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Mains Value Addition 2.0
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Contents
Basic Content .......................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
Constitution ................................................................................................................... 2
UN Human Rights ......................................................................................................... 4
GS 1 ......................................................................................................... 5
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Caste ............................................................................ 5
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Dowry........................................................................... 5
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Population issues ......................................................... 5
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Women......................................................................... 6
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Sports ...........................................................................8
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Urbanisation ................................................................8
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Poverty .........................................................................8
GS 2 ....................................................................................................... 9
Landmark judgments..................................................................................................... 9
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Ordinance issue ......................................................... 12
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Constitution related issues ........................................ 12
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Governance ................................................................ 13
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Polity topics ............................................................... 15
Keywords/Facts/Examples for Social Justice ............................................................. 16
GS 4 ...................................................................................................... 18
Basic Content
Introduction
Every extra mark you get in UPSC makes a hell lot of difference. That extra one mark may be
helpful in getting you in the list or it may help you get more preferred service or cadre. The
purpose of this module is to
Ensure that you score that one extra mark wherever possible
Add value to your answer
Maximize your marks in each paper
So in totality we write around 110 – 135 questions. If we try to add value to each of these questions
and try to increase marks by ½ or 1 then it will make a substantial difference. However it is not as
easy as it sounds. Nevertheless if from now onwards we develop such approach it can be very
fruitful.
Requirements:
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1. Know your syllabus: One must be well versed with syllabus. Whenever you are going
through newspaper or any article and you come across anything interesting which can be
any data/ figure/case study /SC-HC judgement/quotation etc. you must note it down and
think about which topic and type of question it can be used in.
2. Go through Previous year Question Paper: One must be thorough with various type
of question being asked. It will help you in picking right kind of information from various
news.
3. Note making and Revision: Note down the information in your notes and integrate it
with the topic/issue. Revise it again and again so that you remember it properly and
reproduce it in the examination.
4. Practice: Always try to add value to your answer whenever you are writing answer whether
it is at home or in test series.
In this module, we have extracted some of the facts/ case studies/ examples from IAS4Sure notes
which you can use in your answers. This value addition is an art and thus more you practice, more
you will be able to improve your answers. So start using these facts in your answers from today
itself.
These notes are just a sample and their purpose is to give you idea about how you can use
facts/examples to improve quality of answers and how same fact can be used in multiple topics.
We plan to continue this Value Added Module with emphasis on various issues in current affairs as
well as for Ethics. So keep checking in future.
You can access all our notes for free on our website www.ias4sure.com. In case you want to access
our notes in offline mode or read them on mobile, you can subscribe here
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Constitution
Our constitution also provides us with great content which can be used as fillers in our answer and
it will always be most authentic way to improve quality of our answers.
Fundamental Duties:
Almost everything can be linked to Fundamental duties like corruption, crime, hate against
women, communal riots , RTE, illiteracy etc. etc. So, try to use them in your answers. Read them
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again and again. You don't need to quote entire statement. Just mention as "eradicating illiteracy
is also a fundamental duty as per our constitution." or "maintaining high standard for safety for
women is a fundamental duty of each Indian as per our constitution."
To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the
National Anthem;
To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India
transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women;
To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life,
and to have compassion for living creatures;
To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the
nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;
Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward, as the
case may be, between the age of six to fourteen years
Fundamental Rights
You should mention the rights guaranteed by our constitution wherever you can. It is better if you
mention specific article number like : Restricting temple entry of women is against their right of
equality (A 15) as guaranteed to them by Indian Constitution.
So, read them again and again and try to interlink them with current issues.
You can link almost every current issues with some article in FRs. Like
Child Labour (A 24)
Child Education (A 21)
Undertrials (A 21)
Environment (A 21)
Street Vendors (A 19) etc.
