, in intersections and small “A” value, the minimum longitude could be
reduced. The following expression will give and estimate of the minimum value
of the longitude of the curve in meters:
L = 0.50 * V; V= project speed <= 50 km/h
4. PAVING
The final finish of internal roads, dikes and tank yard, as well as the various Plant
areas shall comply with the following guidelines, in accordance with the soils
study recommendations:
4.1 Paving ground elevation
The site for ISBL and OSBL
The elevation above MSL (mean sea level) is ranging from 4 m to 11 m, which is
defined as “MSL + 4 m to 11 m”
The grading level shall define the ground level (GL) for each site, i.e.
Process Plant “GL 0” = “MSL + 8 m” Utility “GL 0” = “MSL + 10 m”
Offsite “GL 0” = “MSL + 6 m” Building “GL 0” = “MSL + 10 m”

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4.2 Joints
Longitudinal Joints
They are built to control the longitudinal cracking, with a spacing of 2.50 to 4m
coinciding with the dividing lines of the traffic cross path. It is not recommended
to build longitudinal joints with separations bigger than 4m unless the local
experience indicates that the pavement with those conditions have satisfactorily
behaved.
The depth of the superior groove of these joints can not be less than a forth (1/4)
of the pavement depth. These joints normally have union bars that impede the
separation from its borders. For more than four cross paths it is convenient to
place a tongued and grooved longitudinal joint or free joints between them.
Transverse Joints
These joints named of contraction, control the longitudinal cracking when

decreasing, (1) traction stresses that originate when the slab shrinks and (2) the
stresses that cause warping produced by temperature differentials and humidity
contents in the thickness of the slab.
Whichever the joint construction procedure will be, the depth of the groove
should be at least equal to a fourth (1/4) of the pavement slab thickness.
The best guide, in respect to the transverse joint separation, is the local
experience towards the pavement behavior in service. If experience can not be
count upon, the following indications can be followed with reasonable security of
obtaining a satisfactory cracking control.
Gross Aggregate Type Maximum separation between

transverse joints
Broken Granite
Broken Calcareous 6.00 m
Gross Grave
Siliceous Grave
Grave smaller than 200 4.50 m
mm (3/4”)
Dross

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The necessity of placing in the transverse joints elements to transfer the loads
(pins), depends on the conditions of the sub-grade and the traffic that the
pavement will hold. The pins will not be necessary in residential roads or where
light traffic takes place, but they should be placed in roads where the daily traffic
is more than 60 or 90 heavy trucks per day, unless the pavement has a solid
treated cement base under it.
Expansion Joints
Their objective is to decrease the compression stresses, leaving a space

between the slabs that permits their movement when they expand.
When the contraction joints have been adequately separated, the necessity for
expansion joints depends on the predominant temperature during the
construction and the gross aggregate characteristics used in the concrete
mixture.
Experimental and theoretical studies with regard to this matter indicate that with
the exception in placing them in front of existing structures and in irregular
intersections, the expansion joints will not be necessary, if:
a) The aggregates used have normal expansion characteristics.
b) The construction takes place in normal temperatures.
c) The contraction joints are placed at intervals that control the transverse
cracking.
d) The contraction joints are kept perfectly sealed.
If the pavement is built in winter or at high temperatures, or if the aggregates are

abnormally expansive, expansion joints need to be placed at a separation from
18 to 24 m.
According to the process that the product will hold, the pavement surface and the
joints should be protected with specific additives depending on the case.

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- Confined Area Delimitation
Besides, the dikes or walls confined storage areas and the trenches areas, the
dangerousness plant study will indicate the areas that should be delimited within
the process area to separate the contaminated and not contaminated drainage
system.
The delimitation could be done placing curbs in its perimeter to hold the flow of
spilled liquids. These should have a concave shape in order to return to the
surrounded area, the overflows occurred. The maximum height will be of 30 cm
over the floor level, excluding the curbs around the perimeter of spherical tanks
that could have 60 cm.

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PART III
DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

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INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 19
1.1 Scope 19
1.2 Language 19
1.3 Measuring Units 19
1.4 Standards 19
2. CLEAN WATER SYSTEM 20
3. WASTE WATER AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 20
4. OILY WATER SEWERS SYSTEM 20
5. DESIGN FLOW QUANTITIES 21

5.1 Rain Water 21
5.2 Firewater 21
5.3 Process Flow 22
6. PARTICULAR CONSIDERATIONS 22
6.1 Process Area 22
6.2 Tank Yards 22
6.3 Pipe Tracks 23
6.4 Trucks fillers and pumping station 23
6.5 Sumps (Catch basins) 23
7. PARTICULAR CRITERIA FOR SUMPS IN PROCESS

AREAS AND CONTAMINATED AREAS 24
7.1 Channels 24
7.2 Piping 25
7.3 Location 26
8. SPECIAL STRUCTURES 26
8.1 Hydraulic seals 27
8.2 Manhole (for contaminated systems) 27
8.3 Ventilation 27
8.4 Oil Tramp 28
8.5 Separator 28
8.6 Manholes (for sanitary sewer and water systems) 28
8.7 Equipment drainage 28

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1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
The purpose of the present document is to describe the methodology and the
design criteria to be used in the drainage project of the Metor Expansion plant.
1.2 Language
All drawings, calculation sheets, and documents will be written in English.
written in English.
1.3 Measuring Units
The project measuring system will be the metric system (M.K.S).
1.4 Standards
The following Venezuelan standards may be used as reference:
Official Journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de

Venezuela). Extraordinary Issue N° 5318, April 6, 1999.
Drainage Manual (Manual de Drenaje) MOP 1967.
Official journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de

Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.103, June 12 1989.
Road Drainage (Drenaje Vial) MTC/1983.
Official journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de

Venezuela) Issue No. 36395, February 1998.

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2. CLEAN WATER SYSTEM
- Rain water from areas not developed in the battery limit of the Plant.
- Rain water and firewater from offices and areas free of contamination.
- Rain water of parking lots and roads where it is free of contamination.
- Steam boilers, water form air coolers, without the possibility of contamination.
3. WASTE WATER AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
It refers to drainage system of rainwater or firewater from:
Bolsters Manifolds
Pipe Tracks
Pipe Racks
Storage yard
Filling yards
The rainwater or firewater of these areas can be potentially or virtually

contaminating. The study of dangerousness of the stored substance will
determine the quality of the residue.
Equally, it will be considered like wastewater, the arising waters from:
- Down water of washing contaminated areas.
- Arising sewage waters of chemical processes or tests from laboratories.
- Acid flows, caustic or other discharges, will not indulge to drain to the system
of sanitary drainage or sewage waters.
4. OILY WATER SEWERS SYSTEM
It corresponds to the system that collects and transport the oil from purges or
others hydrocarbon machinery and equipment.

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5. DESIGN FLOW QUANTITIES
5.1 Rain Water
The rain water volume shall be obtained by the rational method, which is a function
of the rain volume, the area to be drained and the characteristics of the drained
area, and is expressed as follows:
Q = C x I x A (lt./s)
Where:
Q = Design flow (lt./s)

C = Runoff Coefficient
I = Rain volume for a duration equal to the concentration time (l/s/ha or
mm/hr, 1 lt./s/ha = 1 mm/hr x 2,78).
A = Tributary area (ha)
The rain water drainage system within the plant shall be designed for a 10-year
return period, and a concentration time equal to 10 min.
The rain volume values for the region shall be obtained from the attached volume-
frequency-duration curve.
The following values shall be used for the Runoff Coefficient:
In paved areas: buildings and concrete or asphalt paving: 1.00
In non-paved or graveled areas: 0.50
The drainage systems shall operate by the atmospheric pressure. Hence, they
shall be designed to work by gravity, whereby 70% of the filled-up transversal
section shall be capable of transporting the maximum estimated design flow
volume, including future known requirements.
5.2 Firewater
The cumulative flow from the event of firewater will be indicated on the document
N° 3827 P200-00500 “SPECIFICATION FOR FIRE PROTECTION”. In the
process area it will be calculated by the following manner:
114 m3/h from each catch basin (sub-laterals).

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Lateral piping: the cumulative flow from the catch basins served.
Main process unit will be the cumulative flow from the laterals and sub-lateral.
5.3 Process Flow
Only the permanent type flow will be considered in the design. The sporadic flow
will be considered for the design only when it surpasses to the permanent one.
These waste waters may contain oil or residuals chemical products from the
process or from the laboratory test flows. Additionally, the flows from purges or
the maintenance of equipment have to be considered.
6. PARTICULAR CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Process area
To reduce the cost of the final treatment of the contaminated wastewater, the
contaminating process areas will be confined with curbs. For this case, the
design of the flow will be the biggest of the following combinations:
Storm runoff plus normal continuos process flow

Continuos process flow plus 0,60 firewater flow.
In the unconfined areas the design flow will be the highest between the storm
runoff and 60% of the firewater.
6.2 Tank Yards
The discharge flow of the tank yard must not be added to the maximum design
flow of the section where it will be connected, because its discharge will be
controlled by a gate valve. This valve must be located outside the tanks area and
it will be of easy access and operation.
Depending of the fluid that will be stored, the discharge must be controlled from
one or more valves taking the waste water to the line destined to conduct the
water to its final treatment.
a) The maximum daily rain average (X in mm) drained in 6 hours.
QLL (m3/hr) = Yard area (m²) * X * 10-3 / 6 hr.

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b) The drainage system will have to be tested to guarantee that with the valve
completely open, the maximum level of the confined waters in the dikes
does not exceed in more than 30 cm. the height of the base support of the
tank after 48 hr. of continuous combat of fire.
The remanent flow in the dike is:
Firewater flow-Outlet flow.
h(m) accumulated plate = remanent flow (m3/hr) x 48 hr/ Yard area (m²)
The duration time of a combat of fire fixed by the standards is very long in
comparison with the 6 hr fixed for the storage of the flow for the combat fire.
Thus, the time check up will be 6 hr of duration and the time of the discharge of 8
hr to 12 hr.
Q = firewater flow (m3/hr) * 6 hr /8 hr.
- The design flow for the outlet of the piping.
It will be the biggest value between the rain water flow and the firewater.
6.3 Pipe Tracks
The storage of the water in the area of the track will be permitted for 1/2 hr. in the
event of rain or fire. The permissible height during this storage must not be
higher than 0,15 m below the top of the sleepers.
6.4 Trucks fillers and pumping station.
The design flow will be the biggest value between rain water flow and 60 % of the
firewater.
6.5 Sumps (Catch Basins)
The sumps that will collect the water confined in ditches or retained on areas will
be designed in accordance to the capacity of the outlet pipe.
The minimal internal dimension will be 60 x 60 cm adapting to the ditches that

will discharge.

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7. PARTICULAR CRITERIA FOR SUMPS IN PROCESS AREAS AND

CONTAMINATED AREAS
- Minimal capacity: 114 m3/hr (32 l/s).
They will not be located under equipment or staircases.
In process areas, the maximum free air liquid displacement distance will be 15
m. So the maximum separation between sumps will be 30 m considering the
highest point 15 m from each other.
The individual drainage of equipment, machinery, etc, that discharges in a

sump, will be 30 cm under its outlet.
In process areas they will have to be located maximum at every:
280 m² in paved areas.

465 m² in not paved areas
No sump will be able to be connected to another sump, a recollection pipe will

be used for such purposes.
They will not be located less than 9 m away from access roads, control rooms,
hydrogen compressors and hydrators.
7.1 Channels
The channels sizing shall be carried out according to the Manning equation:
Q= 1 S1/2 A R2/3
n
Where:
Q = Design flow (m3/s)

n = Manning roughness coefficient, which depends on the collectors
material
S = Channel longitudinal slope (m/m)
A = Wet transversal section area (m2)
R = Hydraulic Radius = A/P (m)
P = Wet Section Perimeter (m)

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The water velocity in the concrete channels shall not exceed 2 m/s.
7.2 Piping
The piping design, as well as the channels, shall be carried out, by means of the
Manning equation, and meet the following conditions:
Height Velocity
Maximum 0.70 collector diameter 2.0 m/s

Minimum 0.30 collector diameter 0.8 m/s
The minimum collector diameter shall be 0.20 m (8"), for regulated drainage
minimum diameter is 6”, for waste water for buildings minimum diameter is 6”
and for equipment drainage minimum diameter is 4”.
The flow regimen for the calculation shall be considered as permanent and
uniform. Concrete piping according to the INOS CL-C-65 shall be used. Steel
piping shall be carbon steel.
The Manning roughness coefficient, "n", values shall be:
Material "n"
Closed concrete collectors
(flat inside)
Diameter ≥ 0.69 m 0.013
Concrete (flat inside)

Diameter < 0.69 m 0.015
Coated concrete channels 0.015
Steel Pipe 0.012
PVC Pipe 0.011
FRP Pipe 0.011
The level indicated on the drawings shall be used in the calculations and shall be
the piping or channel grade line level.

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7.3 Location
The collectors will be located underneath the system of potable water at

minimum horizontal distance between them of 1 meter. The vertical distance
between the loin and the level line of these systems will be 0,20 m, the minimal
distance from the level line to the piping loin will be 30 cm. in traffic restricted
areas and 75 cm. in traffic areas.
Channels:
- Minimal free edge: 0, 20 m
- Minimal velocity in lining channels: 0, 75 m/s
- The minimal velocity in ground channels

will be equal to the permissible velocity
according to the type of the ground
- Minimal lining: 0, 10 m
- The relation between the base width to

the depth of the water will be 1 to 2.
- The maximal velocity will depend on the lining.
8. SPECIAL STRUCTURES
8.1 Hydraulic seals
It is a device for isolating the diverse parts of a drainage system of wastewater

with hydrocarbons, with the purpose to avoid the movement of inflammable
vapors.
They will be placed:
a) Where the principal piping of drainage arising from tank, process, integrated
stores and equipment areas be connected with the main pipe.
b) Between process units.
c) In the discharge of the catch basins.
d) Before entering to a separator.

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8.2 Manhole (for contaminated systems)
It is a structure of concrete used for the union of underground collectors, like

sediment traps serving as checkpoints and maintenance access. They will be
located according to these recommendations:
a) At the start of a drainage pipe as a registration point.

b) At intervals no longer than 90 m for main pipes with a diameter of 600 mm
or less and at intervals no longer than 150 m for piping of equal diameter or
greater than 600 mm.
c) In the union of the pipes.
d) In changes of direction and longitudinal slope.
e) In integrated plants, the process system of each area will have to be joined
by manholes with hydraulic seal.
f) In changes of diameter or pipe material.
g) For big areas of process, the areas will come apart in individual areas of
surfaces not bigger than 5.000 m², separating the systems with manholes
with seal.
8.3 Ventilation
It consists of a pipe with a minimum diameter of 100 mm placed in a catch basin

with a seal and having a hermetic cover, to seal the action of the atmospheric
pressure.
a) Ventilation will be installed in the manhole with an immersion and also in the
catch basin located immediately upstream.
b) In the highest point of the catch basin the system is provided with seal.
c) They shall not be left under the pipe racks or others equipment
d) They shall be located at distances larger than 30 m from ovens, boilers or
other ignition sources.

