Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
QUESTION BANK
Regulations : 2013
Branch : EEE
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
SYLLABUS
Review and importance of the study of transients - causes for transients. RL circuit transient with
sine wave excitation - double frequency transients - basic transforms of the RLC circuit transients.
Different types of power system transients - effect of transients on power systems – role of the
study of transients in system planning.
The short line and kilometric fault - distribution of voltages in a power system - Line dropping and
load rejection - voltage transients on closing and reclosing lines - over voltage induced by faults –
switching surges on integrated system Qualitative application of EMTP for transient computation.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Allan Greenwood, „Electrical Transients in Power Systems‟, Wiley Inter Science, New York, 2nd
Edition, 1991.
2. Pritindra Chowdhari, “Electromagnetic transients in Power System”, John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
Second Edition, 2009.
3. C.S. Indulkar, D.P.Kothari, K. Ramalingam, „Power System Transients – A statistical approach‟,
PHI Learning Private Limited, Second Edition, 2010.
REFERENCES:
1. M.S.Naidu and V.Kamaraju, „High Voltage Engineering‟, Tata McGraw Hill, Fifth Edition, 2013.
2. R.D. Begamudre, „Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering‟, Wiley Eastern Limited,
1986.
3. Y.Hase, Handbook of Power System Engineering,” Wiley India, 2012.
4. J.L.Kirtley, “Electric Power Principles, Sources, Conversion, Distribution and use,” Wiley, 2012.
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
UNIT – I
PART – A
1. What are the causes of transients? (AU AM2017)-3
The causes of power system transient may be broadly classified into two main categories,
i) Internal Causes :
(a) Switching surges
(b) Insulation failure
(c) Arcing ground
ii) External causes – Natural causes
(a) Lightning
3. Mention the need for study of transients in a power system. (or) (AU ND 2016)-6
State the importance of transient study in planning.
The transients are system problems i.e., a disturbance created in one location will permeate
throughout the system, after causing difficulties at points quite remote from its origin. The
study of switching transients in integrated system specially relates to EHV field.
For a long line the most serious problems are voltage surges in the power systems which are
the consequence of lightning.
The sudden reversal of voltage polarity which can occur with travelling waves from
switching surges causes flash over voltage of certain applications.
The above considerations are causing system planners to take a new look at the overall
design of transmission networks.
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
4. Draw the TRV wave form across the circuit breaker following the (AU AM 2016)
interruption of fault current.
Fig. TRV Waveform across the C.B following the interruption of fault current
5. Write the basic transform of RLC circuit transient. (or) (AU AM2015)-3
Write the mathematical expression for transient due to RLC circuits.
The basic transform of RLC Circuit transient is given by,
6. What are the causes of transients in a power system? (or) (AU ND 2015)-2
What are the causes of switching surges?
The making and breaking of electric circuits with switchgear may result in abnormal
transient over voltages in a power systems having large inductances and capacitances. The
different situations under which this happens are summarized as,
i) Interruption of low inductive currents by high speed circuit breaker. (Current
chopping)
ii) Interruption of small capacitive currents. (Switching operation of unloaded lines)
iii) Ferro resonance
iv) Energization of a loaded line.
7. Define Transient (or) Define Power System transients (or) (AU AM 2014)-5
What is a transient?
An electrical transient is a temporary excess of voltage and/or current in an electrical circuit
when a fault occurs on a system or a switch opens or closes. The transient period is very
short.
8. List the various types of power system transients. (AU AM 2014)
i) Based upon the duration of transients:
(a) Ultra – fast transients
(b) Medium fast transients
(c) Slow transients
ii) Based upon the mode of Generation of transients:
(a) Electromagnetic transients
(b) Electromechanical transients
iii) Based upon the sources of transients:
(a) Switching transients
(b) Lightning transients
iv) Based upon its Nature:
In this case, transients are divided into two categories which are easy to identify: Impulsive
and Oscillatory.
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
(a) The impulsive low-frequency transient
(b) The medium-frequency impulse transient
(c) High-frequency types
(d) Low frequency transients
(e) High frequency transients
(f)Extremely fast transients (EFT’s)
(g) Subsidence transients
v) Based upon the control to the transients:
(a) Single transients
(b) Recurrent transients
(c) Random transients
9. What are the causes for the capacitor inrush currents? (AU ND 2013)
The magnitude and frequency of the inrush current resulting from energizing capacitor bank
is a function of:
The point on the wave of the applied where the contacts were closed.