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A 42 : Humane condition of work; Maternity relief; Link it with Vishakha case i.e. sexual
harassment at workplace
A 43 : Living wages; Social and Cultural opportunities; Link it with inflation and low salaries
A 44 : Uniform Civil Code
A 45 : Education
A 46 : SC/ST and weaker sections
A 47 : Nutrition; Standard of living; Ban on Alcohol; Link it with mal nutrition issue
A 48 : Agriculture and Animal husbandry;
A 49 : Protection of monuments and place of importance; Link it with tourism
A 50 : Separation of Judiciary and Executive; Link it with NJAC issue and judicial
appointments.
Preamble
See keywords like Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Justice (Social, Economic, Political),
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity etc. You can mention these keywords in your answers like "This is
against the dignity of individual as specified in preamble of our constitution and guaranteed by A
21."
UN Human Rights
For ex. A question on Khap came in 2015. Even if you didn't know the specific answer to that
question, you can write that Khaps violate basic human rights as defined by UN declaration of
Human Rights like Right to Freedom, Right to a fair trial, Freedom of speech, Freedom of
movement etc. In this way you can generate good content.
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Keywords
Universal Declaration of Human Rights : All human rights were declared and this declaration
was adopted by almost all countries in world.
Basic rights:
o Right to life
o Freedom from torture
o Freedom from slavery
o Right to fair trial
o Freedom of speech
o Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
o Freedom of movement
GS 1
National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data shows a rising graph in the number of dowry
cases registered:
o ~9,000 for 2012
o 10,050 for 2014
Section 498A of IPC
Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961
Census data shows that mean age for marriage has increased 18.3 to 19.3 years for female and
22.6 to 23.3 years for males, fertility had declined [from 2.5 to 2.2] for all age groups in the
last decade.
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Female sterilization contributes to more than 95% of all sterilizations in India. Chhattisgarh
case.
Can be used in topics: Population issues, Gender bias, Lack of foresight in government
policies, Lack of Medical facilities, Drawbacks of target based approach etc.
Chhattisgarh Case
Demographic dividend
Following can be used in question related to gender development, discrimination, bias, need of
protecting rights of women etc.
McKinsey Report: "The Power of Parity”: If gender gap is filled by 2025 then Indian GDP
could increase by 60%.
'Himmat' app released by Delhi government: How technology can be used in safety of
Women.
UN report “Cyber violence against women and girls" - 73% women reported facing
violence online.
Can be used in topics: Gender Bias, Women Safety, Cyber crimes etc.
In 21 out of 30 Indian states, female voter turnout exceeded male turnout in their most recent
assembly elections – Election Commission.
Can be used in topics: Women empowerment, Elections in India, Indian Politics, Role of
women etc.
The general election of 16th Lok Sabha reveals that out of 543 members only 66 members are
women making up to 12.16% despite the fact that women make 50% of country‘s population.
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The recent incident of throwing off two women from a bus by its conductor in the presence of
15 other co-passengers points to the apathy of Indian citizens towards the persisting
discrimination and oppression of women in our society.
Only 13 persons were convicted out of the 639 charge sheeted in 2014 under the Protection of
Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.
Can be used in topics: Women issues, Gender disparity, Failure of our legal system etc.
GER of girls in elementary education has improved dramatically, from 66% in 1991 to 97% in
2014.
GER of girls has also improved in higher education, from 7.5% in 2002–03 to close to 20% in
2012–13 (just a shade behind boys at 22%).
Out of the total 397 million workers in India, 123.9 million are women and of these women
96% of female workers are in the unorganized sector.