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8.4 Oil Tramp
It is a device designed to retain the floating oil. It should not be designed for the
segregation of oil in emulsion.
They will be placed in the outlet of compressor rooms, workshops, kitchens, and
fuel station supply.
8.5 Separator
Is a device designed for eliminating the oil in suspension. This design has to be
based on the velocity of the flow and the rate of the overflow. The most
commonly used device is the one recommended by the American Petroleum
Institute (API).
8.6 Manholes (for sanitary sewer and storm water systems)
The manholes will be according to what is indicated on the project´s design

drawings and the Official Journal (Gaceta Oficial) N° 5318 in relation to the depth
and the diameter of the entrance and outlet pipes for its use in rainwater and
sewage waters systems. The criteria for their location is described in point 8.2,
except paragraphs b) and e).
In super-critical regimen fallen have to be avoided inside the manhole and in the
sub-critical regimen should not be greater than 1 m.
The Official Journal (Gaceta Oficial) N° 5318 specifies that the maximum
separation between manhole will be 120 m for collectors < 0.30 m (12") and 150
m for collectors > 0.30 m (12”)

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PART IV
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA

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INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 32
1.1 Scope 32
1.2 Language 32
1.4 Standards 32
2. MATERIALS 33
2.1 General 33
2.2 Materials and standards 33
3. ALLOWED STRENGTH AND STRESS 34

3.1 Concrete 34
3.2 Reinforced steel 34
3.3 Anchor Bolts 34
4. DESIGN 35
4.1 General 35
4.2 Loads 35
4.2.1 Dead Loads 35
4.2.1.1 Dead or permanent loads 35
4.2.1.2 Equipment dead loads 36
4.2.2 Live Loads 36
4.2.2.1 Uniform Loads for Buildings other than Warehouses 37
4.2.2.2 Operation floors in process structures 37
4.2.2.3 Operation floors in compressor buildings 37
4.2.2.4 Warehouses 37
4.2.2.5 Pump stations and equipment areas 37
4.2.2.6 Handrails 37
4.2.2.7 Cranes and material handling equipment 37
4.2.2.8 Overhead cross roads, platforms and ladders 38
4.2.3 Wind Loads 38
4.2.4 Seismic Loads 38
4.2.5 Impact Loads 39
4.2.5.1 Cranes 39
4.2.5.2 Exchangers pullout 40
4.2.5.3 Cases of other weights 40

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4.2.6 Friction Loads 41

4.2.7 Operation Loads 41
4.2.7.1 Thermal expansion loads 41
4.2.7.2 Pressure loads 41
4.2.7.3 Dynamic loads 41
4.2.8 Vehicle Loads 41
4.2.9 Explosion Loads 42
4.3 Load Combinations 42
4.3.1 Empty equipment or equipment in process of installations 44
4.3.2 Equipment in test 44
4.3.3 Equipment in operation 44
4.3.4 Equipment in maintenance 44
4.4 Reinforced steel protection 45

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1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
This specification, as well as the documents mentioned herein, establishes the

design requirements for all the concrete structures of the Metor Expansion Plant
Project, owned by Metor, which will be built in Jose, Anzoátegui State.
1.2 Language
All drawing, calculation sheets, and document will be written in English.
written in English.
1.3 Measuring Units
The Project measuring system will be the Metric System (M.K.S).
1.4 Standards
The concrete structure design shall meet following Venezuelan Standards and
documents:
- Acciones mínimas para el Proyecto de Edificaciones (Minimum Actions for

the Project Buildings), COVENIN-MINDUR 2002-88 (Provisional).
- Estructuras de Concreto Armado para Edificaciones Análisis y Diseño

(Reinforced Concrete Structures for Buildings, Analysis and Design),
COVENIN-MINDUR 1753-87.
- Edificaciones Antisísmicas (Seismic Resistant Buildings), COVENIN-

MINDUR 1756-2001.
- Acciones del Viento sobre las Construcciones (Wind effect over Buildings),
COVENIN-MINDUR 2003-89.
- INEDONES (INELECTRA´s Normalized Design Manuals).

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The following North American standards shall be used:
- Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1997 Edition
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
- American Concrete Institute - Building Code Requirements for Reinforced

Concrete (ACI-318-02)
- American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO). Standard Specification for Highway Bridges -1983
2. MATERIALS
2.1 General
The materials to be used shall meet the standards requirements such as listed in
point 2.2. The quality of the materials to be used shall be indicated in the
drawings.
As far as the materials other than the ones specified in the drawings, it will be
possible to use locally available materials, whenever these are suitable in quality
and quantity for the specific use for which they are required.
2.2 Materials and Standards
- Structural Steel and Plates: ASTM A36/PS-25 SIDOR
- Reinforcing Bars: ASTM A615 Grade 60
- Anchor Bolts: ASTM A307 Gr. C, A36 or A193 Grade B7
- Portland Cement: ASTM C150 Type I and/or II
- Electrowelded mesh: With conventional elastic limit fy=5000 kg/cm²
- Other materials: According to each specification.

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3. ALLOWABLE STRENGTH AND STRESSES
3.1 Concrete
The resistance to the minimum final compression after 28 days and lab-cured,
shall be as follows:
- For lean concrete: 135 kg/cm2

- For reinforced concrete super-structures: 250 kg/cm2
- For major equipment foundations: 250 kg/cm2
- For minor equipment foundations, paving and fire protection: 210 kg/cm2
- For pre-cast concrete: 280 kg/cm2
3.2 Reinforced Steel
ASTM A615 grade 60 (COVENIN 316)
- Minimum yield strength: 4200 kg/cm²
Reinforcement steel of 1" diameter bars or less shall be used whenever possible.
3.3 Anchor Bolts
ASTM A307 Grade C or ASTM A36
- Allowable tension stress: 1400 kg/cm2

- Allowable shear stress: 700 kg/cm2
- Allowable tension with shear: 1830 - 1.8 fv kg/cm2
- Minimum Diameter: 5/8"
ASTM A193 Grade B7
Allowable tension stress: 2810 kg/cm2 when d<2½”

2430 kg/cm2 when d ≥ 2½”
Allowable tension with shear: 3660 - 1.8 fv kg/cm2 when d<2½”
3170 - 1.8 fv kg/cm2 when d ≥ 2½”
Minimum Diameter: 5/8"
Where, fv = acting shear stress.

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For standards sizing of anchor bolts see annex 1.
4. DESIGN
4.1 General
The structural design shall be executed according to the fracture theory method
for concrete structures, in accordance with the COVENIN-MINDUR 1753-87 and
ACI 318 standard.
4.2 Loads
The design loads for buildings and other structures shall follow the COVENIN-
MINDUR 2002-88, with the exception of what is specified herein.
4.2.1 Dead Loads
4.2.1.1 Dead or permanent loads
The following load types shall be treated as dead loads:
The weight of all the structural components, including the fire protection coating,
which is a permanent part of the structure.
The weight of cranes and other equipment used to handle materials.
In order to estimate the weight of piping supported on equipment’s, a value of

10% of the empty equipment weight shall be considered as the piping weight.
In metallic platforms, the supporting structure floor and the floor grid shall have
an estimated dead load value not less than 100 kg/m².
Besides the above weights, the following shall be considered:
25 kg/m2 for building roofs, in order to cover the weight of lighting fixtures,
suspended roofs, air conditioning ducts, piping, etc.
50 kg/m2 for process structure floors, in order to cover the piping and
miscellaneous loads.
100 kg/m2 on the second level and upper floors in buildings where the partition
layout might be relocated.

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150 kg/m2 in compressors operation floors, in order to cover the piping, control
panels, and miscellaneous loads.
4.2.1.2 Equipment dead loads
The equipment dead load, excluding external piping, caused by the weight of
equipment such as vessels, fractionating towers, heat exchangers, stacks and
pumps, shall be defined as follows:
a) Dead load of empty equipment in process of installation.
The dead load of the empty equipment in installation will be the equipment
weight, and it will not include the weight of all the internal or external parts,
which are not connected to the equipment before the installation.
b) Dead load in operation:
The dead load of the equipment in operation shall be the weight of the
wholly assembled equipment including insulation and the fluid within it. It
shall exclude the piping and external structures connected to the
equipment, whenever these have been previously considered.
c) Dead load of empty equipment:
The dead load of the empty equipment will be the same as the equipment in
operation without the operation fluids.
d) Dead load in test:
The dead load in test will be calculated as the dead load of the equipment in
operation, defined in b, excluding the internal and external insulation, the
volume of liquid in operation, as well as any internals susceptible to damage
due to liquid test immersion. The equipment as well as the piping
associated with the test will be considered full of liquid test.
4.2.2 Live Loads
The following live loads shall be used in the design:

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4.2.2.1 Uniform loads for Buildings other than Warehouses
a) Offices: 300 kg/m2

b) Laboratories: 300 kg/m2
c) Control rooms: 300 kg/m2
d) Lockers: 300 kg/m2
e) Staircases: 500 kg/m2
f) Mechanical equipment room: 750 kg/m2
g) Electric equipment room: 750 kg/m2
h) Accessible roofs: 150 kg/m2
4.2.2.2 Operation floors in process structures
Use 450 kg/m2; if 25% or more of the bay area shall be covered with equipment,
the distributed uniform load shall be reduced according to the percentage
covered, and this shall be applied as uniform load over all the bay area together
with the equipment load.
4.2.2.3 Operation floors in compressor buildings
Use 500 kg/m2 over the whole area.
4.2.2.4 Warehouses
Use 750 kg/m2; whenever the expected live loads in storage areas shall exceed
750 kg/m2, the engineer in charge of the calculations shall justify the applicable
value.
4.2.2.5 Pump stations and equipment areas
Use 500 kg/m².
4.2.2.6 Handrails
Use 30 kg/m horizontally applied at the top.
4.2.2.7 Cranes and material handling equipment
Use the total material handling capacity.

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4.2.2.8 Overhead cross roads, platforms and ladders
A uniform load of 150 kg/m2 should be used. The ladder steps should be design
with a concentrated load at the center of the step of 130 kg.
4.2.3 Wind Loads
The wind load shall be calculated according to the Venezuelan standard

COVENIN-MINDUR 2003-89 "Wind Effect over Buildings".
The parameters to be considered for the wind load calculations are:
- Basic wind speed: 145 km/hour

- Exposure type: C
- Priority factor: 1.15 or 1.00
Except for control buildings and Electrical Substation, buildings shall be classified
in accordance with COVENIN 2003-89 Groups “B”.
Control buildings and Main Electrical Substation shall be classified in accordance

with COVENIN 2003-89 Groups “A”
All other structures and equipment foundations shall be classified as Groups “B”,
with a wind Importance Factor I= 1.00.
4.2.4 Seismic Loads
In order to calculate reinforced concrete structures for buildings, the COVENIN

1756-2001 "Seismic Resistant Building" standard shall be used, considering:
- Seismic zone: 5 (Ao = 0.30)

- Soil profile: S2 (According to recommendation of Geotechnical
Study)
- ϕ Factor: 0.95
- Occupancy factor (∝): Factor for all buildings shall be = 1.0. Except
Control Room Building and Substation which shall be = 1.30.

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Earthquake load for all other structures and foundations shall be determined in
accordance with UBC-97 Chapter 16.
- Seismic Zone: 3
- Soil profile: Sc (According to recommendation of Geotechnical
Study)
- Seismic Importance Factors I shall be: For equipments and structures in
Areas 1620, 1630, 1640 & WWT (UBC Category 4) = 1.0. For other
Hazardous Facilities & Cooling Tower (UBC Category 2) = 1.25.
Tanks shall be designed per API Standard 650.
- Soil Profile Type shall be S2.
4.2.5 Impact Loads
In order to calculate the design requirements for structures submitted to moving

loads, the corresponding impact load shall be considered according to the case.
The impact load shall be considered as a percentage of the moving load and
shall be applied according to the following information.
Whenever the equipment manufacturer shall specify higher loads than the ones
mentioned herein, the ones specified by the manufacturer shall be used.
4.2.5.1 Cranes
a) Vertical Load
- In the crane supporting beams,

the overloads shall be taken as
the top loads upon the wheels.
- For cab-operated mobile cranes

supporting beams and connectors: 25%
- For supporting beams for cranes

operated by pendant controls and
connectors (trolley): 20%
- For jibs and beams acting as

supporting points for hooks: 25%
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b) Side Load
For mobile cranes supporting beams, a 20% of the sum of the lifted load
weight plus the car load (with the exception of other parts of the crane)
applied to the upper edge of the rails acting in both normal directions, will
be considered; the load will be distributed according to the supporting
structure rigidity.
c) Longitudinal load
Unless otherwise specified, it will be taken as 20% of the maximum loads

on the crane wheels, and it will be considered applied upon the upper edge
of the rails.
4.2.5.2 Exchangers bundle pullout
The horizontal force to be considered in the structure design as a product of the

tube bundle pullout in heat exchangers, will be equal to the product of the tube
bundle weight by a 0.57 friction coefficient and by a 1.5 impact factor; that is,
86% of the tube bundle weight.
The minimum force to be considered will be 900 kg.
The horizontal force will only be transmitted to the exchanger fixed support.
In the case that the equipment manufacturer specifies higher loads that the ones
previously mentioned these loads should be considered.
A 33 1/3 % increment of allowable stresses of concrete shall be considered for

bundle pullout forces
4.2.5.3 Cases of other weights
For elevators supporting beams, use 100% of the live load.
For support for light motor or transmission driven machines, use not less than
20% of the machine weight.
For reciprocating equipment or power driven units’ support, use not less than
50% of the machine weight.

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Hangers for floors or balconies 33% of live load.
4.2.6 Friction Loads
The horizontal forces caused by friction shall be considered as the product of the
C friction coefficient multiplied by the corresponding vertical load.
The friction coefficient shall be:
C = 0.3 for steel on steel contact

C = 0.4 for steel on concrete contact
C = 0.1 for Teflon on steel contact
The loads due to equipment or piping acting on fixed or sliding points shall be
considered in the structural design taking into account their real situation.
4.2.7 Operation Loads
In those cases in which these loads shall be applied, the following structure
design requirements shall be considered:
4.2.7.1 Thermal expansion loads
Requirements on temperature changes in piping, equipment and structures shall

be considered.
4.2.7.2 Pressure loads
Pressure requirements due to the use of piping expansion joints shall be

considered.
4.2.7.3 Dynamic loads
Requirements due to vibrations in equipment or machines, or to fluid flow within

pipes or equipment shall be considered.
4.2.8 Vehicle Loads
The vehicle working loads shall be designated as HS-20 according to AASHTO

specifications. However, when the expected vehicles shall produce more severe
load conditions, these will be determinant.

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4.2.9 Explosion Loads
In case that the explosion-proof control room design shall be specified, the
calculations shall be carried out considering a 17500 kg/m2 uniformly distributed
load acting over the reinforced concrete walls and a 7000 kg/m2 over the roof
slab. The intention is to safeguard the personnel and to maintain the installations
operable in such events.
4.3 Load Combinations
The structures shall be designed to withstand the effects of individual loads and
load combinations to which they may be submitted during installation or when the
equipment is empty, during equipment and piping tests as well as during
operation. The loads to be considered in the structure design for each one of the
referred load conditions are given in Table I.
The following points shall be applied to design load combinations in any one of
the load conditions given in Table I.
The loads shall be combined to produce the most critical load conditions to the
structural member design. Those loads that might reasonably occur
simultaneously shall be combined. It is not necessary to carry out load
combinations for non-structural elements such as platforms, step ladders, etc.
The partial application of the following shall be considered: live and dead loads
which might occur during equipment installation, during equipment individual
parts tests or those which might result from the operation loads variations in
cyclic process equipment to calculate maximum stress in continuous bents or
beams.
Impact, maintenance and other short-term loads shall not be combined with wind
or seismic.
Hydrostatic test loads shall not be combined with seismic loads.
Seismic loads shall not be combined with wind loads.
In the crane support structural element design, a single crane in operation shall
be considered, whenever there is no possibility of two simultaneous cranes.
In the case of supporting elements for tube bundle pullout, one at a time pullout
shall be considered.