The capacitance and inductance of the circuit.
The charge on the capacitor at closing time.
Any damping resistance contained in the circuit.
10. Define: Transient recovery voltage. (AU AM2013)
The power frequency rms voltage appearing across the breaker contacts arc is extinguished
and transient oscillations die out is called transient recovery voltage.
11. Name the different sources of transients (over voltages) (AU AM 2013)-3
in power system.
The sources of transients are classified as
i) Internal sources
ii) External sources
The internal sources are classified as
a) Switching surges
b) Insulation failures
c) Arcing ground
The external source for power system transient is lightning.
What are the requirements needed by the electrical system to have (AU ND 2012)
12.
transients?
In a power system, when there is a sudden change in system conditions, as when a switch
opens or closes or a fault then the transients will occur for very short duration and they
cause over voltages on the system. Transients or surges originate from switching and from
other causes but the most important transients are caused by lightning striking a
transmission lines.
13. Why magnetic energy cannot be changed instantaneously? (AU AM 2012)
The inductor stored energy in the magnetic field and the stored energy are also called
magnetic energy. An inductor does not allow instantaneous changes in the current passing
through it hence the magnetic energy cannot be changed instantaneously.
14. List the effects of transients in power system. (AU AM 2011)-2
i) Motor will run at higher temperatures when transient voltages are present.
Transients can interrupt the normal timing of the motor and result in “micro-jogging”.
ii) Transients produce hysteresis losses in motors that increase the amount of current
necessary to operate the motor.
iii) The facility’s of electrical distribution system is also affected by transient activity. i.e.,
transient degrade the contact surfaces of breakers or switches and disconnects it
from the system.
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iv) The travelling waves produced due to lightning transients cause considerable damage
to the equipments connected in the line.
v) Transient causes early failure of all types of lights. Fluorescent systems suffer early
failure of ballast and the most common indictor of transient activity is the premature
appearance of “black rings” at the end of the tubes.
vi) The effect of voltage transients can disrupt or damage or completely destroy
semiconductor devices, electronic equipments, instruments, computers &
telecommunication equipments as well as the solid circuitry found in most type of
appliances.
15. What are the effects of lightning? (AU AM 2011)
i) Lightning produces a steep fronted voltage wave on the transmission line. The
voltage of this wave may rise from zero to peak value in about 1µs and decay to half
the peak value in about 5µs.
ii) The travelling waves produced due to lightning transients will shatter the insulators
and may even wreck poles and also hit the windings of the transformer or generator,
it may cause considerable damage.
iii) If the arc is initiated in any part of the power system by lightning stroke, this arc will
be set up very disturbing oscillations in the line. This may damage other equipment
connected to the line.
16. Define Switching transients.
The switching transient is initiated whenever there is a sudden change of circuit conditions.
This transient is most frequently developed due to switching operations such as
i) The closing of a switch (or) circuit breaker to energies a load.
ii) The opening of a circuit breaker to clear a fault.
17. What is meant by arcing ground?
The phenomenon of intermittent arc taking place in line to ground fault of a three phase
system with consequent production of transients is known as arcing ground. Arcing ground
can be prevented by earthing the neutral.
19. List out some of the common internal sources of transient activity.
The common internal sources of transient activity are,
i) Photocopiers
ii) PC Power supplies
iii) Laser printers
iv) Electronic ballasts
v) Inverters and vi) Temperature controllers
20. What is meant by first order transients?
The energy storage elements in electrical circuits are inductors and capacitors. The first
order transients occur when the circuit contains only one energy storage element, which is
inductance or capacitance.
21. What is meant by subsidence transients?
In coupling capacitor voltage transformers and bushing capacitor voltage transformers, the
elements L and C contains stored energy. When a disturbance, such as a fault occurs on the
primary, then subsidence transient is produced. Due to this sudden reduction of voltage
produced on the primary. This voltage may be oscillatory or it may be unidirectional. Due to
this severe secondary transient is produced.
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
PART – B
1. Derive the expression for RL circuit transient with sine wave (16)(AU AM 2017)-2
excitation.
2. With suitable examples explain double frequency transients. (16)(AU AM 2017)-7
3. Explain the double frequency transient in a power system with a circuit diagram, wave forms
and expressions. (16)(AU ND 2016)-2
4. Examine the sources of transients? Also explain how transients affect the power systems.
.