Marital Rape:
o Right to bodily integrity
o Self determination
o Justice Verma Committee
o IPC Section 375
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e-waste :
o 1.7 million tonne e-waste produced in India in 2014
o Under, E-Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2011, EPR: Extended Producer
Responsibility. Manufacturers have to set up collection centre for their product
o E-Waste (Management) Rules 2016: CFL and other mercury lamp now in ambit of e-
waste
Solid Waste:
o 62 million waste produced annually.
o Only 70% collected
o Only 28 per cent of solid waste can be treated scientifically at present
o Best Practices : Solid Waste management practiced in Alleppey, Kerala. The
municipality bears no cost for collection and transportation. In this unique model, every
household segregates its waste, composts it, or makes biogas out of its wet waste. The
municipality collects dry waste weekly. For households that cannot treat their waste in-
house, every ward has community sheds, where people come from 7-9 in the morning to
give their wet waste and deposit the dry waste
o Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
UN Habitat estimates that by 2030 India will have 14 major clusters of cities accounting for
40 per cent of its GDP
Municipal Bonds : To raise money for urban governance and infrastructure development.
By 2030, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region will be more populous than Australia and, with its
GDP at about $230 billion in 2030, its economy will be bigger than that of Thailand or Hong
Kong today
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GS 2
Landmark judgments
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o In this landmark judgment, the Supreme Court declared that the rights of citizens to
move the court for violation of Articles 14, 21 and 22 would remain suspended during
emergencies.
o Yet another PIL by M C Mehta resulted in the CNG verdict (July 28, 1998) that forced
the vehicles in the capital to switch to a different fuel in order to keep a check on
vehicular pollution.
Section 377 case (Naz Foundation v Govt of NCT of Delhi) - July 2009
o Cause for rejoicing for homosexuals.
o In 2009 the Supreme Court declared Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 as
unconstitutional. The said section earlier criminalised sexual activities “against the
order of nature” which included homosexual acts. This judgment however, was
overturned by the Supreme in December, 2013
Illegalising convicted MPs and MLAs (Lily Thomas v Union Of India) - July 2013
o Effected much-needed cleansing of legislative bodies.
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o The Supreme Court of India, in this judgment, ruled that any member of Parliament
(MP), member of the legislative assembly (MLA) or member of a legislative council
(MLC) who was convicted of a crime and awarded a minimum of two-year
imprisonment, would lose membership of the House with immediate effect.
Shabnam Hashmi case refers to right guaranteed by Indian law to adopt child with all
legal rights.
SC in Mathura Ahir case reiterated that personal law are not law under article 13 i.e. They
are not immutable.
Supreme Court in cases like MP Sharma and Kharak Singh case have mentioned that
Right to Privacy is implicit in Preamble and Article 21.
SC in P. Rathinam case for decriminalizing suicide stated that former should include also
the "right not to live a forced life" or "right to die".
Madras High Court judgement that the freedom of expressions of artists and authors
should be protected and instead of asking them not to publish/display their work by citing
reasons of law and order, the state should focus on maintaining law and order
Article 123
Governor of Bihar promulgated more than 250 ordinances in the 1970s and kept that them
alive for 1 to 14 years by re promulgation.
In RC Cooper vs. Union of India(1970) the Supreme Court while examining the
constitutionality of the Banking Companies Ordinance, 1969 which sought to nationalize 14
of India's largest commercial banks, held that the President's decision can be challenged on
the grounds that 'immediate action' was not required and the ordinance was passed primarily
to by-pass the debate and discussion in legislature.
In DC Wadhwa vs. State of Bihar(1987), the court was examining that the then state
government continued to re-promulgate ordinances without enacting their provisions into
Acts of legislature.
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Amendment procedure
o Article 368 in Part XX
o Golaknath Case: constitutional amendments through Article 368 were subject to
fundamental rights;
o Keshavananda Case : where the doctrine was espoused that the Constitution has a basic
structure of constitutional principles and values and that the judiciary has the power to
review and strike down amendments which conflict with, or seek to alter, this basic
structure of the Constitution
o Minerva Mills Case : that applied and evolved the basic structure doctrine of
the Constitution, unanimously ruling that Parliament cannot exercise unlimited power
to alter this basic structure or tread upon the fundamental rights of individuals,
including the right to liberty and equality.
Compulsory Voting
o Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2009 assented by new Governor
o Previous Governor had stated that compulsory voting violated Article 21 of the
Constitution and the principles of individual liberty that permits an individual not to
vote.