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TABLE I
LOAD CONDITIONS
LOAD CONDITIONS DESIGN LOADS

Equipment in installation or 1. Structure dead loads
empty equipment 2. Equipment dead loads
3. Piping dead loads
4. Impact loads
5. Temporary loads and loads
caused by installation
(including impact).
6. Wind or seismic loads
Equipment in test 1. Structure dead loads
2. Equipment in test dead
loads
4. Live loads
5. Wind loads
Equipment in operation 1. Structure dead loads
2. Equipment in operation
dead loads
4. Live loads
5. Impact loads
6. Operation loads
7. Wind or Seismic loads
Equipment in maintenance Maintenance loads which may
occur during start-up, shut-
down or operation interruption,
along with other loads which
may be reasonably considered
to act simultaneously.

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The load combinations shall be specified as follows:
4.3.1 Empty Equipment or Equipment in Process of Installation
- 1.4 CM + 1.4 EM or EV
- 0.75 (1.4 CM+ 1.4 EM or EV ± 1.7 W)
- 0.9CM+1.3W
- 0.75 (1.4 CM + 1.4 EM or EV) ± 1.0S
4.3.2 Equipment in Test
- 0.83 (1.4 CM + 1.4 EP)

- 0.75 [(1.4 CM +1.4 EP± 1.7 (0.50 W)]
4.3.3 Equipment in Operation
- 1.4 (CM + EO + T)
- 1.4 (CM + EO + T) + 1.7 CV
- 0.75 (1.4CM +1.4 EO + 1.4 T + 1.7 CV ± 1.7 W)
- 0.75 (1.4CM +1.4 EO + 1.4 T + 1.7 CV) ± S
- 0.9 CM +0.9 EO + 1.4 T ± 1.3 W
- 0.9 CM + 0.9 EO + 1.4 T± S
- 0.75 (1.4 CM + 1.4 EO + 1.4 T± 1.7 W)
- 0.75 (1.4 CM + 1.4 EO + 1.4 T) ±S
4.3.4 Equipment in Maintenance
- 1.4 (CM + EV + FH)
Nomenclature:
CM = Dead load
T = Temperature Load
CV = Live Load
FH = Pullout Load
EM = Equipment in Installation Load
EP = Equipment in Test Load
EO = Equipment in Operation Load
EV = Empty Equipment Load
W = Wind Load
S = Seismic Load

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4.4 Reinforced Steel Protection
In general, the reinforcement steel shall have a protection layer of 50 mm. for all
super-structural members and foundations.
The designer shall clearly specify what foundations are cast directly against the
ground and leave 75 mm. concrete cover protection in these cases.

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PART V
STEEL STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA

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INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 49
1.1 Scope 49
1.2 Language 49
1.4 Standards 49
2. MATERIALS 50
2.1 Steel Structures 50
2.2 Bolts 50
2.3 Welding 51
2.4 Floor Plates and Grating 51
2.5 Galvanizing 51
2.6 Fire Protection 52
3. ALLOWABLE STRESSES 52
4. DESIGN 52
4.1 General 52
4.2 Loads 53
4.2.1 Dead Loads 53
4.2.1.1 Dead or permanent loads 53
4.2.1.2 Equipment dead loads 54
4.2.2 Live Loads 54
4.2.3 Wind Loads 55
4.2.4 Seismic Loads 55
4.2.5 Impact Loads 58
4.2.5.1 Cranes 58
4.2.5.2 Other vertical load cases 59
4.2.5.3 Exchangers bundle pull-out 59
4.2.6 Friction Loads 59
4.2.7 Operation Loads 59
4.2.7.1 Thermal expansion loads 60
4.2.7.2 Pressure loads 60
4.2.7.3 Dynamic loads 60
4.3.1 Empty Equipment or equipment in Process of Installation 63
4.3.2 Equipment in Test 63

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4.3.3 Equipment in Operation 63

4.3.4 Equipment in Maintenance 63
4.4 Deflections 64
4.5 Connection Design 66
4.6 Connection Details 67

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1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
The present criteria establish the requirements for the steel structures analysis
and design for the project Metor Expansion Plant.
1.2 Language
All drawings, calculation sheets and documents may be written in English.
written in English.
1.3 Measuring Units
The Project measuring system will be the Metric System (MKS).
1.4 Standards
The steel structures design shall meet the following Venezuelan standards and
documents in their most recent issue:
- "Estructuras de Acero para Edificaciones. Proyecto, Fabricación y

Construcción" COVENIN-MINDUR 1618 for buildings design.
- "Acciones del Viento sobre las Construcciones" COVENIN-MINDUR 2003.
- "Acciones mínimas para el Proyecto de Edificaciones" COVENIN-MINDUR

2002.
- Edificaciones Antisísmicas (Seismic Resistant Buildings), COVENIN-

MINDUR 1756-2001
- "Escaleras, Rampas y Pasarelas" COVENIN-MINDUR, 2245.
- INEDONES (INELECTRA´s Normalized Design Manuals)
Also, the following North-American standards shall be used:

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- Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1997 Edition.
- American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC-ASD) for all industrial steel

structures design such as: piperacks, structures supporting equipments,
etc.
- Specifications for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel

for Buildings, "Manual of Steel Construction".
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
- American Welding Society (AWS).
2. MATERIALS
With the exception of the requirements of the present specification, all the
materials shall meet the AISC standards.
All the materials shall be brand-new.
2.1 Steel Structures
The structural shapes shall comply with the ASTM A36 or ASTM A572 Gr. 50
standards. The steel plates shall comply with the ASTM A36 standard. The
2
maximum allowable yield strength shall be fy=2530 kg/cm for the A36 material
2
and fy=3500 kg/cm for the A572 Gr. 50 material.
The material quality shall be indicated on the drawings.
The steel piping for structural applications shall meet either one of the following
standards: ASTM A-53, types E or S, Grade B or API 5L, Grade B.
2.2 Bolts
High-strength bolts shall be used in the structure, according to the ASTM A-325,
Type I.
Common, low-strength Bolts shall be used in stairways, poles, and other non-
structural elements. These bolts shall meet the ASTM A-307 specifications.

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All the bolts shall be galvanized according to ASTM A153 standard.
2.3 Welding
The welding shall be carried out according to the designer requirements;

weldable materials shall be used.
The welding shall be carried out by means of manual arch, according to the A5.1
or A5.2 standards, or by submerged arch, according to AWS A5.17. The E70-XX
electrode shall be used.
2.4 Floor Plates and Grating
- Checkered steel plates or grating shall be used in the floor system for
platforms, according to the designer requirements, and shall comply with
the following characteristics:
a) The steel plate platform shall consist of hot-galvanized checkered plates,

6.0 mm. thickness. Each plate shall contain 17 mm-diameter drainage
holes, each 1.4 m2, approximately; there shall be at least one drainage hole
per plate.
b) The grating (electrowelded steel grating) platforms shall consist of standard

hot-galvanized plates, measuring 1" height by 3/16" thickness (1" x 3/16"),
with 5 mm. diameter rods every 4" (type G1). It shall be hot-galvanized.
- The staircases and railing shall meet the COVENIN 2245 standard.
- The stair step shall be rectangular, grating (1" x 3/16") and the edge
will be non skid checkered plate.
2.5 Galvanizing
All the steel surfaces shall be hot dip galvanized according with ASTM A-123.
Galvanizing shall consider vat sizes of hot-dip galvanizing facilities. Galvanizing
process shall be performed at fabricator’s workshop, and cold galvanizing touch
up paint shall be applied at site during construction stage in those places where
the shop’s galvanized may result damaged due to transportation and/or erection
process.
All bolts and hardware shall be galvanized according to ASTM A153.

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2.6 Fire Protection
Wherever required, fire protection shall be provided in the steel structures by

means of concrete protection, according to the project´s fireproofing detail
drawings and documents.
3. ALLOWABLE STRESSES
The allowable stresses for steel structures shall be the ones specified by the
AISC standard.
The allowable stresses for members and their connection in those load
combinations with wind or earthquake may be increased up to 33%.
The allowable stresses for members and their connections exposed to

hydrostatic test load conditions or to short-term load increases, may be increased
up to 20%.
The maximum allowable traction stress for low-strength bolts (A-307) used as
anchor bolts, shall be based on the square root of the thread area, and shall be
2
1060 kg/cm for a test or operation load condition, without any additional
increase. As far as empty equipment, or equipment-in-installation conditions, the
2
maximum allowable traction stress for anchor bolts shall be 1270 kg/cm , without
any additional increase.
4. DESIGN
4.1 General
The steel structure design and details shall be carried out according to the
standards indicated in point N° 1.4, with the following specifications:
The structures shall be designed under AISC Type 2 (simple frames)

construction. Bracing shall be installed to achieve lateral stability.
Those structure in which the bracing may interfere with piping equipment and
staff access, shall be designed according to AISC Type 1 (rigid frames)
construction.
Minor structures such as platforms, footbridges, stairways and safety cages, can
be supplied as part of the equipment and under the supplier's standards. If this
shall not be the case, they will be supplied according to the designer's
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requirements and in any case, they shall be designed using the corresponding
building safety standards.
4.2 Loads
The minimum design loads to be considered in the structure calculations shall

follow the COVENIN-MINDUR 2002 Standard, with the exception of what is
specified herein.
4.2.1 Dead Loads
4.2.1.1 Dead or permanent loads
The following load types shall be treated as dead loads:
- The weight of all the structural components, including the fire-proofing,

which is a permanent part of the structure.
- The weight of cranes and other equipment used to handle materials.
- In order to estimate the weight of piping supported on equipment, a value of

10% of the empty equipment weight shall be considered as the piping
weight.
- In steel platforms, the supporting structure and the floor grid weight, an
2
estimated dead load value not less than 100 kg/m shall be considered.
- Besides the above, the following weights shall be considered:

2
. 25 kg/m for building roofs, in order to cover the weight of lighting fixtures,
suspended roofs, air conditioning ducts, piping, etc.
2
. 50 kg/m for process structure floors, in order to cover the loads caused by
the piping and other minor installations.
2
. 100 kg/m on the second level and upper floors in buildings where the
partition layout might be relocated.
2
. 150 kg/m in equipment operation floors, in order to cover the loads caused
by piping, control panels, and other installations.

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4.2.1.2 Equipment dead loads
The equipment dead load, excluding external piping, caused by the weight of
equipment such as vessels, fractionating towers, heat exchangers, stacks and
pumps, shall be defined for each load condition as follows:
a) Dead load of the empty equipment or the equipment in process of installation.
The dead load of the empty equipment will be the equipment load weight, and
it will exclude the weight of the internal or external parts which are not
connected to the equipment before the installation.
b) Dead load in operation.
The dead load of the equipment in operation shall be the weight of the wholly
assembled equipment, including insulation and the fluid within it. It shall
exclude the piping and external structures connected to the equipment,
whenever these have been previously considered.
c) Dead weight of the equipment in test.
The dead load in test will be calculated as per the previous paragraph,
excluding external and internal insulation and the volume of liquid in operation,
as well as any internals susceptible to damage due to liquid test immersion.
The equipment as well as the piping associated with the test shall be
considered full of liquid test.
4.2.2 Live Loads
The following live loads shall be uniformly distributed, and the values are given in
Table I.
In the case of cranes and equipment for material handling, the load shall be the
capacity of these equipments.
Those roofs supporting pipes shall be designed, in the surroundings of such

pipes, with the highest live load of the following options:
a) Roof area load plus piping weight
b) Load in the work area excluding the piping weight

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4.2.3 Wind Loads
The wind load shall be calculated according to the Venezuelan standard

COVENIN-MINDUR 2003-89 "Wind Effect over Buildings".
The parameters to be considered for the wind load calculations are:
- Basic wind speed: 145 km/hour

- Exposure type: C
- Priority factor: 1.15 or 1.00
Except for control buildings and Electrical Substation, buildings shall be classified
in accordance with COVENIN 2003-89 Groups “B”.
Control buildings and Main Electrical Substation shall be classified in accordance

with COVENIN 2003-89 Groups “A”
All other structures and equipment foundations shall be classified as Groups “B”,
with a wind Importance Factor I= 1.00.
4.2.4 Seismic Loads
In order to calculate steel structures for buildings, the COVENIN 1756-2001

"Seismic Resistant Building" standard shall be used, considering:
- Seismic zone: 5 (Ao = 0.30)

- Soil profile: S2 (According to recommendation of Geotechnical
Study)
- ϕ Factor: 0.95
- Occupancy factor (∝): Factor for all buildings shall be = 1.0. Except
Control Room Building and Substation which shall be = 1.30.
Earthquake load for all other steel structures shall be determined in accordance
with UBC-97 Chapter 16.
- Seismic Zone: 3
- Soil profile: Sc (According to recommendation of Geotechnical
Study)

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- Seismic Importance Factors I shall be: For equipments and structures in

Areas 1620, 1630, 1640 & WWT (UBC Category 4) = 1.0. For other
Hazardous Facilities & Cooling Tower (UBC Category 2) = 1.25.
Tanks shall be designed per API Standard 650.
- Soil Profile Type shall be S2.

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TABLE I
DESIGN LIVE LOADS
AREA CLASSIFICATION LIVE LOAD
Deposit and storage area The acting loads

2
(minimum 750 kg/m )
2
Work and Operating Areas 400 kg/m
Platform floor system

2
(grating or checkered plate) 500 kg/m
Staff access areas, such as

2
access and vessel platforms. 250 kg/m
2
Roof areas without access: 100 kg/m (the load shall be applied
correspond to such areas not to the roof horizontal projection area).
used as work or storage areas.
2
Roof area with access Min. 150 kg/m , or according to use.
2
Staircases and landing 365 kg/m , or a
moving load of 460 kg, whichever produces
higher requirements.
The steps shall be designed to support a

130 kg. concentrated load on the step
center, but not accumulated to the uniform
load.
Vertical ladders 30 kg/m of ladder, but not less than 90 kg in

the step center

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4.2.5 Impact Loads
In order to calculate the design requirements for structures submitted to moving

loads, the impact load shall be considered.
The impact load shall be considered as a percentage of the moving load, and it
shall be applied according to the following information.
In case that the equipment supplier shall specify loads which exceed the one
above exposed, these shall be considered in the design.
4.2.5.1 Cranes
In the crane supporting beams, the overloads shall be taken as the top loads
upon the wheels.
a) Vertical Load
- For cab-operated mobile cranes supporting

beams and connectors 25%
- For supporting beams for mobile cranes
operated by pendant controls and
connectors (trolley) 20%
- For jibs and beams acting as supporting
points for hooks 25%
b) Side Load
For mobile cranes supporting beams, a 20% of the sum of the lifted load
weight plus the car weight (with the exception of other parts of the crane),
applied to the upper edge of the rails, and acting in both directions normal
to the rail, will be considered; the load will be distributed according to the
supporting structure rigidity.
c) Longitudinal load
Unless otherwise specified, it will be considered as 20% of the maximum

loads on the crane wheels, and it will be considered applied upon the upper
edge of the rails.