(16)(AU ND 2016)
5. Briefly explain the importance of study of transients in planning. (16)(AU AM 2016)
6. What are the various types of power system transients? With neat diagrams, describe any two
types of power system transients in detail. (16)(AU ND 2015)-2
7. (i) Discuss about the effects of transients on power systems. (8)(AU ND 2015)-7
(ii) Briefly explain the importance of study of transients in planning. (8)(AU AM 2015)-4
8. (i) Discuss in detail about the various types of power system transients.
(8)(AU AM 2015)-7
(ii) Derive an equation for finding the transient current in an RL series circuit excited by an
ac source. What can be the maximum value of initial current? Under what condition does
it occur? (8)(AU AM 2015)
9. (i) Explain the significance in the study of transients in the system planning.
.
(10)(AU ND 2014)
(ii) Discuss briefly the various causes of transients on power systems. (8)(AU ND 2014)
10. Discuss in detail about the various types of power system transients. (16)(AU AM 2014)
11. Derive the three solutions of the inductor current of a parallel RLC circuit when the charge on
the capacitor is discharged through the other two branches. (16)(AU AM 2013)
12. What are the types of transients? Explain how transients affect the power systems.
(16)(AU AM 2012)-3
13. Derive the current transient response of an RL series circuit excited by a sine wave drive.
(16)(AU AM 2012)
14. Define transient. Describe in detail about its importance. (16)(AU AM 2011)-2
15. (i) What is meant by circuit closing transients? (6)(AU ND 2010)
(ii) Describe about double frequency transients and basic transform of RLC circuit.
(10)(AU AM 2010)
16. Explain in detail about the basic transforms of RLC Circuits.
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
UNIT – II
SWITCHING TRANSIENTS
PART – A
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
7. Define Ferro resonance. (AU AM 2015)-4
Resonance causes high transient voltage in the power system. In usual transmission lines the
capacitance is very small so that resonance rarely occurred in power system at normal
frequency. However if generator emf wave is distorted, the trouble of resonance may occur
due to 5th or higher harmonics. This phenomenon is referred as ferro-resonance, since the
inductance involved is usually iron cored.
8. What is load switching in abnormal conditions? (AU ND 2014)-2
The frequent functions performed by switching devices are to switch on and switch off load
i.e., load switching which is represented by a parallel RL circuit.
Low power factor loads are inductive and high power factor loads are resistive. When a high
power factor load is switched off, the effective capacitance of load becomes important in
determining the form of transient produced.
9. What is meant by resistance switching? (AU AM 2014)-4
A deliberate connection of a resistance in parallel with the contact of the circuit breaker is
made to overcome the effect of transient recovery voltage, restriking voltage, RRRV (rate of
rise of restriking voltage) and severity of the transient oscillations. This is known as
resistance switching.
10. Why multiple restrike occur due to capacitance switching? (AU AM 2014)
During capacitance switching, practically there is a chance of sequential restrikes. The
sequence is idealized and to some extent over simplified. Some capacitance will exist on the
source sides of the breaker, which will induce higher frequency of disturbances. When
multiple restriking occurs, it is possible for a voltage of 4 per unit to be developed across the
switch, a point which is often over looked. A reignition may occur at this time rather than
half a cycle later, which will probably result in the switch conduction current for another half
cycle.
11. Draw the equivalent circuit of resistance switching problem. (AU ND 2013)
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
13. What is the need for resistance switching? (AU ND 2012)
The shunt resistors connected across circuit breaker have two functions:
i) To distribute the transient recovery voltage more uniformly across the several
breaks.
ii) To reduce the severity of transient recovery voltage at the time of interruption by
introducing damping into oscillation.
14. What are the objectives of resistive switching? (AU ND 2012)
i) To reduce switching surges and over voltages
ii) For potential control access multi-breakers per phase in the high voltage breakers
iii) To reduce natural frequencies effects and breaker recovery voltage
15. Define time constant. (AU AM 2012)
The time constant of RL circuit is defined as the period during which the current rises to
62.2% of its final value. The time constant of RC circuit is defined as the time during which
the current falls to 36.8% of initial current.
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20. Write any two applications of switching.
The applications of switching are,
i) Design of carrier protection
ii) Radio interference
iii) Control band if instrument
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
26. What is power swing?
During switching of lines or wrong synchronization surges of real and reactive power
flowing in transmission line causes severe oscillations in the voltage and current vectors. It
is represented by curves originating in load regions and travelling towards relay
characteristics.
