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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Bridges are a very important type of infrastructure since they are the main
connective parts of the road and railroad systems. With that reason alone,
bridge’s life. There are different ways for a bridge to deteriorate, it may be
management system.
Recent studies are developed by basing on previous studies making the study of
previous studies. The bridge management system aims to prevent or delay the
rating expert system that is currently under development. And by evaluating they
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compose different types of approach depending on what will be better for the
designed to help maximize the use of available information for the inspection,
improvements for any bridge. It is also a decision support tool that supplies
analyses and summary data, uses mathematical models to make predictions and
legislative requirements. BMS is also used to determine the future cash flow
including data on the condition and performance of bridge owner’s bridge assets.
maintain low-life cycle costs for the community. BMS also helps in reviewing
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infrastructure assets and also for reviewing and improving the bridge
management system used to manage the bridge owner’s bridge assets. It also
functions to effectively manage the level of service and condition for bridge
BMS may sound really reliable but there is a limit to how it really works.
BMS is unreliable when it comes to future predictions for it only assess the
present condition of the bridges. The Influence of defects on the reliability of the
bridge is ignored. Bridge inspections will identify all defect bridges elements-
just its general elements. The current BMS that the DPWH is using evaluates the
conditions of bridges by its length, width, number of span, number of pier and
number of abutment. The current BMS is not supplying data regarding the aging
of bridges, the environment and the road class. With that, the current BMS is not
conditions. This study will focus on the assessment of the current bridge’s
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system?
General Objective
Specific Objectives
To site the causal factors that will be considered in the new model of
bridge management
To site the elements that will be considered in the proposed new model of
This study aims to analyze a new model of bridge management which can
help in providing accurate bridge assessment to the existing BMS. The study will
first evaluate the general function of the current BMS using data collection. The
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evaluation will be done by gathering datum of the bridge management that the
DPWH used for the past few years. After the evaluation, the researchers then will
proceed on analysis of a new model basing on the datum gathered and with the
extent of damages.
The analysis of the model will then focus on overcoming the constraints
constraints to provide another criterion for the current BMS. This study aims to
provide an option which can then be added to the current BMS for a more
sufficient amount of data. The analysis of the model will mainly rely on the
accuracy of the bridge condition assessment by its causal factors and elements.
The study like any other type of BMS is only limited to the evaluation of the
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Bridges are important links in any national road or rail network, and the
system has been implemented for the maintenance of bridge structure. The fact
that bridges are susceptible to many defects during their service lives cannot be
denied and because of that bridge management system is really important for it
could prevent such high cost for reparation and rehabilitation. (Dullah, et.
al,2014).
BMS also focuses on ways or methods that can be added or replaced with
improve the system itself. That is primarily the reason why a study on various
provide ways to improve the system by comparison of the existing BMS to other
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
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CHAPTER II
Introduction
This chapter consists of related literatures and studies relating to the study
of the Philippines”. The following related literatures and studies support every
detail that discusses the study. The following related literatures and studies were
obtained from the internet, previous case studies, journals, blogs etc.
Related Literature
Local Literature
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Many approach have been made in order to improvised the current bridge
important for it prolong a bridge’s life span. Articles which are a crucial factor in
determining the current status of the bridges in the Philippines have also been
The first article that the researchers have stumbled upon is the development
infrastructure through its recently concluded research, the Smart Bridge project.
of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the project developed a wireless sensory
network system to monitor the structural health of bridges, in preparation for the
The next article that the researchers read is the implementation of a bridge
the Philippines. This article shows information on how BMS became part of an
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integrated management system which is designed for the improvisation of all the
operations and functions of the DPWH. It is said in this article that The BMS will
analyze the bridge condition data, determine the ranking and priority of bridge
provide data for the production of annual work programs and multi-year work
programs to maintain the bridge stock and insure the sustainability of the bridge
stock.
The next article pertains the title of P2-B bridges rehab projects completed
in Southern Leyte. It is said in the article that in Tacloban City the Department of
Public Works and Highway (DPWH) has already invested PHP2 billion to upgrade
102 bridges in Southern Leyte over the past three years, complementing the
In a report issued, the DPWH Southern Leyte field office said that of the 102
strengthened in 2017 with PHP141 million funding. “Most of these bridges have
been existing since 1970s. For the public, these bridges are not defective, but from
the technical point of view, these structures badly need replacement to ensure its
structural integrity,” said DPWH Southern Leyte office chief Ma. Margarita Junia in
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masonry, and water proofing. These are intended to strengthen each structure
this article we can conclude that they are denoting the current bridge’s condition
via a technical point of view which then led on them exerting a lot of costs for the
bridges’ rehabilitations.