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4.2.5.2 Other vertical load cases
- For elevators supporting beams, use 100% of the live load.
- For support for light motor or transmission-driven machines, use not less
than 20% of the machine weight.
- For reciprocating equipment or power driven units support, use not less
than 50% of the machine weight.
- Hangers for floors or balconies, 33% of live load.
4.2.5.3 Exchangers bundle pull-out
The design horizontal force to be considered in structures submitted to the tube

bundle pull-out in heat exchangers shall be equal to the product of the tube
bundle weight by a 0.57 friction coefficient and by a 1.50 impact factor; that is,
86% of the tube bundle weight.
The minimum force to be considered will be 900 kg.
The horizontal force will only be transmitted to the exchanger fixed support.
4.2.6 Friction Loads
The horizontal forces caused by friction shall be considered as the product of the
C friction coefficient multiplied by the corresponding vertical load.
The friction coefficient shall be:
C = 0.3 for steel on steel contact

C = 0.4 for steel on concrete contact
C = 0.1 for teflon on steel contact
4.2.7 Operation Loads
In those cases in which these loads shall be applied, the following structure
design requirements shall be considered:

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4.2.7.1 Thermal expansion loads
Requirements due to temperature changes in piping, equipment and structures

shall be considered. For steel, a 0.000012/ °C lineal thermal expansion
coefficient shall be considered.
4.2.7.2 Pressure loads
Pressure requirements due to the use of piping expansion joints shall be

considered.
4.2.7.3 Dynamic loads
Requirements due to vibrations in equipment and machines, or to fluid flow within

piping or equipment, shall be considered.
The structures shall be designed to withstand the effects of individual loads, as

well as load combinations, to which they may be subjected during tests of
equipment and piping, as well as during operation. The loads to be considered in
the structure design for each one of the referred load conditions are given in
Table II.
The following points shall be applied to design load combinations in any one of
the load conditions given in Table II.
- The loads shall be combined to produce the most critical load conditions to
the structural member and connection design. Those loads which might
reasonably occur simultaneously shall be combined. It is not necessary to
carry out load combinations for non-structural elements such as platforms,
step ladders, walkways, etc.
- The partial application of the following shall be considered to calculate the

maximum stress in continuous bents or beams: live and dead loads which
might occur during equipment installation, during equipment individual parts
tests, or those which might result from the operation loads variations in
cyclic process equipment.
- The impact, maintenance and other short-term loads shall not be combined
with wind or seismic.

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- In the crane support structural element design, a single crane in operation

shall be considered, whenever there is no possibility of two simultaneous
cranes.
- For support elements for tube bundle pull-out, one at a time pull-out shall be
considered.

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TABLE II
LOAD CONDITIONS
LOAD CONDITIONS DESIGN LOADS

Equipment in installation or 1. Structure dead loads
empty equipment 2. Equipment dead loads
4. Impact loads
5. Temporary loads and loads
caused by installation
(including impact).
6. Wind or seismic loads
Equipment in test 1. Structure dead loads
2. Equipment in test dead loads
4. Live loads
5. Wind loads
Equipment in operation 1. Structure dead loads

2. Equipment in operation dead
loads
4. Live loads
5. Impact loads
6. Operation loads
7. Wind or Seismic loads
Equipment in maintenance Maintenance loads which may
occur during start-up, shut-down
or operation interruption, along
with other loads which may be
reasonably considered to act
simultaneously.
The engineer shall revise the following load combinations; not all possible
combinations are included. Therefore the engineer will decide which other
combinations are necessary to be analyzed.

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4.3.1 Empty Equipment or equipment in Process of Installation
- DL + EL
- DL + EL + LL
- 0.75 (DL + EL ± W)
- 0.75 (DL + EL ± 0,72 S)
4.3.2 Equipment in Test
- 0.83 (DL + tL)

- 0.83 (DL + 0.50 LL + tL)
- 0.75 (DL + tL ± 1/2 W)
4.3.3 Equipment in Operation
- DL + OL + TL + FL
- DL + OL + TL + FL + LL
- 0.75 (DL + OL + TL + FL + LL ± 0,72 S)
- 0.75 (DL + OL + TL + FL + LL ± W)
- 0.75 (DL + OL + TL + FL ± 0,72 S)
- 0.75 (DL + OL + TL + FL ± W)
4.3.4 Equipment in Maintenance
- 0.75 (DL + EL + BL)
Where:
DL = Dead Load
LL = Live load
EL = Empty equipment load or load of equipment in installation
tL = Load of equipment in test
OL = Load of Equipment in operation
BL = Tube bundle pull-out force
TL = Thermal load
S = Seismic load
W = Wind load
FL = Friction load

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4.4 Deflections
The following maximum values are recommended for the deflections due to
variable and wind loads:
EDIFICATION DEFLECTION LOAD TYPE MEMBER TYPE RECOMMENDED

TYPE DEFLECTION
INDUSTRIAL VERTICAL VARIABLE Member L/240

BUILDINGS supporting
nonflexible roofs
covering
VARIABLE Members which L/180
supporting
flexible roofs
covering
VARIABLE Members L/300
supporting
floors
Maximum by Beams for L/800
wheel, no mobile cranes
impact with capacity
equal or more
than 25 Ton
Maximum by Beams for L/600
wheel, no mobiles cranes
impact with capacity
less than 25
Ton
LATERAL Cranes Beams for L//600
lateral force mobile crane
support
Crane or Columns (total L/400 to L/200
wind lateral displacement on
force its top area)
Where: L = Span of beam.

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EDIFICATION DEFLECTION LOAD TYPE MEMBER TYPE RECOMMENDED

TYPE DEFLECTION
BUILDINGS VERTICAL VARIABLE Member on L/360

FOR OTHER floors o roofs
USE supporting
crackable
finishes
VARIABLE Members or L/300
floors and roofs
supporting
noncrackable
finishes
LATERAL WIND Floors (total L/400
displacement
due to all the
effects)
WIND Floors (Relative L/500
displacement
between two
consecutive
floors) with
metallic coating
and partitions
without special
precautions to
allow structure
deformations
WIND Same as the L/400
above, but in
floors with
special
precautions to
allow structure
deformations

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- Certain non-structural element materials such as masonry walls, certain types

of curtain-walls and concrete coatings around the steel members, increment
the structure rigidity; hence the wind load for the lateral deflections calculation
can be reduced somewhat with respect to the design wind used in the strength
and stability calculations.
The suggested maximum reduction is 15%.
- For the pipe rack structures, the following maximum deflection values due
to variable and wind loads are recommended:
a) Lateral Displacement L/200
b) Vertical displacement capability in bent beams L/200
c) Vertical displacements capability in longitudinal

medium beam which are not a part of the bent L/200
d) Vertical displacement capability in medium

transversal beams (load) which are not a part of the bents.
The deflection shall be the sum of the one coming from the
longitudinal plus the transversal beam at
the intersection point L/200
- In support beams for equipment hoisting L/300
- For beams supporting equipment L/360
- Relative displacements between levels (under seismic load) shall be

considered according COVENIN-MINDUR 1756-2001 chapter 10, in
case of buildings, and UBC-97 Section 1630.9 for other structures.
4.5 Connection Design
The high-strength bolted connections shall be designed with a simple shear,

crushing type, with thread on the shear plane.
All connection shall be designed according to AISC and to the following

recommendations:

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- The shear connections in beams and bents to be detailed according to

AISC, under Type 2 construction, shall be designed to resist the acting
shear loads. The shear load at the connections shall be not less than 50%
of the allowable element shear capacity, such as established by AISC.
- The connections in truss members shall be designed to support the acting

stresses, but they have to be able to develop 50% of the allowable traction
capacity.
The allowable traction capacity shall be calculated by using stress without

increments in the gross transversal section area.
4.6 Connection Details
The connections carried out in the workshop shall be welded, except when the
welding may be impractical or when the designer so indicates.
The connections carried out on-site shall be bolted.
The structural connections shall be carried out with high-strength bolts, according
to the ASTM A-325 standard, and with a minimum 5/8" diameter.
The connections between non-structural elements such as step ladders, lighting

fixtures, handrails, walkways, etc., shall be carried out with Bolts with ASTM A-
307 specification.

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PART VI
PIPERACKS DESIGN CRITERIA

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INDEX
Page
1. SCOPE 70
2. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS 70

2.1 Pipe Rack 70
2.2 “T” Posts 70
2.3 Rigid Connection 70
2.4 Pinned Connection 71
2.5 Transverse Direction 71
2.6 Longitudinal Direction 71
2.7 Strut 71
2.8 Spandrel Beams 71
2.9 Pipe Friction Loads 71
2.10 Pipe Restraint 71
2.11 Guide 71
2.12 Stop 72
2.13 Pipe Anchor 72
2.14 Bent 72
2.15 Bay 72
2.16 Expansion Joint 72
3. SELECTION OF PIPE RACK STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION 72
4. MATERIAL TYPE 75
5. DESIGN LOADS 76
5.1 Operation Loads 76
5.1.1 Operating gravitational loads of pipes 76
5.1.2 Friction and anchor loads 77
5.2 Hydro Static Test Loads 77
5.3 Wind Loads 78
5.4 Seismic Loads 78
6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS 79
7. DEFLECTIONS 80
8. ASSUMPTIONS AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 80

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1. SCOPE
This design practice outlines the design process of structuring and analyzing
steel or concrete pipe racks.
It is not covered here the detailing of the structural elements of the pipe rack nor
its foundations.
2. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
2.1 Pipe Rack.
A pipe rack is, usually, one or more rows of columns, which are alone or joined
by beams. In the case that there is only one row, it is usually formed by “T” posts.
When there are two or more parallel rows, the columns of one row can be joined
to the other columns in the same row through beams perpendicular to the
direction of the pipes that they support forming transverse elevation frames.
These transverse elevation frames can be joined to each other by longitudinal
beams parallel to the direction of the pipes.
The principal function of the pipe racks is to support the pipes and its related
components; electrical and instrument cable trays. They may also support
aircoolers, maintenance platforms, equipment, etc.
The most common pipe racks are:
Single column pipe racks, also known as “T” posts.

Two row pipe racks, which form a two-column elevation frame.
2.2 “T” posts
It is a support of one column, which can have one or more supporting levels.
2.3 Rigid Connection
It is a connection that has sufficient rigidity to hold virtually unchanged the angle
between connected members.

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2.4 Pinned Connection
It is a connection designed to allow relative unrestricted rotation to the connected

members.
2.5 Transverse Direction
It is the horizontal direction perpendicular to the direction of the pipes.
2.6 Longitudinal Direction
It is the horizontal direction parallel to the direction of the pipes.
2.7 Strut
It is a horizontal member subject only to axial compression or tension loads,

which runs longitudinally between columns and its only function is to work as part
of the longitudinal bracing system.
2.8 Spandrel Beams
They are beams which run longitudinally between column frames and which
function is to give vertical support to the pipes, which enter and exit the pipe rack,
cable trays, etc. Their secondary function is to behave as a strut forming part of
the longitudinal bracing system.
2.9 Pipe Friction Loads
These are forces that act on the frame beams, originated by the pipes do to their
thermal expansion or contraction.
2.10 Pipe Restraint
It is a support that restraints translation and/or rotation of the pipe in one or more
degrees of freedom.
2.11 Guide
It is a support that restraints the pipes translation in the direction perpendicular to

its alignment.

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2.12 Stop
It is a support that restraints the pipes longitudinal translation.
2.13 Pipe Anchor
It is a support that restraints the pipes movements in all six degrees of freedom.
2.14 Bent
Individual rigid or braced frame in the perpendicular direction to the main running
pipe direction. This frame is the key structural part of the pipe support system.
2.15 Bay
The space between two pipe rack bents
2.16 Expansion Joint
Sliding support at one end of a longitudinal beam, which allows a section of the
pipe rack to expand do to thermal loads with out been restrained by the
contiguous pipe rack section, where the beam is supported. This objective can
also be accomplished by suppressing the longitudinal beams between to
consecutive transverse bents.
3. SELECTION OF PIPE RACK STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION
In general, the selection of the structural configuration of the pipe rack should be
based in structural and economical criteria, which minimizes cost of the structure
and its foundations. This design guide aids in the selection of an economical
system.
- When the quantity of pipes, electrical and instrumentation cable trays is

relatively small (requires a support width of less than 3.0 meters), it could be
convenient to support them on “T” posts instead of two column frames. The “T”
post supports are usually made of steel, designed as cantilever in both
directions; transverse and longitudinal. They can be connected longitudinally
with beams to provide intermediate supports, or to allow them to be braced in
that direction.
- When the selected option is a multi-column frame (usually two columns), by

piping, electrical and/or instrumentation requirements, and following the civil

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criteria. It is common practice to design them with bent length (L) between 3.0
and 9.0 meters and a spaced from each other (S) between 6.0 and 10.0
meters.
It could be required to include intermediate beams between bents to support

small diameter pipes and trays.
These beams should be supported or hanged from the longitudinal beams.
The first pipe supporting level generally is located at an elevation between 5.0
and 6.0 meters above ground, with the exemption of the cross roads, where the
overhead clearance is controlled by the vehicles requirements for the plant in
question.
The vertical spacing between adjacent levels is, usually, around 2.0 meters.
The first level height could get to be relatively small when there is no space
requirement under the frames for equipment or its maintenance, and on the other
hand there is also no required height for the plants processes. In the case that
only one level is required and the elevation is smaller than approximately 1.2 to
1.5 meters, it is probably more convenient to support the pipes on sleepers.
It could occur that a client decides to take provisions for the future of one or more
levels of pipes. In this case, the analysis and design will be executed with the full
level configuration, but making the drawings for the current construction
requirements and leaving the necessary previsions for the future expansion. It is
always convenient, even if no future levels are required, to leave at least a 15 cm
extension at the top end of the column to help prevent the fall of a loose pipe.
Usually transverse frames (bents) are designed with rigid connections that are
able to resist moments in there plane, for which the columns are oriented so that
its flanges can form a moment connections with the beams (or beams if it is a
multilevel pipe rack) of the frame. They are also connected to the foundation with
a moment connection through a base plate and at least four anchor bolts. In this
case the longitudinal forces (perpendicular to the transverse frames), which could
not be resisted only by the columns, as independent cantilevers, can be
absorbed by a bracing system. This system can be of type cross “X” or knee “K”
connecting the transverse frames to each other with longitudinal beams, which
we will call connectors or struts when this is their only function. We will call them
longitudinal beams when at the same time, or when their only function is to
support vertical pipe loads that enter and exit the pipe rack, equipment,
platforms, etc., or serve as support for intermediate beams.

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The longitudinal beams are usually located at an intermediate level between

corresponding transverse levels, with the purpose of not interfering with the pipes
that enter or exit perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe rack.
- When connecting transverse frames either with longitudinal beams or struts,

the total length of the pipe rack section should be limited to a value that
reduces the effects of temperature variations (ambient or irradiation of hot
pipes). This due to the fact that the corresponding stresses and strains
generated by the structure increase as the total longitudinal section of the pipe
rack increases.
Usually the maximum length of a longitudinal section of a pipe rack is limited

between 60.0 and 90.0 meters, through expansion joints or suppressing the
longitudinal beams between to transverse frames, which would make these
two the end of the section.
- When the longitudinal forces are absorbed by a bracing system, this one
should have at least one level of struts or longitudinal beams, for each row of
columns in the section. The system should also have at least one span of
braces in “X” or “K” for each row, placed preferably in the same relative
position (one in front of the other). For the maximum recommended length
(60.0 to 90.0 meters), a minimum of two spans of bracing is adequate, and
more could be required in order to minimize the axial forces that act on the
braces and on the foundations.

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4. MATERIAL TYPE (STEEL/CONCRETE)
In the selection of the material type that is going to be used for the structure of
the pipe rack, besides the client requirements, the economical aspect must be
considered. This related not only to the material cost and its installation, but also
to execution times, availability according to the zone and plant location
circumstances, etc. In the case the structure is of steel, it is important to consider
if it must be fireproofed.
The steel structures tend, when designed as bolted, to be fabricated in a shop,

which gives better quality control and productivity. An additional advantage of the
steel structures is that it allows previous field modifications with ease and the
members are much lighter than its concrete counterpart.
Concrete structures can be formed of prefabricated elements and even if they

are more expensive than cast in place, sometimes the reduction in construction
time may lead to a more economical solution. A possible solution could also be a
combination of both systems. For example, cast in place transverse frames with
its foundations and connecting them with prefabricated longitudinal beams
supported on corbels, or cast in place only the columns and its foundations and
connect them with prefabricated transverse and longitudinal beams on corbels.
Concrete structures must incorporate embedded plates to weld supports and

other steel members (for example, diagonal braces) with or without previous
prevision.
All of these aspects mentioned above are not static in time which means that an
evaluation needs to be performed in the detail design stage in order to compare
both concrete and steel solutions. Material of each Piperack/Structure shall be
decided with consideration of all kinds of options such as economic efficiency,
schedule, practicability, etc., at Detail Engineering Stage.