27. What is meant by recovery voltage?
The power frequency rms voltage appearing across the breaker contacts arc is extinguished
and transient oscillations die out is called recovery voltage.
PART – B
1. Describe briefly about characteristic of Ferro-resonance. (16) (AU AM2017)
2. What is called capacitance switching? With necessary sketches, explain capacitive switching
with a resrike and multiple resrikes. (16)(AU AM 2017)-3
3. Write the short notes on
(i) Ferro resonance. (8)(AU ND2016)-2
(ii) Current chopping. (8)(AU ND 2016)
4. What is meant by current suppression? Explain the concept in an unloaded transformer
with relevant wave forms. (16)(AU ND2016)
5. (i) Explain the load switching in both normal and abnormal conditions with neat sketches.
(8)(AU ND 2015)
(8)(AU ND 2015)
(ii) Explain current chopping with appropriate equivalent circuit.
6. (i) Draw and explain the waveforms for transient voltage across the load switch.
(6)(AU ND 2015)-3
(ii) Explain the characteristics of energy released by a transformer when the magnetizing
current is chopped and derive the expressions of current suppression.
(10)(AU ND2015)-2
7. (i) Discuss the capacitance switching with a restrike at peak voltage. Draw the
characteristics and derive the relevant transient expressions. (10)(AU AM 2015)-4
(ii) What is meant by reignition current? Discuss the voltage escalation on interrupting
current to inductive load. (6)(AU AM 2015)-2
8. (i) Explain Resistance switching. (8)(AU AM 2015)
(ii) Explain current suppression with appropriate equivalent
(8)(AU ND 2014)-2
circuit.
9. (i) Describe with suitable example normal and abnormal switching transients.
(8)(AU ND 2014)-3
(ii) Write a short note on resistance switching and develop the equivalent circuit.
(8)(AU ND 2014)
10. Write short note on the following:
(i) Resistance switching (4)(AU AM 2014)
(ii) Load switching (4)(AU AM 2014)
(iii) Capacitance switching (4)(AU AM 2014)
(iv) Capacitance switching with multiple restrikes (4)(AU AM 2014)
11. Explain the transients due to load switching and develop the equivalent circuit. Also draw and
explain the waveforms for transient voltage across the load and switch. (16)(AU AM 2014)-4
12. A 13.8KV, 50Hz, single phase transformer takes a current of 2.8A rms (assumed sinusoidal) at
a power factor of 0.15 when energized on no- load at its rated voltage. When disconnecting
the transformer under these conditions, a circuit breaker chops 2A. Calculate the peak of the
voltage transients that ensues due to the chop. The effective winding capacitance is 2.5x10-9
Farad. (16)(AU ND 2013)
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
13. (i) Illustrate the problem of capacitance switching with the effect of source regulation.
(8)(AU ND 2013)-2
(ii) Draw the equivalent circuit for the resistance switching problems and explain the
parameters of the expressions. (8)(AU ND 2013)
14. (i) What is capacitance switching? Explain its effect on the performance of the power
system component. (8)(AU ND 2012)
(ii) Briefly discuss about Ferro resonance. (8)(AU ND 2012)-4
15. An 8MVAR, three phase 13.8KV capacitor bank is to switched against a similar 20MVAR bank,
the 2MVAR is already energized, the 8MVAR bank is initially uncharged. A resistor is used in
the connection to control the current and transient voltage. The inductance of the loop
between the two capacitor banks is 30µH.What value should the resistor have if
(i) The peak current is not to exceed 10KA.
(ii) The peak voltage on either capacitor is not to exceed 10KV regardless of the instant
when the switching occurs. (16)(AU AM 2012)
16. Explain with appropriate waveform:
(i) Current suppression. (4)(AU ND 2011)-2
(ii) Current chopping. (4)(AU ND 2011)
(iii) Capacitance switching with one and multiple restrikes. (4)(AU ND 2011)
(iv) Ferro resonance. (4)(AU ND 2011)
17. Write a detailed note on:
(i) Resistance switching. (8)(AU ND 2011)-2
(ii) Local switching with their equivalent circuits. (8)(AU ND 2011)
18. What is known as load switching? Derive its equivalent circuit. (16)(AU AM 2011)-2
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
UNIT – III
LIGHTNING TRANSIENTS
PART – A
1. What is the significance of tower footing resistance? (AU AM 2017)-2
A low value of tower footing resistance results in less voltage stresses across line
insulation.
A tower footing resistance of 20Ω for EHV lines and 10Ω for HV lines provides
sufficient lightning phenomenon.