Defamation:
o Defamation is both a civil and criminal offence in India
o Section 499 of IPC defines defamation
o Section 500 determines the punishment
o SC has ruled that criminal defamation is not unconstitutional
o UK has abolished criminal defamtion
o Critics argue : It is against A 19, Creates chilling effect.
DISHA: Program to create synergy between centre, state and local governments.
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Bad:
Private investment not picking up
“Ease of doing business” and Make in India programmes, MUDRA, Start-Up India
action plan and Stand-Up etc. not leading to any concrete output.
Road Accidents:
400 people lost their lives every day on India’s roads : Road Safety Report, 2015
Eighty per cent of road accidents are termed “fault of the driver”, according to a 2013
analysis by the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
WHO - Nearly 2,00,000 people are killed in road accidents in India, second highest
globally behind China
Government Advertisement:
BB Tondon committee
RTI:
Only 36 per cent in rural and 38 per cent urban areas have heard of the RTI Act
45% public information officers did not received any training
Many significant disclosures like - 2G, CWG
e-Governance:
Digitisation of land records
PAHAL scheme
e-Seva
Meghdoot
ITR filing
PRAGATI
CPGRAMs
PM App
Police Reforms
Police is a state subject in Schedule VII
NCRB Report
o Low conviction rates. Conviction rate is 46.9% under IPC crimes
o About 300% increase in agrarian riots. Depicts weak law and order in hinterland
and rising lawlessness.
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The Supreme Court has ordered States and Union Territories to upload, on police or
government websites, First Information Reports (FIRs) within 24 hours of their
registration in police stations
Prakash Singh vs UoI
14th FC report:
o Mention its impact on all answers related to centre-state-local issues
o 42% devolution to states
o 5% to ULBs
o 2 % for natural calamities.
o Reduction in number of CSS
Centre-State issues:
o 14th FC impact
o Number of CSS
o A 356; President Rule
o Governor post ; Sarkaria recommendations
o Discretionary Funds under A 275
o Puncchii Report ; Movement of forces; Localised Emergency
o GST
President Rule:
o Uttarakhand Issue
o Arunachal Pradesh Issue
o A 256;
o SR Bommai Case (President Rule can be challenged by SC); SC guidelines; 2006 Bihar
Assembly dissolution
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o Centre recalled Gujarat anti-terror bill fearing that President might not give assent to it.
President returned bill seeking additional information after which the legislation was
withdrawn.
NGO :
o Example - Pratham’s flagship program, Read India, aims to improve the reading,
writing and basic arithmetic skills of children between 6-14 years
o FCRA issue
Health:
o India is home to 10% of world‘s tobacco consumption, the second largest after china.
(WHO data)
o Rashtriya Aarogya Nidhi
o The literacy rate among disabled has increased to 54.5% in 2011. It was 49.3% in 2001
o National Health Policy 2015
o 57% of those who claimed to be allopathic doctors in 2001 did not have any medical
qualification : WHO Report
o India has 36 doctors per lakh population
o Indians spent eight times more on private hospitals and twice as much on transporting
patients compared to costs in government hospitals during financial year 2013-14
o MCI corruption : Root cause of sub optimal medical education in India
o NEET
o National Family Health Survey - IV
o Non Communicable Disease cause 53% of all deaths in India
o India spends ~1% on healthcare (Too less. 4% desired)
o 86% of expenditure is out of pocket
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Education:
o Focus on Apprenticeship
o ASMITA - An online database which will carry information of student attendance and
enrolment, learning outcomes, mid-day meal service and infrastructural facilities among
others
o The Education Policy of 1968, based on the recommendations of the Kothari
commission (1964-66), decided that Indian public expenditure on education must be
6% of gross domestic product (GDP).
o This goal was reaffirmed in the New Education Policy of 1986 and its revision in 1992,
with a suggestion that every attempt must be made to go beyond 6%.