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5. DESIGN LOADS
5.1 Operation Loads
The operation loads must include the self-weight of the structural elements, pipes
and its contents, insulation, fireproofing, cable trays, equipment, platforms with its
overload, etc. Also friction and anchor loads form part of the operation loads.
5.1.1 Operating gravitational loads of pipes
The uniform load of pipes in operation (W), can be calculated with enough
approximation in the following manner:
(Units kg, m)
S (75 A + 170B + 245C 1.7 P

W = Wd+Wc Wd = Wc =
A+ B+ C L
Where,
A= Number of pipes ∅ 6” and under

B= Number of pipes ∅ 8” to 12”
C= Number of pipes ∅ 14” to 18”
P= Concentrated load of pipes with ∅ ≥ 20”
S= Spacing between transverse frames or bents.
L= Span of the transverse frame or bents.
The load “W” in this way calculated should not be taken as less than 122*S.
Once obtained the definite loads from the piping group, loads should be revised
and if required perform the necessary modifications in the design.
When there is no information in the drawings of the alignment and diameters of

the pipes to be supported, an average of 170*S (kg/m) for the preliminary design
is adequate.

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Also to begin the design of the longitudinal beams (when these have to support
pipes), they can be estimated as a uniform load of 35% of the load of the
adjacent transverse beam.
In the pipe racks where intermediate beams are required without columns (they
are supported on longitudinal beams), the distribution of weights is not to be
done using tributary area. This is doing to the higher stiffness of the transverse
beams in the frames making them support more loads than the intermediate
beams.
The empty weight of the pipes can be estimated as 60% of the established by the
formulas in section 4.1.
5.1.2 Friction and anchor loads.
Until a more accurate and definite information is obtained from the flexibility
analysis of the pipes, the following loads can be assumed:
Longitudinal:
The friction and/or anchor loads will be taken as a uniform load in every
transverse beam, equal to 10% of the operating weight of the total pipes
supported or 30% of the weight of the heavier pipe, which ever is greater. The
longitudinal connectors or struts will be designed taking these loads in to
consideration acting on every level on all frames in the structure in the same
direction.
Transverse:
The transverse anchor loads will be taken as 340 kg in each level of the frame or
5% of the total load applied in that level, which ever is greater. The load at each
level should be applied as a transverse concentrated load in all levels.
5.2. Hydro Static Test Loads
The beams that support pipes 24” diameter or greater, should be verified for the
load case of the pipe full of water, unless it has been informed that other type of
test will be performed, determined by the corresponding designer group.

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In base of experiences from other projects, it is recommended, to avoid re-work,

that the structures supporting the flare pipe be designed for the hydro-static load,
in addition to the test that has been determined to do.
Consider a maximum of 3 pipes in hydrostatic test simultaneously with the

remaining pipes in empty weight condition.
For 30” diameter pipes and greater, verify with the other workgroup leaders the
possibility of decreasing the maximum number of pipes to be tested to less than
3 simultaneously, if this case is too demanding.
5.3. Wind Loads
Generally the longitudinal wind forces do not control the design.
The transverse wind forces with the pipes empty may generate traction in
elements like columns, anchor bolts and foundations that can be determinant in
the design, so this condition should be checked.
Also the transverse wind forces with pipes in operating condition may control the
design, thus, it is necessary to include this case in the design process, unless it
is determined that the transverse seismic load is greater.
5.4 Seismic Loads
The effects of transverse and longitudinal seismic forces must be considered as

load combinations in the design, because they may control the design in zones of
medium to high seismic risk.
In the load combinations for the design of pipe racks the following should be
included:
Case I Empty weight gravity loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent

loads + transverse wind.
Case II Test loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent loads + live load
(on platforms, etc).
Case III Operating gravity loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent loads
+ live loads + friction and anchor loads.

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Case IV Operating gravity loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent loads

+ live loads + friction and anchor loads + transverse wind or seismic
load (whichever is greater).
Case V Operating gravity loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent loads

+ live loads + friction and anchor loads + longitudinal wind or seismic
load (whichever is greater).
- In certain projects it could be required to include additional combinations,

for example, in long pipe rack sections the effects do to temperature
changes can be an important factor in the design.
- The load combinations should be taken as positive and negative when it is

logical to do so, and the corresponding multiplication factors considered
depending if the design is in concrete or steel.
- Multiplication factor for the foundation design should also be considered.
6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
The simplification that can sometimes be done in the analysis of pipe racks is to
divide it in several plane structures as simple frames, generally moment resisting
in the transverse direction and braced in the longitudinal direction. Thus, allowing
to incorporate modifications in loading and geometry very easily (which is
frequently necessary, since the design process is usually started with preliminary
information). A three dimensional analysis would greatly increase the difficulty of
incorporating changes to the model.
The structural analysis of pipe racks, because these usually been formed by
orthogonal frames, can be simplified by reducing the structure in, generally, two
or more typical transverse frames and one or more longitudinal frames. These
are analyzed as two-dimensional structures (but are defined as three
dimensional in the computer program in order to be able to introduce out of plane
forces). The common orthogonal frame elements (columns) are loaded with the
forces from the analysis of the orthogonal frame to which they form part of, in the
corresponding load combination. Since, the longitudinal elevation includes one
column from every transverse beam, it is common practice to analyze this first
and later introduce the resulting loads in the transverse frame analysis. This is
greatly simplified when the longitudinal and transverse beams meet the columns
at the same elevation, and additionally the longitudinal frames are braced. This
configuration will result only in the addition to the transverse frame analysis the

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axial loads from the longitudinal directions (no moments or shear forces are
developed from the longitudinal braced frame analysis).
Sometimes these simplifications are not possible, we could have an untypical

structural configuration, require dynamic analysis, or the client might specify that
all structures be analyzed in three dimensional space.
7. DEFLECTIONS
The deflections of the structural elements in a pipe rack must be limited, since
the subsequent displacement of the pipes could cause large stresses and failure
of the associated equipment and its connections. These deflections if not large
enough to cause a failure they could at least cause incorrect functioning of the
plants system. Some frames in certain areas of the plant could have higher
restrictions in their deflections than others; depending on how susceptible is the
associated equipment in the area.
The most common limits used in allowable horizontal and vertical deflections,
that have controlled the design in many projects are the following:
Vertical deflections in primary beams: L/200 (L/360 for beams supporting

equipment)
Horizontal deflection of the frames: H/200
Where,
L= Beams clear span

H= Height of the considered level in the frame
Deflections, generally, are controlled only in steel pipe racks, because in

concrete pipe racks the size of the sections required by strength are usually large
enough to easily comply with the deflection limits required in most projects.
8. ASSUMPTIONS AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Beams can be considered restraint against lateral torsional buckling at

points where 6” or larger diameter pipes are being supported; unless, the
pipe is sitting on a ledge (often found in concrete beams were there is a
contact bar).

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Generally concrete beams are not slender enough to encounter the need to
use this advantage and on the other hand the spacing between pipes is
generally small enough to allow the steel beams to reach its maximum
allowable bending stress with out worrying about the un-braced length.
- The un-braced length will be taken in calculations of the maximum bending

stress in slender beams as the total length of the element, unless it is other
wise demonstrated in the design for a particular case.
The “k” values used to determine the column slenderness are the ones
established in the ACI, AISC and COVENIN codes in their last editions. It
could serve as an aid in the interpretation of these codes the guides by
several authors, for example “Guide to Support Design” by C.V. Char 1979,
figure 7, k factors for frames and “T” posts.

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PART VII
BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN CRITERIA

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INDEX
Page
1. BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 84

1.1 Building Design Criteria 84
1.2 Building Design Phases 86
1.3 Building Basic Typologies 87
1.3.1 Electrical Sub-Stations 87
1.3.2 Control Rooms 88
1.3.3 Administrative Buildings 88
1.3.4 Dinning Rooms 89
1.3.5 Dressing Rooms and Restrooms 89
1.3.6 Storage Rooms 89
1.3.7 Workshops 89
1.3.8 Laboratories 90
1.3.9 Booths and Pump house 90
1.3.10 Light Roof 90
1.3.11 Small Building 90
1.4 Interactions among work groups 90
1.4.1 Control Rooms 91
1.4.2 Electrical Sub-Stations 91
1.4.3 Administrative Building / Dinning Rooms / Dressing
Rooms / Booths / Storage Rooms and Workshops 92
1.5 Architectural Drawings and Documents Production 93
1.5.1 Drawings 93
1.5.1.1 Levels 93
1.5.1.2 Elevations 94
1.5.1.3 Sections 94
1.5.1.4 Details Drawings 95
1.5.2 Documents 95
1.6 Industrial Buildings usual Finishes 96
1.6.1 External Finishes 96
1.6.2 Internal Finishes 98
1.6.2.1 Office Ambiance 98
1.6.2.2 Ambiance for non sensible equipment 98
1.6.2.3 Ambiance for equipment and sensible operations 99

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1. BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
1.1 Building Design Criteria
For the architectural design of buildings that form an industrial complex, the
following criteria should be evaluated and defined:
- Uses and area programs definition
- Architectural criteria
For example: shape, function, volume, visuals, and group composition, among
others.
- Functional relations
For example: space hierarchy, functioning, and space interrelation, services

location.
- Buildings occupancy levels
For example: turns, personal quantity, and m2 per person.
- Visuals
Study of the best visuals toward the group or toward spaces of interest
between the buildings.
- Levels (Topography)
Study of the optimal implantation level for the buildings within the complex.
- Orientation, Solar Protection, Sunstroke
Study of the solar incidence in the building and its probable solutions and
alternatives.
It is necessary to foresee in all those buildings that have a high rate of human
occupancy, and adequate orientation, that considers the particular characteristics
of sun exposure of these latitudes.

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A suggested orientation is North-East or North for all those sites that are going to
be used as offices, dinning rooms, etc. In case these orientations can not be
used, solar protection elements that are adequate and functional are
recommended.
The building should always offer the biggest facade length toward the favorable
orientation. This generates a smaller area exposed to the sun; the heat
absorption coefficient decreases and avoids the over-design of air conditioning
equipment.
- Applicable verification codes
All the buildings should comply with the codes established for the oil and
petrochemical industry and in special cases, specific standards established by
the client or technology that applies should be considered. At the same time,
is convenient to verify the building specifications and standards made by
MINDUR, COVENIN, and Municipals, which are adapted to the procedures,
materials, and local constructive technology.
- Structure selection criteria
According to the building typology, the optimal structure will be selected,

prevailing the economy and flexibility criterion.
In Administrative buildings it is convenient to refer the structural modulation to

the sub-elements that form it, like: windows, doors, soffits, aisles, typical
offices, with the purpose of rationalizing the building and avoiding material
waste.
The commonly used structural modules are:
- In office buildings: modules of 20 x 20 ft (6.10 x 6.10 m).
- In workshops and storage houses: modules bigger than 30 ft (10 m).
In these types of industrial naves mixed structures are generally used

(infrastructure of concrete and beams, belts and tension elements in steel).
Pre-fabricated elements in pre-tensed concrete PREVENCA´S type can also
be used (Ex. Roof slabs/beams for electrical sub-stations).

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- Constructive systems and materials
The alternatives of using high resistance, high quality and low maintenance
material will be studied.
Uniformity of criterion should always be tried to achieve in selecting building

materials and finishes.
Each of the buildings has a specific typology, which should be reflected in its
component design, the treatment and combination of its constructive
materials.
- Special Equipment Necessities
Adequateness of some equipment within the buildings and its specific location
for maintenance purposes and services connections will be studied.
The electrical, mechanical and instrumental work groups will define the basic
requirements.
- Service requirements
Particular necessities like services and basic endowment for each building will
be verified for its functioning.
1.2 Building Design Phases
The phases that are usually followed in the architectural building design are the
following:
Conceptual Phase:
Scope and basic requirement definition.
Basic Engineering Phase:
After the plot-plan definition and the final building location, the specific design for
each building will proceed starting with the design of the architectural “Base Plan”
level, with the interaction of all the work groups involved:
- Mechanical entrance: Equipment Location, Pipes, Air Conditioning, Cranes,

etc.

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- Electrical entrance: Switchboard Location, Engine Control Center,

Transformers, and electrical benches.
- Civil entrance:
Structures: structural pre-sizing. This base drawing (with its successive

actualization) will serve as a guide for the other work groups while the basic
and detailed engineering lasts.
The architectural work group, working in parallel with the other work groups
will define the elevations and final elevations of the building, with the general
details and other support documents, to complete the building design.
- Detail Engineering Phase: General development and the architectural project

as a whole.
1.3 Building Basic Typologies
Among the most common building typologies in industrial complexes are the
following:
1.3.1 Electrical Sub-Stations
Generally they are reinforced concrete structures with concrete or clay blocks for
the closure, painted or wainscoted, with air conditioning systems, where the
electrical control cabinets of the different equipment and complex installations
are located.
The minimal internal recommended height should be 4.00 meters.
As typical ambiance of these buildings we can identify:
- Electrical room, Cabinets main room, Mechanical room, Batteries room,

Emergency generator room, Transformers area (External).
Some sub-stations have basement and semi-basement for cables

penetrating through openings (sleeves) in the floor slab. Others are built at
floor level and its electrical service connection is channeled through
benches.

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1.3.2 Control Rooms
These are buildings that have the instrumentation centers and industrial
complexes control.
The external closures shall be with concrete blocks with fine rustic wainscot and
painting.
The recommended free internal height from the false floor to the soffit should be
at least 3.10 meters in the control, computing and mechanical places, and from
2.45m to 2.50m in the other places.
The control buildings will have centralized air conditioning systems (of precision
in some cases) and internal special finishes that guarantee optimal acoustic,
lighting, cleaning and security systems, according to the special characteristics of
the equipment placed in them.
Some of its sites are: Control main room, Computer room, UPS room, Battery
room, Mechanical room, General sanitary installations, Rest rooms, Dinning
rooms and dressing rooms among others.
1.3.3. Administrative Buildings
In general they are reinforced concrete structures with modular structural spans
according to the building specific function (offices) and with closures of concrete
and/or clay blocks of 20 cm of thickness and anodized aluminum and glass
windows.
The free height normally used between the finished floor and the soffit in these
locals is of 2.50 meters
The administrative building will have a centralized air conditioning system. In

general it is convenient to distinguish between the two specific activities that take
place in it:
- Technical and Supervisory Work

- Administrative Work
It should be foreseen that these two works do not interfere between them and
can cohabit independently inside the same building.

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Some of its ambiance’s are: Technical offices, Administrative offices, Service

areas, Reunion rooms, Personal training rooms, booking office, among others.
1.3.4 Dinning Rooms
They are concrete structures, with a centralized location regarding the working
places in the complexes. As in the administrative building they will have closures
of concrete and/or clay blocks of 20 cm in thickness and anodized aluminum and
glass windows.
It is convenient to define the capacities and the dinning room type to be designed
because in some cases the dinning rooms are conditioned for food preparation,
and more informal dinning rooms just for heating pre-done food, which do not
need special service installations (kitchen, refrigeration, etc.).
1.3.5. Dressing rooms and rest rooms
They are concrete structures, located in a centralized way in the complexes.