5. How does earthing screen provide protection against direct lightning strokes?
(AU ND 2015)-2
Earthing screen provides protection to power stations and sub-stations against direct
strokes. It consists of a network of copper conductors (generally called shield or screen)
mounted all over the electrical equipment in the sub-station or power station. The shield is
properly connected to earth on at least two points through low impedance. On the
occurrence of direct stroke on the station, screen provides a low resistance path by which
lightning surges are conducted to ground. In this way, station equipment is protected
against damage.
6. What is a voltage surge? Draw a typical lightning voltage surge. (AU ND 2015)-2
A Sudden rise in voltage for a very short duration is known as voltage surge or transient
voltage.
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
7. Define tower footing resistance (or) What is called tower footing resistance?
(AU AM 2015)-3
Tower footing resistance is the resistance offered by tower footing to the dissipation of
current. The effectiveness of a ground wire depends to a large extend on the tower footing
resistance. The tower top potential depends on this resistance.
Tower footing resistance depends on,
i) Type of electrode configuration employed.
ii) Soil resistivity.
8. What are the types of protection afforded by ground wires? (AU AM 2015)
The types of protection afforded by ground wires are as given below,
i) It provides protection against direct lightning strokes on transmission lines.
ii) A grounding wire provides damping effect on any disturbance travelling along
the line as it acts as a short-circuited secondary.
iii) It provides a certain amount of electrostatic shielding against external fields.
Thus it reduces the voltages induced in the line conductors due to the discharge
of a neighboring cloud.
9. What are the causes of over voltage? (AU ND 2014)-2
The causes of over voltages on a power system may be broadly divided in to two categories,
1. Internal Causes
(i) Switching surges
(ii) Insulation failure
(iii) Arcing ground
(iv) Resonance
2. External Causes
(i) Lightning
Lightning overvoltage is a natural phenomenon, while switching over voltages originate in
the system itself by the connection and disconnection of circuit breaker contacts or due to
initiation or interruption of faults. Switching over voltages are highly damped short
duration over voltages. They are “temporary over voltages” of power frequency.
10. Mention some of the factors to be considered while designing a transmission line in
view of lightning stroke. (or) Mention the factors which are contributing to good line
design. (AU ND 2014)-3
The objective of good line design is to reduce the number of outages caused by
lightning.
First we try to keep the incidence of strokes to the system to a minimum. Then we
try to minimize the effects of those strokes that do terminate on the system.
Lightning problems can be eliminated if all transmission was through tunnels atleast
20ft under the ground.
Tall towers are more vulnerable than low goal post-like structures. In order to
prevent the lightning, some adequate clearances must be avoided.
High ground impedance or tower footing resistance is to be avoided.
High surge impedance in ground wires, tower structures are to be avoided.
11. What are the characteristics of the lightning stroke? (AU AM 2014)-3
The parameters and characteristics of lightning strokes are,
Amplitude of the currents
Rate of rise
Probability distribution of the above and
Wave shapes of the lightning voltages and currents
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12. Write the formula for tower footing resistance. (AU AM 2014)-2
Or
- radius
Vertical driven
2. - length
rod
(Rudenberg)
(Dwight)
- radius
3. Horizontal wire - length
- depth
14. Draw the lumped parameter equivalent circuit for lightning stroke to tower.
(AU AM 2014)-2
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15. State : Lightning stroke. (AU ND 2013)-2
An electric discharge between cloud and earth, between clouds or within the same cloud is
known as lightning. The discharge of the charged cloud to the ground is called lightning
phenomenon (or) lightning stroke.
To have a rough idea of number of lightning strokes in a day, it has been estimated that
throughout the world there occur about 40,000 lightning strokes a day and about 100
lightning strokes per second.
16. What are the interaction between lightning and the power system? (AU ND 2013)
The relation between lightning and power system equipments were carried out vast
number of times in all developed nations concerned with evaluation, measurement, efficacy
and statistics.
The ultimate objective of this study has been to improve our understanding in order to
overcome the interruption due to lightning. So to study the interaction, a good place to start
is with a model for the lightning stroke, something that can be expressed in terms of circuit
elements and can therefore be used in conjunction with the circuit elements of the power
system.
20. Give the measurement details of induced voltage on overhead lines due to lightning.
The measurements of surge voltages indicated that,
Maximum Voltage (Peak) – 5000 kV in transmission lines but on the average, most of
the lightning strokes give rise to voltage surges less than 1000 kV on lines.