Another article which came up when the researchers are having a hard time
“Drones to enhance DPWH road slope, bridge survey operations”. In this article, it
is stated that because of the Build Build Build program of the Duterte
use of drones to minimize time and maximize outputs in road slope and bridge
DPWH-Cordillera Regional Director Neri Bueno said that with the current
compared with the manual survey, is a more efficient data gathering method. Dpwh
really have relied on JICA for the improvisation of the current bridge management
system which greatly support that the idea of this proposition of the JICA will really
After the researchers read the proposition of the usage of drones for bridge
survey operation, there comes another article regarding drones. The article they
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stumbled upon is entitled “DPWH Taps Drone Technology for Bridge Inspection”.
In this article the The Department of Public Works and Highways in partnership
that the site inspection activity on special bridge such as Magapit Bridge is part of
Highways and Bridge Construction and Maintenance, Phase III or JICA-TCP III).
According to drone controller Joel Cruz, rotary and fixed wing type drones
provides in depth aerial inspection, control point survey, area mapping and close
up image acquisition.
the current status of the bridges and how JICA is continuously supporting DPWH
Foreign Literatures
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bridges is being made all over the world. The information that have been gathered
gave the researches ideas on improvisation of the study pertaining the analysis of
The first article that the researchers have read is the one entitled
in Japan”. The said article gave the researchers information on how Japan came
The article stated that Japan’s highway networks are comparatively newer than
maintenance costs has not yet faced serious problems. However, one report
estimates that by around 2010, the ratio of bridges of 50 years of age will be
are essential. The systems should not only evaluate the serviceability of bridges,
but also make an optimum maintenance plan considering the limited funds
available.
conducted a research for the rough idea of implementation. The research was
conducted by collecting data. The data employed in this study consist of the
primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained by visually
observing the bridges condition. Then, it was used to determine the bridge
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condition score. The secondary data, i.e., road map, traffic data report, bridge
inventory report, previous bridge inspection data report, previous unit price in
Bridge Management System”. In this article, it is stated that IBMS – Indian Bridge
the National Highways (NH) in India, and apply a technical logic to manage the
bridge assets during its life cycle. It generates detailed inventory data and
captured. This dynamism, in the deterioration process guides the inspection and
worst bridges, are first rehabilitated and then the less damaged bridges.
based on the guidelines of IRC SP 35. The main requirement of the management
system is the collection of real time data, for this Ministry have divided the
‘National Highways’ into 18 packages. One field consultant for each package has
been appointed to conduct the field part of the work involved. You would be
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amazed to know that the entire inventory of bridges is done using a hand-held
device, and the data from the field was uploaded online in real-time to IBMS
servers. Once the inventory is completed, the field consultants are assigned
bridges for inspection based on their importance, present status, and structural
components of the bridge. The complete report of the status report of the bridge
identification of the weak and dilapidated bridges. All such bridges are then
repair. Where such testing system provides confirmation of the status of the
bridge.
BMS while having a foreign approach. The article stated that condition
with respect to the bridge in its original conditions. It is also said that in many
element, for this case the bridge deck, is evaluated and assigned a condition
number. To this effect the inspector rates the condition of the bridge deck and
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assigns condition ratings of the deck. This condition rating consists of mapping of
the level of the observed damage in the structure during visual inspections and
onto a discrete 1 to 9 rating scale. The condition state variation with time is then
Related Studies
Local Studies
As stated in the section pertaining the local articles, there also exist different
different approaches have been made in order to improvised the current bridge
important for it prolong a bridge’s life span. Studies which are a crucial factor in
determining the current status of the bridges in the Philippines have also been
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The first research study that the researchers read is the one entitled “A
The Philippines has a huge stock of bridges along local and national road
networks wherein the national road network is under the responsibility of the
(DPWH). To further improve the quality of roads and bridges nationwide and spur
the economic development from the urban to the rural areas of the country, the
DPWH has developed programs to improve the quality of the national road
network. Part of these programs include the asset preservation and network
The study stated that BMS provides a systematic structure in the process of
on the current conditions of the bridges in the highway network being considered
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Management for Road and Bridge Construction and Maintenance Phase III”. It is
road and bridge infrastructure” as one of prioritized areas since it will reduce
roads shall be paved, all temporary bridges shall be replaced by permanent ones
Improving the quality of road and bridge construction is one of the challenges
that the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) needs to address.