They usually have natural ventilation.
Some of its ambiance’s are: Showers areas, Lockers areas, Toilets. In its
design, it is convenient to differentiate between the wet (showers) and dry
(dressing rooms) areas inside the dressing rooms, for cleaning purposes.
1.3.6. Storage rooms
They are usually mixed structures, of concrete (infrastructure) and/or steel, and
aluminum or cement fiber ceiling. The external closure is generally from
concrete or clay blocks, with ventilation spaces from 1.50m to guarantee
adequate internal ventilation.
1.3.7. Workshops
As the storage rooms they can be mixed structures. Sometimes a crane should
be located on top of the steel beams.
The free internal height is from 4 to 5 meters to the lower border of the crane.
Offices or workshop spaces should be left for specific instruments or electric
equipment. These spaces usually have air conditioning and free height of at least
3.10m. The workshop internal spaces should have a convenient ventilation and
lighting. Some spaces in the workshops are: Mechanical area, Instrumentation

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area, Electrical area, Small piece storage room, and General deposit, among
others.
1.3.8. Laboratories
As the control room they are concrete structures with closures of concrete or clay
blocks, rustic wainscot and painting.
The minimum free height should be approximately 3 meters (in the laboratory
places) and 2.45m or 2.50m in the other ambiance.
Among the places in the laboratory we can name: Main laboratory, Sample room,
Scales’ room, Laboratory workers offices, Bathrooms, Sample storage room,
Sample drop-off room, Chemical deposit area, among others.
1.3.9 Booths and Pump house
Generally they are concrete and/or steel structures with light ceilings in cement
fiber or aluminum. The closure will be with blocks or cement fiber sheets or light
aluminum. The adequate ventilation should be guaranteed.
1.3.10 Light Roof
As the booths, they are structures that its function is to cover minor equipment
like compressors, pumps, etc. Preferably the structure should be of steel shapes
and will not have a closure, unless it requires protection against the rain.
1.3.11 Small Buildings
They are concrete structures, with closures of concrete or clay blocks and
finishes with fine rustic wainscot and painting. If they have a guarding function,
they will have security windows, air conditioning, bathrooms and deposits.
1.4 Interactions among work groups
The interaction among work groups involved in the building projects start with the
conceptual phase, because the information from the other work groups toward
the architecture is a very important part of the adequate development of
alternatives and schemes, that afterwards will conduct the building detailed
design.

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As an example the most common interactions will be described, according to the

building typology that applies in each case and the information that will be
provided.
1.4.1 Control Rooms
Interactions among the work groups of:
- Instrumentation:
Equipment, bracket shelves, cabinets and supports location definition.

Entrances and cable routes definition.
- Electrical:
Electric rooms, switchboard, lighting, equipment service connection,

detection installations and fire fighting location definition.
- Civil - Structural:
Structural elements dimension definition.
- Civil - Sanitary:
Service connections, drainage and special gathering tank location.
- Piping:
Interference verification in the location of the control room in the plant or

complex.
- Mechanical: (Air conditioning and mechanical ventilation)
Ventilation, pressurization and air conditioning criterion definition for the

control room.
1.4.2 Electrical Sub-Stations
Interactions with the work groups:
- Electrical:

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Exact location definition of each of the cabinets and sub-station equipment.

Entrances and exits of cables, bar ducts and/or trays. Lighting, fire fighting
detection and alarm criterion definition.
- Civil-Structural:
Structural criterion definition for the floor levels, columns, slabs and beams.
Pre-fabricated elements definition in case they apply.
- Civil-Sanitary:
Definition of general drainage and collectors connections in the complex.
- Piping (Location)
Interference verification with other plant installations.
- Mechanical (Air conditioning and mechanical ventilation)
Sub-station ventilation schemes and air conditioning definition. Mechanical

room sizing.
Wall openings for ducts.
1.4.3. Administrative building / Dinning rooms / Dressing rooms / Booths / Storage

rooms and Workshops / interaction with the work groups of:
- Civil-Structural:
Definition of the type of structure to be used. General sizing of the structural

elements.
- Civil-Sanitary:
Endowment, service needs and general drainage verification.
- Mechanical: (Air conditioning and mechanical ventilation)
Definition of the air conditioning system or the building mechanical

ventilation. Routing of the main and secondary duct work.
- Electricity and Instrumentation (Workshop area)

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Definition of the necessary areas. Necessities of the general lighting

services. Fire fighting detection and alarm system.
1.5. Architectural Drawings and Documents Production
The purpose of this section is to identify the most important elements to be

developed in an industrial building architectural project from the graphical
representation in drawings and their writing representation in documents.
It is convenient to know the document characteristics and drawings to be

generated, as well as the information that they will contain in order to facilitate its
complete understanding by the other work groups and/or in construction.
1.5.1. Drawings
In every building architectural project the following drawings should be

generated.
1.5.1.1. Levels
Lower level
They are usually done in 1:50 or 1:100 scale for better detail of the drawing.
All the rooms will be indicated in the plan, using the standard technology referred
to in the general finishes table, which could be in another drawing page or in the
same one. All the measures, internal and external elevations will be indicated
because they will be necessary for its construction.
The building elements that stand out will be indicated, as: stairs, doors, windows,
floor finishes, roof projections and important finishes
Upper Level
As in section 1.5.1.1, all the rooms, elevations and other important elements will
be shown.
Reflected Soffit Level

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It usually serves as a base plan for the luminary, diffusers/grating and others,
distribution. (It is very important to indicate its levels). The common scale for the
reflected soffit drawing is 1:50.
False Modular Floor Level
It usually serves for the location of the equipment, cabinets, distribution of air
conditioning through diffuser gratings, and control rooms and sub-stations
installations. The common scale for this drawing is 1:50.
Location or Roof Level
It is used to define the roof slope and the grating and standpipe distribution for
the rain drainage (Civil/Sanitary work groups). The common scale for this
drawing is 1:50 (It is convenient to indicate the structural slab level and its
different borders/parapets).
For each of these drawings there is an architectural verification form, which

should be filled and checked according to the control and quality assurement by
the indicated personnel.
1.5.1.2. Elevations
The architectural elevations show the characteristics and basic external finishes
of the building.
Some important elements locations are defined in them, as: windows, doors,
openings for equipment or cables access, floor height, and basic architectonic
finishes.
In the elevation drawings it is convenient to use all finishes and its symbols,
according to INELECTRA drawing standards; as well as to indicate all the
necessary notes for its complete understanding.

1.5.1.3. Sections
The architectural sections reflect the internal characteristics in the building

elevations.

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All the important elements of the section are used in them according to its
location in the architectural plan.
It is convenient to indicate all the sections internal elevations, slabs and beams
thickness, internal architectonic finishes, spaces characteristics and relevant
heights with respect to its structural components, as well as the cable entrances
and exits openings, ducts, electric trays, etc
All the internal finishes should be indicated with INELECTRA´s standard symbols
and elaborate a legend table inside the same drawing.

1.5.1.4 Detail Drawings
The detail drawings, which are commonly used in architectural projects, are the
following:
Door and Window Details.

Stair Details.
Bathroom Details.
General Relevant Constructive Details.

1.5.2. Documents
The architectural documents to elaborate in every project are the following:
Descriptive Memories
A basic description of the project is given in them, explaining its most important
elements.
(Areas, rooms, structure and materials for construction)

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Specifications
The architectural specifications will be elaborated according to INELECTRA´s

standards and will reflect in each bill material item, the essential construction
characteristics of the elements that form the building.
Material Take-Off
The architectural material take-off will reflect the material quantities for each item
in the material bill and will be ordered according to Inelectra S.A. standard, like
its numeration and organization.
1.6 Industrial Buildings usual Finishes
According to INELECTRA´s experience in industrial building projects, we will

name a series of practical examples for material’s use and resistant and quality
finishes in industrial buildings.
These materials for construction, in its greatest uses and common practices, with
the accomplishment of the project construction specifications and the building
characteristics table, will serve as a guide to accomplish standardized finishes,
with “heavy duty” (resistant) materials according to the building type and its use.
1.6.1 External Finishes
Some common external finishes used in industrial buildings are the following:
- Walls: Concrete blocks of 20 cm of thickness.

- Exterior wainscot: Fine rustic wainscot
- Painting: Rubber painting (resistant to outdoors).
(It is convenient to verify the resistance to the sun loss of pigments, if the
wainscot to be used is “kenitex” or similar, and the colors should be specified,
like white, light gray, etc.)
- In structure: masonry not plastered is usually used in all the structural

elements that can be seen in the building. A superficial protection is
recommended, with sealing paint in the concrete surfaces according to the
specifications.

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- Roof waterproofing: Generally, it is recommended to use an asphalt base as a

waterproofing coat, of glass fiber or reinforced asphalt with thickness ranging
between 3 and 4 mm. It is convenient to specify if a cold or hot installation is
needed, and this will depend upon the working conditions and the type of the
closest installations.
- The final finish will be with asphalt paint aluminum color, and in the cases that
need to be walkable roofs, concrete prefabricated slabs will be placed directly
over the asphalt coat, or a “heavy duty” product for walkable terraces
according to the specifications. (Ex. Laykold, Ipa or similar heavy duty
materials).
- Sidewalks: A concrete sidewalk is recommended around the building

perimeter in order to protect it against the rain and for the people circulation
and maintenance. The usual finish for these sidewalks is brushed concrete.
- Doors: All the exterior doors should be made of steel, and/or template glass
according to the case. They will have enamel paint and the client or the
inspection will specify the color. The ironwork will be the heavy type for
resistant to corrosion and continued use.
- The main entrances in the maintenance and storage rooms are common to be
specified as rolling doors “Santa Maria´s” type with links of a chain and/or
sheets according to their ventilation and/or security requirements.
- Windows: all the windows should preferably be of ionized aluminum, and in

the color specified in the documents.
The thickness of the glass that they will hold will range between 4 and 8 mm.
According to the case. (Types: sliding, rocking, glass blade, fixed).
- Solar protection elements: they will be designed for the façades that need it
and that they will have direct or indirect sun according to their orientation.
These can be concrete or steel elements.
If the building exposition has West or East orientation the parasol should be
directly in front of the window in order to protect the internal ambiance from the
sun rays that fall horizontally on the façade. In case the orientation is North or
South, lateral parasols will be used on top of the windows, projected from 40
to 60 cm from the facade plan.

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- Roof coverings: They will be mainly used in sheds, huts and booths. Fiber
cement sheet are recommended, generally accepted by the oil industry,
corrugated aluminum sheets type “Aceral”, “Acerolit” or “Coberib”, placed on
top of a steel structure formed by belts and truss. The asbestos-cement sheets
will be avoided in the roof.
1.6.2. Internal Finishes
It is convenient to define the finishes of an industrial building, verify the types of

ambiance that they need, either for the equipment or for the personnel use.
Basically, there are three types of internal ambiance that is convenient to define
as well as their finishes.
1.6.2.1. Office Ambiance
They are rooms for human use and occupancy, for either administrative work or
for dinning, dressing or other common industrial rooms.
Floors: vinyl tiles, of ceramic, clay or granite poured on site, are the commonly
used materials for them.
Roofs: Mineral-fiber soffit (acoustic), or vinyl-plaster (in case optimal acoustic

conditions are not needed).
Walls: flat wainscot and washable rubber paint.
Doors: wood with a Formica finish.
Partition Walls: In aluminum structure, filled with Styrofoam and finished in panel,
or half way up glass, placed on top of a 1.00 m high railing where it is indicated.
Bathrooms: non-slipping ceramic on floors (20x20 cm) and ceramic tiles on walls
up to a 2.10 m high, mineral fiber soffit on roofs.
Baseboards: They will be made out of vinyl with 8 cm high, black or brown.
1.6.2.2. Ambiance for non sensible equipment
They are spaces to locate equipment that do not need special interior
conditioning. (Ex. Machinery room, mechanical room).

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The finishes will be the following:
Floors: Flat cement with hardener.
Walls: Flat or fine rustic wainscot and paint. (In the cases where painted blocks
are specified we will try for them to be as uniform as possible before painting).
Roofs: Flat wainscot. (If prefabricated beams are going to be used paint will be
applied directly over them, with a surface that has been previously uniformed).
1.6.2.3. Ambiance for equipment and sensible operations
They are spaces used to locate equipment with special characteristics, which
need a specific finish treatment.
(Ex. Battery room, control centers, motor control room, main and local electrical
sub-station).
Floors: In control rooms false modular floor will be used in 60x60 cm reticule and
the heights ranging between 45 and 60 cm (anti-dust paint in whole cable
basement).
In battery room: depending on the type of battery to be installed and to its content
(acid, base) epoxy paint will be used, chloride rubber or anti-acid tiles with anti-
acid mortar.
In Sub-stations: concrete floor with hardener will be used and/or granite poured
on site.
Walls: In control rooms and sub-stations: flat wainscot with rubber paint and
transparent polyurethane final finish (anti-dust surface). In battery room: epoxy
paint, chloride rubber or anti-acid ceramic tiles. (Depending of the type of battery
to be used).
Roofs: In control rooms: mineral fiber soffit. In battery rooms: chloride rubber or
epoxy paint. In sub-stations: rubber paint with transparent polyurethane finish.

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PART VIII
SANITARY INSTALLATIONS DESIGN CRITERIA

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INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 103
1.1 Scope 103
1.2 Language 103
1.4 Standards 103
2. TYPE OF SANITARY INSTALLATION SYSTEM 104

2.1 Type of Potable Water Distribution System 104
2.1.1 Direct Supply System 104
2.1.2 Gravity Supply System with Elevated Tank 104
2.13 Hydropneumatic System 104
3. DESIGN 105
3.1 Design Parameter 105
3.2 Supply Estimation 105
3.3 Flow units 105
3.4 Loss Pressure 105
4. DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN 106
5. GRAVITY SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH ELEVATED TANK DESIGN 106
6. HYDROPNEUMATIC SYSTEM DESIGN 107

6.1 Selection of the Hydropneumatic Capacity Equipment 107
7. DISTRIBUTION OF SEWAGE WATERS 109
8. SYSTEM TYPE 109
9. GRAVITY SYSTEM DESIGN 110

9.1 Design Parameter 110
9.2 Discharge Units 110
9.3 Pumping System Design 111
10. DESIGN PARAMETERS 111

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11. SEWER VENTILATION 112

11.1 Individual Ventilation 112
11.2 Ventilation as a whole 112
11.3 Humid ventilation 112
12. FINAL DISPOSITION OF THE SEWAGE WATER 113

12.1 Scope 113
13. TYPE OF DISPOSITION FOR THE SYSTEM OF SEWAGE WATER 113

13.1 Sewage Collector System 113
13.2 Treatment Plant System 113
14. RAIN WATER RECOLLECTION SYSTEM 113

14.1 Scope 113
14.2 Design 114
14.3 Final Disposition for the Rain Water 115

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1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
The purpose of the present document is to describe the methodology and the
design criteria to be used for the sanitary installations in the Metor Expansion
plant project.
1.2 Language
All drawings, calculation sheets, and documents will be written in in English.
written in English.
1.3 Measuring Units
The project measuring system will be the metric system (M.K.S).
1.4 Standards
The following specifications, standards and codes shall be used:
- Official Journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la

República de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8,
1988.
- Venezuela Commission of Industrial Standard (Comisión Venezolana de

Normas Industriales)/COVENIN.
- National Institute of Sanitary Works (Instituto Nacional de Obras

Sanitarias)/INOS.
- American Society for Testing and materials /ASTM
- American Standard Association/ASA.
- American Water Works Association /AWWA
- Federal Supply Service/FS.