Front time – 2 to 10 µS.
Tail time – 20 to 100 µS.
Rate of rise of voltage – 1 MV/µS.
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21. What are the different types of lightning strokes?
There are two types of lightning strokes. They are
i) Direct Lightning strokes and ii) Indirect lightning strokes
22. Differentiate between Lightning over voltages and switching over voltages.
S.
Lightning Over voltages Switching Over voltages
No
They originate in the system itself by the
connection and disconnection of circuit
1. It is a natural phenomenon.
breaker contacts or due to the initiation or
interruption of faults
The magnitude of lightning voltages
Switching over voltages are proportional
2. appearing on transmission does not
to operating voltage.
depend on line design.
If the system operating voltage is in the
If the system operating voltage is less
range of 300kV to 765kV both switching
3. than 500kV, lightning over voltages are
over voltages and lightning over voltages
considered.
have to be considered.
SVSCE/EEE/QB/III YR/PST
PART – B
1. What are the two theories of charge formation in the clouds? Explain them in details.
.
(16)(AU AM 2017)-4
2. (i) Explain the interaction between lightning and power system. (8)(AU AM 2017)
(ii) With a neat diagram, explain the protection offered ground wires.
(8)(AU AM 2017)
3. Explain the mechanism of lightning discharge and concept of tower footing resistance.
.
(16)(AU ND 2016)
4. Sketch the characteristics of lighting strokes and discuss the parameters of lightning flash.
.
(16)(AU ND 2016)
5. (i) Discuss in detail about the lightning flash parameters. (8)(AU AM 2016)
(ii) Differentiate between direct and indirect lightning strokes. (8)(AU AM 2016)
6. (i) What are the factors that contribute to good line design? Discuss in detail.
(8)(AU AM 2016)
(ii) How the ground wires protect the transmission line from lightning transients? Explain.
(8)(AU AM 2016)
7. (i)Derive the mathematical model for lightning. Write and express various parameters in
lightning model. (8)(AU ND 2015)-7
(ii) Write a detailed technical note on the interaction between lightning and power system
mentioning the cause and effects. (8)(AU ND 2015)-10
8. (i) Explain in detail how the charges are formed in the clouds. (8)(AU ND 2015)-3
(ii) With neat sketch, explain the characteristics of lightning strokes.
(8)(AU ND 2015)-6
9. (i) Discuss the physical phenomenon of lightning in detail with appropriate diagrams.
(8)(AU AM 2014)-2
(ii) Discuss the theory in the formation of clouds and charge formation.
(8)(AU AM 2014)-2
10. (i) What are the factors to be considered for good line design? (8)(AU AM 2014)-7
(ii) Explain the mechanism of lightning discharges. (8)(AU AM 2014)
11. Explain the physical phenomenon of lightning with a generalized diagram showing air
currents and distribution of electricity. (16)(AU ND 2013)-2
12. Discuss and derive the distributed and lumped parameter equivalent circuit representation
for lightning stroke to transmission tower. (16)(AU ND 2013)-2
13. (i) Explain the mechanism of lightning strokes. (8)(AU AM 2013)-4
(ii) Write short notes on grounding for protection against
(8)(AU ND 2012)-3
lightning.
14. Explain the counter-poise method of protection. (16)(AU ND 2011)
15. What are the causes of over voltage? Explain the mechanism of charge formation in clouds
and also discuss the mechanism of lightning strokes. (16)(AU AM 2009)
16. Give the protection afforded by grounding wires. Discuss the interaction between lightning
and power system and explain the mathematical model. (16)(AU AM 2009)
17. Explain in detail about the tower footing resistance. (16)
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UNIT – IV
PART – A
3. What are the damages caused by the travelling waves? (AU ND 2016)
The disturbance propagates as a travelling wave to the ends of the line or to a termination,
such as a substation. Usually these travelling waves are high frequency disturbances and
travel as waves. They may be reflected, transmitted, attenuated or distorted during
propagation until the energy is absorbed.
4. Draw the diagrams of meeting of two positive current waves in opposite directions.
(AU AM 2016)
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6. Write the expression for series and shunt lumped parameters in distributed lines.
(AU ND 2015)-2
The expression for series and shunt lumped parameters in distributed lines is given by,
For Voltage V, and For current I,
Where with a dimension of velocity.
7. Define standing wave voltage ratio (or) What is SWR? (AU ND 2015)-3
A standing wave ratio (SWR) is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial standing wave at an
antinode (maximum) to the amplitude at an adjacent node (minimum) in an electrical
transmission line.