DPWH’s sixteen (16) regional offices (ROs) are in charge of construction and
maintenance of roads and bridges, while the Central Office in Manila focuses on
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creating a pool of technical trainers at three regional offices (Baguio, Cebu and
Davao).
Another study that the researchers have read is entitled “Cost Overruns
from the Philippines was assembled to look into the distribution of cost forecast
Guimaras, and Negros islands via inter-island bridges that span approximately
23 km.In this study, the PGN project is contrasted against previously completed
projects and lessons drawn from their experience. Moreover, the Reference
PGN proposal were placed in the distribution of completed projects based on the
33% allotment from the total national public works budget to the proposal. Since
the Philippines does not have the recipe for success for this kind of project,
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Foreign Studies
Aside from having gathered studies locally, the researchers also gathered
studies from different countries. The studies gave the researchers an overview
The first foreign studies that the researchers have read is entitled
“Assessment of Bridge Management in Iran”. This study stated that the road and
railroad networks are the most important elements of the infrastructure system
and bridges are the main connective parts. Moreover, bridges are considered as
fatigue, loading, weather conditions, natural disaster and etc. repair works will be
The next foreign study that the researchers read is a study entitled
System”. This study states that the bridge management is to coordinate and
control the whole process about bridge, aiming at making sure that the bridge
management department can make use of the limited resources reasonably and
provide services for the users as good as possible. The bridge maintenance
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systems, offers economic and technical convenience for the supervision and
Another foreign study that came up while the researchers are researching
System”. The study is about how Europe need to come together and proactively
study’s project objectives are to document the structure history (status, problems,
which will use innovative ICT technologies, computer models and monitoring
for management, decision making, maintenance and mitigation in one place and
bridges condition indices for Taiwan bridge management system. The study aims
loads. Four individual condition indices, in the term of “degree of resistance” are
defined first for floods, mudflows, earthquakes, and for traffic loads. A final
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Canada” have also been a source of information for the researchers. The study is
about how Canada came up with an idea of developing bridge management for
the reason that Canada is facing a critical problem to deal with the complex and
bridge management and the reasons why these different studies are conducted.
The overview of different bridge information from foreign studies supplied the a
handful amount of sufficient information that helped them in the analysis of the
Synthesis
The information obtained from the above cited related literature and studies
from different journals, blogs, books, websites and previous studies gave an
essential contribution to support every point that this study aims to attain.
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depending on every country. By basing on the articles and studies gathered the
countries’ situations. By comparing the different BMS we can then analyze new
model of bridge management which will lead to the proposition of ideas which will
be ideal in the Philippines for a better system of bridge management. The datum
stated on the articles will surely be effective in providing solution for the existing
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
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This chapter contains the research design that was used to conduct the
study, the data gathering procedure, the instrumentation, and the analysis of the
data gathered.
Research Design
with the latest inspection information, which is then assigned a priority rating that
can be proposed to be a new model of bridge management for the current BMS.
The datum given by the DPWH will be use to further analyze the effectiveness of
obtain a set amount of needed data as to know how the current BMS works. The
obtained data have been used as basis for the proposal of the new BMS.
bridge assessment. The researchers used the datum obtained from the DPWH to
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related study focusing on the evaluation of bridge by its causal factors and
elements since the current BMS is just a general evaluation of the bridge’s
condition.
Instrumentation
In this study,the researchers used the data that the DPWH gave on how
they conduct bridge condition assessment. The researchers then used pure
research for the analysis of the new model which leads to a usage of
management using another criteria from the new model of bridge management.