o India has never reached even near this goal.
o The closest it has come was in 2001, when this number hit 4.4%.
o GIAN - Global Initiative of Academic Network
o Higher Education Financing Agency
o Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan
o About 1 Lakh schools are run by a single teacher. The teacher performs a range of tasks
in these schools (housing survey, economic survey, census duty, voter identity card duty,
managing mid meal etc.)
o 28:1 average pupil teacher ratio. The ratio can be as high as 100:1 in some schools.
o Around 3% of GDP is spent on education
o 13% teachers in the country are on contracts. They are low paid and at times, not
qualified enough too.
o Close to 90% teacher training institutes are in the private sector. Many are on low
quality.
o UGC reforms - Hari Gautam Committee
o The number of universities has multiplied 40 times since UGC establishment
o Student enrolment has increased a hundred fold since UGC establishment
Child Abuse
o Only 15 cases are decided out of registered 312 cases under Protection of Children from
Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act in Delhi since 2013 (2.4% conviction rate)
o POCSO e-box launched: It is an online complaint management system for easy and
direct reporting of sexual offences against children and timely action against offenders
under POCSO Act, 2012
o >50% of children have faced one or more forms of sexual abuses.
Child Labour
o Child labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on part or
full-time basis.
o The 2011 National Census shows that ~40 lakh children ages 5 to 14 work for 6 or more
months during the year.
o India tops the list when it comes to the number of children still living and working in
bonded labour and slave conditions.
o Children are forced to work as bonded laborers in brick kilns to pay off family debts
owed to moneylenders and employers.
o Children from India’s rural areas migrate for employment in industries, such as carpet
making, spinning mills, and cottonseed production.
o Children are trafficked within India for commercial sexual exploitation and forced
labour in domestic service.
Discrimination
o Rohit Vemula Suicide
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o The number of registered cases of anti-Dalit atrocities jumped by 17.1 per cent in 2013
(compared to 2012) according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
o Article 17 abolishes untouchability
o Article 23 prohibits bonded labour and
o Article 15(2) stipulates that no citizen should be subject to restriction with regard to
access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of entertainment, the use of wells,
tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort on the grounds of caste.
o Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Open Defection
o NSS 72nd survey: 52.1% of people in rural India choose open defecation compared to
7.5% in urban India
GS 4
In Paper IV you need to find some personalities which you can write in your answers. You can
create a table like below and revise it many times so that you can instantly write the names in
your exams.
You can also use names of current/recent Civil Servants to give a touch of uniqueness to your
answers. For ex.
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You need to remember definitions of all important key words used in ethics. We are providing
short and crisp definitions of most of the terms. You can add your own examples to them.
Empathy Sympathy
Empathy is when you try to understand how the particular individual may be feeling. You
may very well imagine yourself in the same situation, developing in your mind the same
emotions as the person you are feeling empathy for. By showing your empathy, you are
creating a passive emotion towards an individual. Although you feel the same emotions, you
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do not take actions on your feelings; you do nothing to alleviate the emotions of the person
you are feeling empathy for.
Compassion is a word used to express the same feeling as empathy. Yet when you feel
compassion, you have more of a desire to take action. You can understand a person’s pain.
You place yourself in the shoes of the individual, but you feel that you want to achieve more.
Compassion is an emotion which calls for action.
Both sympathy and empathy are acts of feelings. With sympathy though, you feel for the
person. You pity or feel sorry for them but you do not necessarily understand what they are
actually feeling. As a result of this you tend to have no choice but feel sympathetic for the
person because you do not understand the problem or predicament that they are presently
having.
With empathy to an extent you are placing yourself in the persons place, you have a good
sense of how they feel, and you also understand their feelings to some degree.
Courage: the quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face difficulty, danger, pain,
etc., without fear
Convenience : the state of being able to proceed with something without difficulty. Ease.