The standing wave ratio is usually defined as a voltage ratio called the voltage standing wave
ratio (VSWR).
12. Write the travelling wave equation and define the terms. (AU AM 2014)
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13. Draw the lattice diagram for a single transmission line terminated in an impedance Z.
(AU AM 2014)-2
14. Distinguish between reflection and refraction of travelling waves with expressions.
(AU ND 2013)
Reflection involves a change in direction of waves when they bounce off a barrier;
refraction of waves involves a change in direction of waves as they pass from one
medium to another.
The reflection coefficient is given by (ZB – ZA) / (ZB + ZA) and is designated as ‘a’,
which can be positive or negative depending upon the relative values of Z A and ZB,
-1 ≤ a≤ +1. The refraction coefficient is given by 2ZB / (ZB + ZA) and is designated as
‘b’, which varies between zero and two depending upon the relative values of Z A and
Z B.
15. Draw the electric and magnetic field lines of a current carrying single phase
transmission system. (AU ND 2013)
16. What are the advantages of Bewley’s lattice diagram? (AU AM 2013)
All waves travel downward i.e., in to the positive time.
The position of the wave at any time can be deduced directly from the diagram.
Attenuation is included, so that the wave arriving at the far end of a line corresponds
to the value entering multiplied by the attenuation factor of the line.
The history and origin of the wave is easily traced.
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17. What are the incident and reflected waves? (AU ND 2012)
The wave that starts travelling over the line when the switch is closed, could be considered
as the incident wave and after the wave reaches the open end, the rise in potential ‘V’ could
be considered due to a wave which is reflected at the open end and actual voltage of the
open end could be considered as the refracted or transmitted wave.
Incident wave + Reflected wave = Refracted wave
18. Write the characteristics of switching surges. (AU ND 2012)
De-energizing of transmission lines, cables, shunt capacitor, banks, etc.
Disconnection of unloaded transformers, reactors, etc.
Energization or reclosing of lines and reactive loads,
Sudden switching off of loads.
Short circuits and fault clearances.
Resonance phenomenon like ferro-resonance, arcing grounds, etc
19. What is the necessity of considering distributed parameters in the study of
transmission lines? (AU AM 2012)
It may be emphasized that, the exact solution of any transmission line must consider the fact
that the constants of the line are not lumped but are distributed uniformly throughout the
length of the line.
20. Write the wave equation of a uniform, isolated two-wire transmission line connected
to voltage source of zero impedance. (AU AM 2012)
Voltage wave equation,
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25. Write the expressions for reflection coefficient and refraction coefficient.
(AU AM 2011)
-1 ≤ a ≤ +1
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PART – B
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UNIT – V
PART – A
1. What is meant by kilometric fault? (or) What is a short line fault? (AU AM 2017)-9
The Circuit breakers undergo less difficulty in interrupting current to a fault located close
to their terminals than the current to a similar fault located away from the terminals.
Kilometric fault is the fault located beyond the terminals and thus the current can be easily
interrupted due to the added impedance of the line. This added impedance not only limits
the current but also supports some of the system voltage. Kilometric fault is also called as
Short line fault.
2. What are the effects of load rejection in power system? (AU AM 2017)-3
Load rejection is when there is a fault on the transmission line which is sensed by the
protection system and trip the circuit breaker concern, during that time the load connected
with the feeder and lines are suddenly dropped i.e., load throw off or load rejection occurs.
Sudden load rejection on integrated power system causes the over speeding up of prime
movers of generators. The speed governors and automatic voltage regulators will intervene
to restore the normal conditions.
3. Write an expression for amplitude of the over voltage with circuit diagram during
the load rejection. (AU AM 2016)
The expression for amplitude of the over voltage during load rejection by neglecting losses
etc., is
Where,
reactance of generator
capacitive reactance of line at open
voltage generated before over speeding and load rejection
instantaneous increased frequency
normal frequency
The voltage at the sending end is affected by line length short circuit MVA at sending end
bus and reactive power generator of the line. Shunt reactors may reduce the voltage to 1.2
to 1.4 p.u.
The Circuit diagram is shown below,
Fig. Amplitude of the over voltage with circuit diagram during the load rejection.
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4. Write a short note on EMTP. (AU AM 2016)
The EMTP (Electromagnetic Transient Program) is a comprehensive computer program
designed to solve electrical transient problems in lumpy circuits, distributed circuits or
combination of both. This program is capable of solving steady-state circuit problems.