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- American National Standard Institute/ANSI
2. TYPE OF SANITARY INSTALLATION SYSTEM
The sanitary installation, for a building will be conformed by the following

systems:
- Potable water distribution system.
- Sewage water recollection system.
- Rain water recollection system.
2.1 Type of Potable Water Distribution System.
2.1.1 Direct supply system:
This system takes advantage of the pressure that offers the service distribution
system by INOS, and it guarantees the constant static pressure service for
buildings not higher of three (3) stories.
2.1.2 Gravity Supply System with Elevated Tank
The differences between the System described above and this one is that it does
not guarantee the constant supply or service pressure, so it requires a storage
reservoir for such purpose.
2.1.3. Hydropneumatic System
In this system we must previously determine the maximum and minimum

functioning pressure of the equipment. First, the design stage will proceed to the
selection of the diameters and the determination of the head loss and the heights
will be added to raise the water for each sanitary piece. Once the most
unfavorable piece have been chosen it will be added to this the residual pressure
that it is necessary to maintain in the system, being this value the minimal
pressure that the hydropneumatic equipment will have to produce.

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3. DESIGN
3.1 Design Parameter
In the design for the supply of potable water system, the following factors will
have to be previously considered to proceed with the calculation of the
distribution system for the building: The water supply in lt./day for the building,
the addition of the flows units, by sanitary piece according to the design or
diagram of distribution, the determination of the probable flow for each bay and
the calculation of the pressure loss by friction will be determined according to
what the Official Journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la
República de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8 1988,
Chapters VII to XXI, establishes.
3.2 Supply Estimation
The supply will be set according to the buildings destination use and will be
calculated according to the established by the Official Journal of the Republic of
Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue
N°. 4.044, September 8 1988, Chapter VII.
3.3 Flow Units
This method for calculating the potable water distribution system consists in
assigning to each sanitary piece a unit number pre-established in function of the
real flow. In base of the total number of units of a joint the probable supply of the
joint is determined considering the probability of the simultaneous use of the
pieces.
Once the probable flow is obtained, the diameters of the pipes will be assigned
based on a velocity that oscillates between 0,60 and 3 m/s for pressure pipe.
3.4 Loss Pressure
With the probable supply and the diameters assigned, the loss of pressure will be
calculated and will determine the residual pressures of each sanitary piece.
Checking the requirements with the pressures required for the convenient
function of each piece, the diameters will be increased or decreased until the
residual pressure obtained and it will guarantee the convenient functioning of the
system.

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4. DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN
- Supply, will be calculated according to point 3.2.

- Flow units, will be calculated according to point 3.3.
- Economic diameter, calculation:
From the equation of loss, Darcy-Weisbach
L V2
hf (m) = f ⋅ ⋅
D 2g
Where:
V = velocity in m/s.
L = piping longitude in m.
D = interior diameter in mm.
g = gravity acceleration 9.81 m/s².
f = friction factor.
hf = friction loss in m.
For the determination of the diameter the Hazen Williams formula will be used:
1756,574 ⋅ Q n
J ( m) = ,
C n ⋅ D 4,87
hf(m)=J x L
C = Runoff coefficient (depends of the type of the material).

Q = Flow in lt./s.
n = 1,85 - 2,00
J = loss of load in m/m.
5. GRAVITY SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH ELEVATED TANK DESIGN
- Supply, will be calculated according to point 3.2

- Flow unites, will be calculated according to point 3.3
- Economic diameter, calculation:

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The distribution of the service supply will be by gravity using the Manning formula
according to the flow:
1
Q(l / s ) = ⋅ A ⋅ R 2 / 3 ⋅ So1 / 2
n
n = Manning roughness coefficient.

A = Area of the piping in m².
R = hydraulic radio of the pipe in m.
So = longitudinal slope of the piping in m/m.
Q = Flow in m3/s.
The roughness coefficient (n) varies according to the type of the pipe material
according to the following values:
Material "n"
PVC 0,012
Galvanized steel 0,012
Copper 0,012
It is recommended for gravity piping a velocity between 0,90 and 1,80 m/s.
6. HYDROPNEUMATIC SYSTEM DESIGN
- Flow units, will be calculated according to point 3.3
- Economic diameter, will be calculated according to point 4.
- Loss of head, will be calculated according to point 4.
- Choose the most unfavorable piece and add it to the value obtained from
the loss head, the residual pressure that is necessary to maintain, being
the minimal pressure of 7 m and a maximum of 14 m depending of the
sanitary piece type (valve or a tank).
6.1 Selection of the Hydropneumatic Capacity Equipment:
Capacity of the pump:
Hb(m)= hs+h+hf(s)+ hf(d)+hf(L) +(7 or 14)+14 = Pmin+ hf(s)+hf(d) + 14

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Where:
Suction height hs (m).
Height of the building h (m).
Pump Suction loss hf (s).
Pump discharge loss hf (d).
Loss from the most unfavorable piece of the hydropneumatic hf (L).
The most unfavorable Pressure in the piece (7 to 14) m.
Differential pressure 14 m (ΔP).
Pump power
Q ⋅ Hb
P( pump ) =
75 ⋅ E
Q (lt./s) = N°. of Pieces to serve. x K (Only valid for the Peerles method).
Q = Flow (lt./s)
Depending of the case flow, the pumping will be calculated by the method of
probable flow (Hunter method) chapter XIII of the Official Journal of the Republic
of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue
N°. 4.044, September 8, 1988 or by the Peerles pump division method.
Where:
Hb = height of the pump (m).

E = pump efficiency.
Motor power:
PM (HP) = 1, 44 P (pump)
Pressure Tank Capacity

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Minimum Volume of Water = 10 %
0,90 ⋅ ΔP
ΔV =
Min.Vol.Water + PMIN + ΔP
Max. Vol= Min Vol. Water+ ΔV
900 ⋅ Q(lt / s )
TankCapacity ( galon) =
N ⋅ ΔV
Where:
N = Starting number of times
With the value of the capacity of the tank, the dimensions of the pressure of the
tank can be selected.
Calculation of the Compressors
C.F .M ⋅ Pmax
Power( hp ) =
0,75 ⋅ 85
C. F. M = Compressors displacement in cubic feet
7. DISTRIBUTION OF SEWAGE WATERS
It is considered sewage water, those that have been used for domestic purpose
coming from the shower, washbasin, kitchen sinks, cleaning, etc, considering
that its volume is approximately equal to the potable water destined for the
edification.
8. SYSTEM TYPE
According to the Sanitary Standards a separate system will be considered for the
conduction of the sewage waters without including the conduction of the
rainwater.

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9. GRAVITY SYSTEM DESIGN
9.1. Design Parameter
By being a system that will have to work by gravity it is necessary to consider

that during the individuals discharge in the stack and some of the pieces like the
toilet and kitchen sink this volume will be bigger, due to this and other
characteristics of the hydraulic functioning minimal diameters, slopes, longitude
and velocities for each piece and straight track of pipe have been established,
also see the articles 329 and 330 of the Official Journal of the Republic of
N°. 4.044, September 8 1988 Chapters XXII to the XXV respectively.
9.2. Discharge Units
By means of this method it assigns certain number of discharge units to each

sanitary piece according to Table N° 40 and 41, of the Official Journal of the
Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela),
Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8, 1988. As to the diameters for each
one of the pieces and stretches that will be selected on the basis of the total
number of discharge units that will serve. The minimum slope to be employed in
the minimum diameters of 4" will be the 2 %, for bigger diameters or equal to 4" it
will be 1 %.
A calculation sheet will be used for the sewage waters (discharge units) with the
purpose to control the discharge units that will be incorporated to the principal
branch of the system.
For the horizontal stack, it shall be considered the number of units that the pipe
will discharge through the Table N° 42 of the Official Journal of the Republic of
N°. 4.044, September 8, 1988, indicates these values.
It must be mentioned that the loosen gases from the sewage waters shall be
extracted to impede that these invade the vital atmospheres of the building, for
this reason the efficient and economic way to carry it out, is using a hydraulic
seal in each entrance of the system. This consists on the installation of a siphon
in each of sanitary pieces that needed one. This mechanism is a tube in form of
"U" where the water is stored in the bottom impeding the pass of the gases and
smells.

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9.3 Pumping System Design
If the sewage water generated in the building is under the level of the street,
these will be conduced by gravity to a sewage water tank. These waters will be
pumped to a break head catch basin, integrating this flow of sewage waters to
the final system or device designed for such purpose. (see chapter XXX of the
Official Journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de
Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8, 1988).
10. DESIGN PARAMETERS
Retention Time
The retention time is checked for the minimum volume of the catch basin, with
the maximal flow generated by the discharge units in the building and the volume
that is obtained for a maximum retention time of 30 minutes.
TR = Retention time in minutes.
QAN = Flow of S.W. Obtained from the total discharge units.
VTank = QAN x TR
Design of the Equipment
Qpumping = 1,25 x QAN
It is recommended that the TR of this design be between 10 and 30 minutes.
Pump Height
Hb (m) = Ground level - Tank cover level + HTank + Hf (m)
Hf (m)= longitudinal loss
Pump Power
Qb ⋅ H b
Pb( HP) =
45
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Motor Power
Qb⋅ H b
Pb( HP) =
45
PM (HP) = 1, 44 x Pb
11. SEWER VENTILATION
The water seal of all sanitary pieces will have to be protected against siphonage.
We can accomplish this by the adequate use of ventilation branches,
guaranteeing atmospheric pressure all the time. The different types of ventilation
commonly used are: individual ventilation, ventilation as a whole, humid
ventilation or a combination of these. (See chapter XXVI of the Official Journal of
the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela),
Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8 1988, Table N° 44 and 45).
11.1 Individual Ventilation
Each sanitary piece will be provided with a ventilation branch, but for different
reasons, of space or architectural design sometimes it is not possible to install a
branch for each siphon. However, those sanitary pieces that, for its form of
discharge are exposed to the autosiphonage, or that have a violent discharge
must be supplied with individual ventilation.
11.2 Ventilation as a Whole
This case is when several pieces are connected directly or at a short distance to
a common horizontal collector, making use of this way to connect the ventilation
branch to the utmost of the collector. This method is preferably used when there
is a sanitary piece battery of the same type.
11.3 Humid Ventilation
It is used when a sanitary piece can be ventilated through a branch that, in

addition to serve as a ventilation pipe, receives the discharge of other pieces,
normally they take advantage of the vertical branches of washbasin and kitchen
sinks, etc. to connect to the ventilation pipe, the pieces served must be a have
few discharge units.

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12. FINAL DISPOSITION OF THE SEWAGE WATER
12.1 Scope
The disposition of the sewage waters effluents of the buildings will be made in
accordance with the availability of an existent infrastructure or with the
construction of a structure that is approved according to the characteristics of the
Project.
The first alternative consists of a system of existent collectors in the area to

develop. In the case that the collectors do not exist the disposal can be done
through a septic tank and sump, absorption fields, or by filters of sand. The last
mentioned are more complex systems, since it has to do with structures that shall
count on equipment and personnel that have to operate a treatment plant.
13. TYPES OF SWAGE WATER DISPOSITION SYSTEM
13.1 Sewage Collector System
The system works in atmospheric pressure with a constant slope from branch to
branch, locating a manhole in each point where the slope or the direction of the
branch changes. This is done according to the "Normas e Instructivos para
Proyecto de Alcantarillado" INOS 1989.
13.2 Treatment Plant System
This system is used when a sewage water disposition system does not exist or
when the waters are of industrial type and require special treatment
14. RAIN WATER RECOLLECTION SYSTEM
14.1 Scope
The water arising of the rainfalls will be collected and driven to the existent
drainage system. In the case that this mechanism does not exist the waters will
be drained freely toward the zones of the natural drainage (rivers) or to the
sumps in the street. Since most of the rainwater comes from the roofs, flat roofs
and patios is important to design the conduction mechanisms that has an
adequate final disposition system having to be capable of functioning for any
duration of the rainfall.

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14.2 Design
Using the Manning formula the following parameters, will be determined.
R 2 / 3 ⋅ So1/ 2
V ( m / s) = ;
n
Q (lt./s) = V x A
Where,
A = Pipe area (m²).

V = Velocity of the flow (m/s).
R = Hydraulic radiant of the piping in m.
So = Longitudinal slope of the piping.
n = Manning roughness coefficient.
Q = Flow (lt./s).
Comparing this design capacity with the real flow that it is considered, we are
able to determine if the slopes and the diameters selected are enough and
adequate.
This design is recommended by the Official Journal of the Republic of Venezuela

(Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044,
September 8 1988. chapter XXXII and Tables N° 46, 47, 48.
For the calculation of the real flow the following rational method formula will be
used:
Where, Q = C ⋅ I ⋅ A (lt / s )
360
Q = Design flow (l/s)

C = Runoff Coefficient
I = Maximal rain volume for a specific return period (l/s/ha).
A = Tributary area (ha)
The return period for the estimation of the design rain will depend on the return
period of the zone in the building area. It is recommended to use a 5-year return
period and 10 minutes of concentration time, if there is no data available.

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14.3 Final Disposition for the Rain Water
In the case that there is an existing system for the disposition of the rain waters
they will be discharged in it, all waters arising from roofs, paved and unpaved
green areas that are located in the adjacencies of the buildings in the project. In
the case of being necessary to discharge to a stream of water, the disposal must
comply previously with what is stipulated in the environmental standards. If none
of the previously mentioned alternatives are possible, a particular system
drainage for rain water must be developed and will be ruled by the Normas e
Instructivos para el Proyecto de Alcantarillado INOS 1989.