Comfort
Complacency : an instance of usually unaware self-satisfaction.
Caring: displaying kindness and concern for others.
Duty Vs Responsibility: Both duty and responsibility are one's obligation as both denote
something expected out of a person. However, responsibility involves a sense of ''ownership''
and duty a sense of ''Imposition''.
Example : while payment of tax is a civic 'duty' for every citizen not all understand the
'responsibility' attached to it which leads to tax avoidance and evasion
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Equity : Equity represents fairness with consideration for weaker sections. It focuses on
equality of outcomes. This involves factoring in aspects of the system that have put particular
groups at a disadvantage.
Fairness: is the quality of making judgments that are free from discrimination.
Favoritism: the practice of giving unfair preferential treatment to one person or group at
the expense of another.
Honesty : Quality of being free of deceit; truthful and sincere.
Humanism: a rationalist outlook attaching prime importance to human rather than divine
or supernatural matters.
Involvement : participating
Intelligence : the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.
Integrity : the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.
Intellectual Humility: Having a consciousness of the limits of one's knowledge, including a
sensitivity to circumstances in which one's native egocentrism is likely to function self-
deceptively; sensitivity to bias, prejudice and limitations of one's viewpoint. Intellectual
humility depends on recognizing that one should not claim more than one actually knows. It
does not imply spinelessness or submissiveness. It implies the lack of intellectual
pretentiousness, boastfulness, or conceit, combined with insight into the logical foundations,
or lack of such foundations, of one's beliefs.
Intellectual Courage: Having a consciousness of the need to face and fairly address ideas,
beliefs or viewpoints toward which we have strong negative emotions and to which we have
not given a serious hearing. This courage is connected with the recognition that ideas
considered dangerous or absurd are sometimes rationally justified (in whole or in part) and
that conclusions and beliefs inculcated in us are sometimes false or misleading. To determine
for ourselves which is which, we must not passively and uncritically "accept" what we have
"learned." Intellectual courage comes into play here, because inevitably we will come to see
some truth in some ideas considered dangerous and absurd, and distortion or falsity in some
ideas strongly held in our social group. We need courage to be true to our own thinking in
such circumstances. The penalties for non-conformity can be severe.
Intellectual Empathy: Having a consciousness of the need to imaginatively put oneself in
the place of others in order to genuinely understand them, which requires the consciousness
of our egocentric tendency to identify truth with our immediate perceptions of long-standing
thought or belief. This trait correlates with the ability to reconstruct accurately the viewpoints
and reasoning of others and to reason from premises, assumptions, and ideas other than our
own. This trait also correlates with the willingness to remember occasions when we were
wrong in the past despite an intense conviction that we were right, and with the ability to
imagine our being similarly deceived in a case-at-hand.
Intellectual Autonomy: Having rational control of one's beliefs, values, and inferences,
The ideal of critical thinking is to learn to think for oneself, to gain command over one's
thought processes. It entails a commitment to analyzing and evaluating beliefs on the basis of
reason and evidence, to question when it is rational to question, to believe when it is rational
to believe, and to conform when it is rational to conform.
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Mains Value Addition 2.0
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Liberal : willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own; open to
new ideas.
Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards
the achievement of a goal
Morality: principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad
behaviour.
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Mains Value Addition 2.0
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Probity : the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency.
Selflessness : having little or no concern for oneself, especially with regard to fame,
position, money
Transparency operates in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are
performed
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Utilitarianism: the doctrine that actions are right if they are for the benefit of a majority.
The doctrine that an action is right in so far as it promotes happiness, and that the greatest
happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct.
Uprightness: the condition or quality of being honorable or honest; rectitude.
Basic Values:
Nolan committee defined standards of public life which serves as a foundation of probity in
governance. According to him, "7 principles of Public Life" needed are:
1. Objectivity
2. Selflessness
3. Honesty
4. Integrity
5. Leadership
6. Accountability
7. Openness
O-SHILA-O
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