Transient analysis can be carried out in circuits with any arbitrary configuration of lumped
parameters (R, L and C). Transmission lines with distributed parameters, transposed (or)
un-transposed, can be included in the network. Losses in such lines are approximated to
good effect by lumped resistance. In order to perform transient analysis, it is often a good
idea to obtain a steady-state solution first to check on the validity of the network
representation and also obtain initial conditions for the transient study.
6. List out the advantages of EMTP.(or) Mention the features of EMTP. (AU ND 2015)-2
The methods used in EMTP are numerically stable and error free.
The EMTP can designed to solve electrical transient problems in lumpy circuits,
distributed circuits or combination of both.
The EMTP is also capable of solving steady-state circuit problems.
Transient analysis can be carried out in circuits with any arbitrary configuration of
lumped parameters (R, L and C).
Transmission lines with distributed parameters, transposed (or) un-transposed, can
be included in the network. Losses in such lines are approximated to good effect by
lumped resistance.
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10. Which software do you suggest to solve electrical transient problems?
(AU AM 2014)
I suggest EMTP software for solving electrical transient problems. Because, the EMTP
software is a comprehensive computer program designed to solve electrical transient
problems in lumpy circuits, distributed circuits. This program is capable of solving steady-
state circuit problems.
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17. What are the effects of transients when a switch is closed? (AU ND 2011)
When a switch is closed immediately prior to the circuit being completed a certain voltage
exists across the switch contacts. At the moment the contacts made by prestriking
discharge, this voltage disappears.
18. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit to model a capacitor in a network for EMTP
calculation. (AU AM 2011)
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25. What is meant by voltage drop or line drop in general?
In general, on transmission lines the voltage simply decreases as one move from the
substation out forward the end of a distribution feeder. This charge in voltage is known as
the line drop.
PART – B
1. Explain in detail about the switching surges on an integrated power system.
(16)(AU AM 2017)
2. (i) What are the causes of transients on closing and reclosing of transmission lines? Explain.
(8) (AU AM 2017)
(ii) Explain about line dropping and load rejection in integrated power system.
(8) (AU AM 2017)-2
3. Describe in detail about the causes of over voltages due to various faults occurring in a power
system. (16)(AU ND 2016)
4. Examine the computation of Transients in power system using EMPT. (16)(AU ND 2016)-2
5. Discuss in detail about the kilometric fault with necessary diagrams, expressions and voltage
and recovery voltage wave forms. (16)(AU AM 2016)
6. Explain the voltage transients on closing and reclosing of lines and switching surges on
integrated system. (16)(AU AM 2016)-5
7. (i) Explain in detail about the short line fault. (6)(AU ND 2015)
(ii) Discuss about the switching surges on integrated system with suitable example.
(10)(AU ND 2015)
8. (i) Describe how the voltage is distributed in a power system. (8)(AU AM 2015)
(ii) Derive the voltage transients on reclosing lines. (8)(AU AM 2015)
9. Explain in detail how EMTP is used for the computation of transients in power system.
(16)(AU AM 2015)-2
10. What is meant by switching surges? Explain in detail about the switching surges in
integrated system. (16)(AU ND 2014)-4
11. Briefly explain the following :
(i) Kilometric fault (4)(AU ND 2014)
(ii) Line dropping (4)(AU ND 2014)
(iii) Over voltage induced by fault (4)(AU ND 2014)
(iv) Voltage transients due to closing of lines (4)(AU ND 2014)
12. (i) With a neat schematic diagram, explain the distribution of voltages in the power
system. (10)(AU AM 2014)
(ii) Explain briefly about the switching surges on integrated system. (6)(AU AM 2014)
13. (i) Explain the occurrence of over voltages in power systems due to faults.
(10)(AU AM 2014)
(ii) Write short note on line dropping and load rejection. (6)(AU AM 2014)
14. Discuss briefly the following :
(i) Short line fault (8)(AU ND 2014)
(ii) Over voltage induced by faults (8)(AU ND 2014)
15. (i) Explain the line dropping and load rejection. (8)(AU AM 2014)
(ii) Explain the causes of transients on closing and reclosing of
transmission lines.
(8)(AU AM 2014)
16. Discuss the following in detail.
(i) Over voltage induced by faults. (8)(AU ND2013)
(ii) Line dropping and load rejection. (8)(AU ND2013)-2
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