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ATTACHMENTS

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ATTACHMENT “A”
ANCHOR BOLTS SIZING

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
Rev. 3
PERNOS DE ANCLAJE NORMALIZADOS DIMENSIONAMIENTO
1. NOMENCLATURA DE LOS PERNOS
2. PROYECCIONES DE LOS PERNOS
INECAD INE03103 / R.A.R. / 25-09-97 / DISCO #

K:\GRUPOS\CIVIL\903\DOCUMENT\PERNOS
C31GU031/6/14/01/mrp/SP 3 de 17 IN-0038MSW/13/Sep.99.R4C
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
3. DISTANCIAS AL BORDE
TIPO “JN” TIPO “JP”

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
4. DETALLES TIPICOS
TIPO JN1 TIPO JP1 Y JA1
TIPO JN2 TIPO JP2 Y JA2

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
DETALLES TIPICOS
TIPO IN1, HN1 TIPO IP1, HP1, IA1, HA1
TIPO IN2, HN2 TIPO IP2, HP2, IA2, HA2

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
DETALLES TIPICOS

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
DETALLES TIPICOS
TIPO CN1 / CN2

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
5. DIMENSIONES DE ARREGLOS DE PERNOS DE ANCLAJE (MM)
TABLA N°1

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
6. NOTAS GENERALES
6.1 El espesor de las camisas de acero será el mínimo comercial y la tolerancia en diámetro
(Ext.) será + 0 y - 10 mm.
6.2 En caso de utilizar camisa de diámetro exterior diferente al indicado en el standard, el

fabricante deberá pedir aprobación al cliente y éste (el diseñador), deberá revisar el
anclaje del perno.
7. TABLA DE PESOS DE PERNOS DE ANCLAJE
PESOS DE PLACA CAMISA PESO DE ARANDELA TUERCA

CUADRADA
PESO (Td) (Ti) PESO SIMPLE ENDURECIDA PESO
DIAMETRO BARRA PESO PESO
pulg mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)

3/8" 10 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0032 0.0036 0.0115
1/2" 12 0.0009 0.4239 0.6782 0.3062 0.0081 0.0092 0.0169
5/8" 16 0.0016 0.7290 0.9720 0.4155 0.0124 0.0189 0.0329
3/4" 20 0.0025 0.7132 1.1886 0.4155 0.0203 0.0227 0.0633
7/8" 22 0.0030 1.1644 1.8194 0.4155 0.0295 0.0347 0.0766
1" 25 0.0039 1.4287 2.2859 1.2892 0.0371 0.0434 0.1080
1 1/4" 32 0.0063 2.2608 3.6173 1.2892 0.0726 0.0692 0.2850
1 1/2" 38 0.0089 4.0694 6.1855 2.7843 0.1060 0.1009 0.4950
1 3/4" 44 0.0119 5.5580 9.7821 2.7843 0.2269 0.1823 0.7900
2" 50 0.0154 8.7076 14.5127 3.4030 0.2860 0.2279 1.1900
2 1/4" 57 0.0200 14.7659 18.4573 3.4030 0.3762 0.3037 1.4200
2 1/2" 64 0.0253 18.2155 29.1447 7.7063 0.4358 0.3916 1.9500
3" 76 0.0356 29.5879 49.9706 7.7063 0.5874 0.6005 4.2700
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS JN1
En el peso de los pernos JN1 se incluye el peso de una arandela y una tuerca.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)
DIAMETRO L BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA JN1
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
3/8" 10 180 0.0006 0.0032 0.0115 0.172 0.194 0.218 0.249
1/2" 12 225 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.291 0.322 0.358 0.402
5/8" 16 330 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.685 0.740 0.803 0.882
3/4" 20 405 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 1.267 1.354 1.452 1.576
7/8" 22 480 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.762 1.867 1.986 2.135
1" 25 560 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 2.592 2.727 2.881 3.074
1 1/4" 32 710 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 5.314 5.535 5.787 6.103
1 1/2" 38 875 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 9.059 9.370 9.726 10.172
1 3/4" 44 1015 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 14.027 14.445 14.923 15.519
2" 50 1170 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 20.666 21.205 21.822 22.592
2 1/4" 57 1360 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 30.541 31.242 32.044 33.045
2 1/2" 64 1550 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 43.423 44.306 45.317 46.579
3" 76 1780 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 70.916 72.163 73.587 75.368
PESOS DE PERNOS JN2
En el peso de los pernos JN2 se incluye el peso de una arandela y dos tuercas.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO L BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA JN2
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
3/8" 10 180 0.0006 0.0032 0.0115 0.183 0.205 0.230 0.261
1/2" 12 225 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.308 0.339 0.375 0.419
5/8" 16 330 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.717 0.773 0.836 0.915
3/4" 20 405 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 1.331 1.417 1.516 1.639
7/8" 22 480 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.839 1.943 2.063 2.212
1" 25 560 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 2.700 2.835 2.989 3.182
1 1/4" 32 710 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 5.599 5.820 6.072 6.388
1 1/2" 38 875 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 9.554 9.865 10.221 10.667
1 3/4" 44 1015 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 14.817 15.235 15.713 16.309
2" 50 1170 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 21.856 22.395 23.012 23.782
2 1/4" 57 1360 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 31.961 32.662 33.464 34.465
2 1/2" 64 1550 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 45.373 46.256 47.267 48.529
3" 76 1780 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 75.186 76.433 77.857 79.638
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS JA1
En el peso de los pernos JA1 se incluye el peso de la camisa de acero, la placa cuadrada,
y el peso de una randela y de una tuerca en la proyección.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO L BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA CAMISA JA1
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
1/2" 12 405 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.3062 1.181 1.204 1.240 1.284
5/8" 16 535 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 0.4155 2.148 2.204 2.267 2.346
3/4" 20 610 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 0.4155 2.894 2.980 3.079 3.202
7/8" 22 685 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 0.4155 3.945 4.049 4.169 4.318
1" 25 840 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 1.2892 6.381 6.516 6.670 6.863
1 1/4" 32 990 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 1.2892 10.596 10.817 11.069 11.385
1 1/2" 38 1145 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 2.7843 18.283 18.594 18.951 19.396
1 3/4" 44 1270 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 2.7843 25.292 25.710 26.188 26.784
2" 50 1475 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 3.4030 37.418 37.958 38.574 39.345
2 1/4" 57 1650 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 3.4030 54.429 55.130 55.931 56.933
2 1/2" 64 2005 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 7.7063 80.775 81.659 82.669 83.932
3" 76 2160 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 7.7063 121.591 122.838 124.262 126.043
PESOS DE PERNOS JA2
En el peso de los pernos JA2 se incluye el peso de la camisa de acero; en la placa

cuadrada; y el peso de una arandela y de dos tuercas en la proyección.

DIAMETRO L BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA CAMISA JA2
1/2" 12 405 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.3062 1.198 1.229 1.265 1.309
5/8" 16 535 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 0.4155 2.186 2.241 2.304 2.383
3/4" 20 610 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 0.4155 2.965 3.051 3.150 3.273
7/8" 22 685 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 0.4155 4.031 4.135 4.254 4.404
1" 25 840 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 1.2892 6.497 6.632 6.786 6.979
1 1/4" 32 990 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 1.2892 10.916 11.137 11.390 11.706
1 1/2" 38 1145 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 2.7843 18.811 19.123 19.479 19.924
1 3/4" 44 1270 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 2.7843 26.203 26.621 27.099 27.695
2" 50 1475 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 3.4030 38.667 39.207 39.824 40.594
2 1/4" 57 1650 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 3.4030 55.939 56.640 57.442 58.443
2 1/2" 64 2005 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 7.7063 82.785 83.669 84.679 85.941
3" 76 2160 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 7.7063 126.013 127.259 128.684 130.464
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS IN1
En el peso de los pernos IN1 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada; y una
arandela y una tuerca en la proyección.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO H BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA IN1
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.692 0.723 0.759 0.803
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 1.304 1.360 1.423 1.502
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 1.637 1.723 1.822 1.945
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 2.332 2.436 2.556 2.705
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 3.339 3.474 3.628 3.820
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 5.618 5.839 6.092 6.407
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 10.240 10.552 10.908 11.353
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 14.288 14.706 15.183 15.780
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 21.932 22.471 23.088 23.859
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 31.904 32.605 33.406 34.408
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 44.395 45.279 46.289 47.552
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 70.409 71.656 73.080 74.861
PESOS DE PERNOS IN2
En el peso de los pernos IN2 se incluye el peso de una tuerca, la placa cuadrada; y de
una arandela y dos tuercas en la proyección.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO H BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA IN2
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.709 0.740 0.776 0.820
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 1.337 1.393 1.456 1.535
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 1.700 1.787 1.885 2.008
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 2.408 2.513 2.632 2.781
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 3.447 3.582 3.736 3.928
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 5.903 6.124 6.377 6.692
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 10.735 11.047 11.403 11.848
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 15.078 15.496 15.973 16.570
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 23.122 23.661 24.278 25.049
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 33.324 34.025 34.826 35.828
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 46.345 47.229 48.239 49.502
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 74.679 75.926 77.350 79.131
PESOS PERNOS CN1 = PESOS DE PERNOS IN1 - PESO PLACA

PESOS PERNOS CN2 = PESOS DE PERNOS IN2 - PESO PLACA
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS IA1
En el peso de los pernos IA2 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada, la camisa
de acero y una arandela y una arandela y una tuerca en la proyección.

DIAMETRO H BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA CAMISA IA1
Pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.3062 0.998 1.029 1.065 1.109
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 0.4155 1.720 1.775 1.838 1.917
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 0.4155 2.052 2.139 2.237 2.361
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 0.4155 2.747 2.852 2.971 3.120
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 1.2892 4.628 4.763 4.917 5.110
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 1.2892 6.907 7.128 7.381 7.697
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 2.7843 13.024 13.336 13.692 14.137
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 2.7843 17.072 17.490 17.967 18.564
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 3.4030 25.335 25.874 26.491 27.262
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 3.4030 35.307 36.008 36.809 37.811
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 7.7063 52.102 52.986 53.996 55.258
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 7.7063 78.116 79.362 80.786 82.567
PESOS DE PERNOS IA2
En el peso de los pernos IA2 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada, la camisa
de acero; y una arandela y dos tuercas en la proyección.
DIAMETRO H BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA CAMISA IA2
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.3062 1.015 1.046 1.082 1.126
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 0.4155 1.753 1.808 1.871 1.950
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 0.4155 2.116 2.202 2.301 2.424
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 0.4155 2.824 2.928 3.048 3.197
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 1.2892 4.736 4.871 5.025 5.218
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 1.2892 7.192 7.413 7.666 7.982
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 2.7843 13.519 13.831 14.187 14.632
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 2.7843 17.862 18.280 18.757 19.354
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 3.4030 26.525 27.064 27.681 28.452
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 3.4030 36.727 37.428 38.229 39.231
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 7.7063 54.052 54.936 55.946 57.208
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 7.7063 82.386 83.632 85.056 86.837
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS HN1
En el peso de los pernos HN1 se incluye el peso de la tuerca y placa cuadrada; y de una
arandela y una tuerca en la proyección.
PESO ENDURECIDA PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO H BARRA PESO TUERCA PLACA HN1
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0092 0.0169 0.6782 0.938 0.970 1.005 1.049
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0189 0.0329 0.9720 1.544 1.599 1.663 1.741
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0227 0.0633 1.1886 2.111 2.197 2.296 2.419
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0347 0.0766 1.8194 2.980 3.085 3.204 3.353
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0434 0.1080 2.2859 4.194 4.328 4.483 4.675
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0692 0.2850 3.6173 6.945 7.166 7.419 7.735
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1009 0.4950 6.1855 12.319 12.631 12.987 13.432
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.1823 0.7900 9.7821 18.386 18.804 19.281 19.878
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2279 1.1900 14.5127 27.633 28.173 28.789 29.560
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3037 1.4200 18.4573 35.447 36.148 36.949 37.951
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.3916 1.9500 29.1447 55.193 56.076 57.087 58.349
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.6005 4.2700 49.9706 90.596 91.843 93.267 95.048
PESOS DE PERNOS HN2
En el peso de los pernos HN2 se incluye el peso de la tuerca y placa cuadrada; y de

una arandela y dos tuercas en la proyección.
PESO ENDURECIDA PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)
DIAMETRO H BARRA PESO TUERCA PLACA HN2
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0092 0.0169 0.6782 0.964 0.996 1.031 1.075
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0189 0.0329 0.9720 1.587 1.642 1.705 1.784
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0227 0.0633 1.1886 2.178 2.264 2.363 2.486
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0347 0.0766 1.8194 3.069 3.173 3.292 3.442
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0434 0.1080 2.2859 4.310 4.445 4.599 4.792
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0692 0.2850 3.6173 7.256 7.477 7.730 8.045
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1009 0.4950 6.1855 12.846 13.158 13.514 13.959
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.1823 0.7900 9.7821 19.257 19.675 20.153 20.749
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2279 1.1900 14.5127 28.869 29.408 30.025 30.795
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3037 1.4200 18.4573 36.943 37.644 38.445 39.447
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.3916 1.9500 29.1447 57.231 58.114 59.125 60.387
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.6005 4.2700 49.9706 95.075 96.322 97.746 99.527
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS HA1
En el peso de los pernos HA1 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada, la

camisa de acero; y una arandela y una tuerca en la proyección.
PESO ENDURECIDA PESO PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO H BARRA PESO TUERCA PLACA CAMISA HA1
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0092 0.0169 0.6782 0.3062 1.254 1.285 1.320 1.365
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0189 0.0329 0.9720 0.4155 1.969 2.025 2.088 2.167
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0227 0.0633 1.1886 0.4155 2.530 2.617 2.715 2.839
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0347 0.0766 1.8194 0.4155 3.408 3.512 3.631 3.781
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0434 0.1080 2.2859 1.2892 5.491 5.626 5.780 5.973
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0692 0.2850 3.6173 1.2892 8.260 8.481 8.734 9.050
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1009 0.4950 6.1855 2.7843 15.135 15.447 15.803 16.248
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.1823 0.7900 9.7821 2.7843 21.252 21.669 22.147 22.744
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2279 1.1900 14.5127 3.4030 31.082 31.621 32.238 33.008
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3037 1.4200 18.4573 3.4030 38.926 39.627 40.428 41.430
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.3916 1.9500 29.1447 7.7063 62.987 63.871 64.881 66.143
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.6005 4.2700 49.9706 7.7063 98.511 99.758 101.182 102.963
PESOS DE PERNOS HA2
En el peso de los pernos HA2 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada, la

camisa de acero; y una arandela y dos tuercas en la proyección.
PESO ENDURECIDA PESO PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)
DIAMETRO H BARRA PESO TUERCA PLACA CAMISA HA2
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (Kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0092 0.0169 0.6782 0.3062 1.271 1.302 1.337 1.382
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0189 0.0329 0.9720 0.4155 2.002 2.058 2.121 2.200
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0227 0.0633 1.1886 0.4155 2.594 2.680 2.779 2.902
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0347 0.0766 1.8194 0.4155 3.484 3.589 3.708 3.857
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0434 0.1080 2.2859 1.2892 5.599 5.734 5.888 6.081
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0692 0.2850 3.6173 1.2892 8.545 8.766 9.019 9.335
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1009 0.4950 6.1855 2.7843 15.630 15.942 16.298 16.743
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.1823 0.7900 9.7821 2.7843 22.042 22.459 22.937 23.534
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2279 1.1900 14.5127 3.4030 32.272 32.811 33.428 34.198
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3037 1.4200 18.4573 3.4030 40.346 41.047 41.848 42.850
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.3916 1.9500 29.1447 7.7063 64.937 65.821 66.831 68.093
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.6005 4.2700 49.9706 7.7063 102.781 104.028 105.452 107.233

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METOR EXPANSION PROJECT

3827 C200-N00100 1145-01-900-C01-TEC-001

PART II SITE PREPARATION DESIGN CRITERIA

PART III DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

PART IV REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA

PART V STEEL STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA

PART VI PIPERACKS DESIGN CRITERIA

PART VII BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN CRITERIA

PART VIII SANITARY INSTALLATIONS DESIGN CRITERIA

ATTACHMENT “A” ANCHOR BOLTS SIZING

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METOR Expansion Design Basis Document is based upon INELECTRA’s

This Design Basis replaces the document 1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001 Rev 1

1.2 Site Location

PEQUIVEN Industrial Area - Jose, Venezuela (approximately 30 Km from

Geology of the area of Jose corresponds to quaternary sediments of the El Pilar

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1.3 Climatic Conditions

Max. Annual Mean: 31.4 °C

1012.6 mb(J), 1012.3 mb(F), 1011.7 mb(M), 1011.6 mb(A),

- Wind speed and prevailing direction:

Max. Annual Mean: 52.0 km/h

- Rainfall data (mm per year):

Annual Mean Precipitation: 369.2 mm

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All drawing, calculation sheets, and document will be written in English.

1.3 Measurement Units

The measurement system will be the Metric System (MKS).

• Norms for the Roads geometric projects, Norvial 1985

• Roads, Studies and Projects.

• Ground dikes for storage tanks

• Norms and standards according to the client requirements.

• Pavement notes USM 1987

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• A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 1990

• A Guide for Pavement Design 1993

Following, some standards and recommendations that must be considered when

2.1 Retaining Walls

The dike or wall minimum height will be 0.60 meters.

The wall maximum height will be 3 meters.

The dike’s berm will have a minimum width of 1 meter.

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2.2 Remote Repressing System

It will serve a maximum of 10 tanks.

The patio minimum slope will be of 1%.

The maximum occupied area will be of 1 ha.

2.3 Process Areas

2.5 Control Room Building

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