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1. Identify type of damage for each element of span, pier and abutment
3. For each damage, determine severity of defect based on the Condition Rating
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CHAPTER IV
Metro Manila. The data above have been evaluated using the process that the
DPWH have given the researchers which is found in the previous chapter. The
Bridge_id Bridge_name Bridge_type Length Width Span Pier Abutment Condition Action
Major Maint-Protective
B02267LZ Algeciras Br. Concrete 21.13 7.54 2 1 2 Fair Measure
Major Maintenance -
B02622LZ Arlegui Br. 2 Concrete 11.75 13.56 1 0 2 Fair Strengthen
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Routine Maintenance –
B02624LZ Dasmariñas Br. Concrete 12.4 13.2 1 0 2 Fair Other
Major Maintenance –
B02291LZ Delpan Br. Concrete 150 33.14 5 4 2 Fair Strengthen
RM - Concrete, Deck
B02273LZ J. P. Laurel Br. 3 Concrete 8.15 13.96 1 0 2 Fair Repair
RM - Concrete Component
B03347LZ JP Laurel Br.1 Concrete 10 18.95 1 0 2 Fair Repair
Major Maintenance -
B03349LZ Juan Luna Br. 2 Concrete 12 21.36 3 2 2 Fair Other
RM - Concrete Component
B01741LZ Juan Luna Br. 3 Concrete 16 15 1 0 2 Fair Repair
RM - Bridge Component
B03353LZ M Roxas Jr. Br. Concrete 202 33.14 5 4 2 Good Painting
Routine Maintenance -
B02293LZ Mc Arthur Br. Steel 116 17.85 3 2 2 Fair Other
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Routine Maintenance -
B01794LZ Moriones Br. Concrete 25.6 11.15 1 0 2 Fair Other
Muelle del
Banco Nacional RM - Bridge Deck Sweep,
B02791LZ Br. Concrete 19.3 10.65 1 0 2 Fair Clean
Ramon
Magsaysay Br. RM - Concrete, Deck
B01781LZ 1 Concrete 11 27.6 1 0 2 Fair Repair
Routine Maintenance -
B01793LZ Rodriguez Br. Concrete 131 11.2 3 2 2 Good Other
Major Maintenance -
B02290LZ Adriatico Br. Concrete 10.9 25.4 1 0 2 Fair Replace
Routine Maintenance -
B02275LZ Ayala Br. Steel 142 23.5 2 1 2 Good Other
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Routine Maintenance -
B01860LZ Cementina Br. Concrete 26 15.5 1 0 2 Good Other
Routine Maintenance -
B01831LZ Cut-cut Br.(NB) Concrete 16 29.75 1 0 2 Fair Other
Routine Maintenance -
B02287LZ Jesus Br. Concrete 13 9.4 1 0 2 Good Other
Major Maintenance -
B02295LZ Lambingan Br. Concrete 98.4 23.55 3 2 2 Fair Strengthen
RM - Concrete Component
B01328LZ Laura Br. Concrete 7 8 1 0 2 Fair Repair
Liwasang
Bonifacio East
Overpass RM - Concrete Component
B03377LZ (Flyover) Concrete 127 6.8 11 10 2 Fair Repair
Liwasang
Bonifacio West
Overpass Major Maintenance -
B01348LZ (Flyover) Concrete 132 6.8 12 11 2 Fair Other
Major Maintenance -
B02282LZ M. Roxas Br. Concrete 8 13 1 0 2 Fair Strengthen
RM - Concrete Component
B02284LZ Mabini Br. Concrete 16 9 1 0 2 Fair Repair
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Nagtahan Link
B00570LZ Br. 1 Concrete 410 7.1 14 13 2 Fair Upgrading - Retrofitting
Major Maintenance -
B02296LZ Onyx Br. Concrete 15 16.45 1 0 2 Fair Other
Replace - Bridge
B02299LZ Otis Br. Concrete 18 12 1 0 2 Bad Construction
RM - Bridge Component
B02304LZ P. Quirino Br. 1 Concrete 27.9 28.16 3 2 2 Fair Painting
Major Maintenance -
B02303LZ P. Quirino Br. 2 Steel 21.5 14 1 0 2 Poor Replace
Routine Maintenance -
B02301LZ Pedro Gil Br. 1 Concrete 21 14.6 1 0 2 Fair Other
Major Maintenance -
B02300LZ Pedro Gil Br. 2 Concrete 7.7 14.2 1 0 2 Fair Strengthen
Routine Maintenance -
B03195LZ Quezon Br. Steel 224 19.4 9 8 2 Fair Other
Routine Maintenance -
B03195LZ Quezon Br. Steel 224 19.4 9 8 2 Fair Other
RM - Concrete Component
B02279LZ R. del Pan Br. Concrete 6 8.4 2 1 2 Fair Repair
Routine Maintenance -
B02281LZ Romualdez Br. Concrete 10 13 1 0 2 Fair Other
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RM - Concrete Component
B02307LZ San Andres Br. Concrete 10 9 1 0 2 Fair Repair
South
Superhighway Routine Maintenance -
B02311LZ Br. 1 Concrete 24 10.8 3 2 2 Good Other
South
Superhighway RM - Concrete Component
B02312LZ Br. 1 Concrete 28 15 3 2 2 Good Repair
South
Superhighway RM - Bridge Component
B02310LZ Br. 2 Concrete 23.5 10.6 3 2 2 Fair Painting
South
Superhighway RM - Bridge Deck Sweep,
B02313LZ Br. 2 Concrete 23.5 16.6 3 2 2 Fair Clean
Routine Maintenance -
B01840LZ Tramo Br. Concrete 34 24.7 2 1 2 Good Other
RM - Concrete Component
B01335LZ Vito Cruz Br. 1 Concrete 5.7 18.5 1 0 2 Fair Repair
Routine Maintenance -
B01336LZ Vito Cruz Br. 2 Concrete 10.5 15.56 1 0 2 Fair Other
DPWH also gave the researchers the following data regarding the evaluation of
Nagtahan Bridge’s condition per elements. The data gathered below is from the
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Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
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Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
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Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
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Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
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Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Member
Concrete None 0 Good
Left Railing
Concrete None 0 Good
Right Railing
Member
Concrete None 0 Good
Left Railing
Concrete None 0 Good
Right Railing
Member
Concrete None 0 Good
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Right Railing
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
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Slab
Main None 0 Good
Member RC Girder
None 0 Good
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Protection
Protection
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Protection
Protection
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another type of bridge condition assessment formulated by the Road and Traffic
The researchers used the condition criteria below for the assessment of
State
bridge
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Steel 1
Reinforced Concrete 2
Precast Concrete 3
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Deck, Bearings 3
Quality
Tertiary
Secondary
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Primary
1 Equal Importance
Age 1 3 5 1 0.411
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Inspection 1 3 3 1 0.362
The researchers reevaluate the per element bridge inspection conducted by the
DPWH using the bridge condition assessment that the RTA is using leading to
SPAN
1 2 3 4
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ABUTMENT
1 2 3 4
SPAN
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1 2 3 4
Description (Eq1)
SPAN
ABUTMENT
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6 Foundation 1.0 2 2 4
8 Bearing/Restraint 1.0 3 1 3
PIER
14 Scour/Bank 1.0 2 2 4
Protection
∑(ESCI*SI*Mi) 67.4
0.107O + 0.326I
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OSCI=4 when
81<SHI≤256
CHAPTER V
Summary of Findings
The researchers came up with the following findings through the data
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1. The current BMS in bridge condition assessment only assess the bridge
condition by its length, width, number of span, number of pier and number
of abutment.
2. The current BMS does not provide data regarding the aging of bridges, the
3. The new model for bridge management can assess the bridge condition
4. The aging of bridge, environmental factors and road class factors took a
Conclusions
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1. The aging of bridges, environmental and road class factors are important
bridge’s condition.
evaluating the present bridge condition with its causal factors and elements.
3. The new model of the bridge management will help improve the current
Recommendations
2. Researchers must find a way to predict a bridge future needs since BMS is
3. Study about life cycle cost since it is a very important factor in further
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4. Apply the new model of bridge management to the actual datum of the
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter exhibits the methods that were utilized by the researchers in accumulating
condition assessment was gathered from the North Manila District Engineering Office of
the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH-NCR). In this procedure, the
researchers also acquired formulas from the research of Maria Rashidi and Peter Gibson
The researchers analyzed all the data that was acquired from DPWH. In this
preparation, the researchers used the recent bridge inspection and assessment of Nagtahan
Bridge. The researchers acquired formula from Rashidi and Gibson to compute the
Element Structural Condition Index with the consideration of the factors of structural
importance and material vulnerability. To come up with the Overall Structural Condition
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Index we include the causal factors as the representative of age, environment, road
operation and inspection as coefficient. Below are the formulas that were used in order to
∑(𝑞𝑖 𝑥 𝑐𝑖 )
𝐸𝑆𝐶𝐼 =
∑𝑞𝑖
where,
Causal Factors
: : : : : : :
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𝐶𝐹 ∑ 𝑆𝑖 𝑥 𝑀𝑖 𝑥 𝐸𝑆𝐶𝐼𝑖
𝑆𝐻𝐼 =
𝑛
where,
The range of SHI is 1-256. Considering the upper limit (4) and lower
limit (1) of all parameters and in order to keep the uniformity of quantity
Structural Condition Index (OSCI) has been re-rated bases on SHI and
defined as:
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and also selecting the major remedial strategies such as repair, strengthening
and replacement.
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FEEDBACK
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