Turbin

HPT IPT
Superheater

Steam

Reheater
drum

Economizer
Feedwater

Boiler
Heater Boiler
feed pum

Flue gas
Fly ash
Burners
Coal
Flue + fly a

Air
heater

INGM 427 Mills

Headers
Forced
fan

Termovloeierstelsel Ontwerp Primary air

fan
Bottom
ash

Thermal-fluid System Design

Leereenheid: Pomp Seleksie

Study Unit: Pump Selection

2018-08-07
Mr Marinus Potgieter
20268890@nwu.ac.za
INGM 427

PUMP SELECTION
• Pump head, flow rate and best efficiency point
• Nett positive suction head
• Primary and secondary losses
• Pump curve vs. system resistance curve
• Operating point, efficiency, power and NPSH
• Impeller sizes and pump speeds
PUMP SPECIFICATIONS
Uses and classification
• Pumps come in various shapes and sizes and the applications vary
greatly. From small vehicle fuel pumps to massive boiler feed pumps.
• By definition a pump is a mechanical device which causes flow of liquids
or slurries.
• In INGM 413 you studied the action of angular momentum addition
and velocity changes which then increase the pressure through a pump.
• This module will focus on large centrifugal type pumps for heavy
industry.
• Such pumps are classified according to industry / application and if it is
a high pressure / high flow requirement.
• Uses include water circulation, transport and distribution networks,
feed water system pumps, condensate extraction pumps, bearing oil
pumps, slurry transport, and dredging.
 KSB
Royal IHC Netherlands

Multistage centrifugal
Single stage centrifugal

Suomu Pumps Dickow Pumps

PUMP SPECIFICATIONS
Uses and classification
• Pumps come in various shapes and sizes and the applications vary
greatly. From small water fountain pumps to massive boiler feed
pumps.
• By definition a pump is a mechanical device which causes flow of liquids
or slurries.
• In INGM 413 you studied the action of angular momentum addition
and velocity changes which then induces flow whilst also increasing the
pressure through a pump.
• This module will focus on large centrifugal pumps for heavy industry.
• Such pumps are classified according to industry or application and
whether it is a high pressure or high flow requirement.
• Uses include water circulation, transport and distribution networks,
feed water system pumps, condensate extraction pumps, bearing oil
pumps, slurry transport, and dredging.
PUMP SPECIFICATIONS
Head, flowrate and best efficiency point
• The pressure increase over a pump can be measured and varies with
different flowrates through the pump.
• The flowrate is dependant on the system resistance – essentially the
pressure drop which occurs through the system to which the pump is
connected.
• The pump efficiency or ratio of shaft power supplied to the pump to
power transferred to the fluid is also a function of flowrate
• The pressure increase is specified as head in [m] of water. This
definition is used widely in industry and is a convenient way to
“estimate” the height to which a pump could force a column of water.
• Pressure = density x gravitational acceleration x height
p    g h
• Units:  Pa  =  mkg  ×  sm  ×m =  mkg  ×  kg
3 2 3
N N
 ×  m  =  m  =  Pa 
 
2
 
PUMP SPECIFICATIONS
Head, flowrate and best efficiency point
• The head is pressure converted to the height of a specific fluid with a
certain density – mostly water. Or for interest’s sake with blood
pressure measurements it is [mm Hg] or mm of mercury.
• Therefore if the pump head is specified in [m H2O] and the same pump
is used with a liquid of different density, the actual head delivered will
be less for a more dense liquid.
• Pumps are therefore specified according to the head which the pump
delivers with a certain flowrate at its best efficiency.
• The full range of pump performance must however be specified on a
chart for varying flowrate and will include curves for the change in
efficiency as well.
• Another important parameter is the net positive suction head (NPSH)
which is essential to consider in order to prevent cavitation of the
pump’s impeller.
PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES
Head, efficiency, power and NPSH for range of flow rates

70
80
60 70
60
50
Pump Head (m)

% Efficiency
10 50

Pump Power (kW)

40 8
40
6
30 30
4
2.0
20 2 20

NPSHR (m)
1.5
0
1.0 10
10
0.5 0
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Volumetric Flowrate (m3/hour)
PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES
Efficiency curves are usually indicated in this way:

70

60

50
Pump Head (m)

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Volumetric Flowrate (m3/hour)
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
Total pressure, static pressure, dynamic pressure
• A flow with certain a velocity has momentum and this contributes to an
addition to the static pressure (pressure of the fluid would it be
brought to a standstil) if measured into the flow direction.
p0  pstatic  12 V 2   gz

Absolute pressure vs. gauge pressure

• Absolute pressure is the pressure at which a fluid is relative to a
perfect vacuum. Gauge pressure is the difference between fluid
pressure (static or dynamic, depending on the measurement method)
and some reference point, usually atmospheric pressure.
pabsolute  pmeasured  preference
p0,abs  p0  pref  pstatic  12 V 2   gh  patmospheric
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
Momentum Conservation
• Recall from fluid mechanics theory that forces acting on a fluid will
cause momentum changes.
• The surface roughness along inner pipe walls, sudden constriction or
diverging flow paths, the twisting along sharp bends or through valves,
these are all examples of typical flow field disruptions which causes
momentum drop in flow.
• Bernoulli’s principle describes the change in velocity, pressure and
potential energy of a fluid – all which relate to changes in momentum
p1  12 V12   gz1  p2  12 V22   gz2

• Or in terms of head:
V12 V22  p 
H1   z1  H 2   z2  H
2g 2g  g 
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
Pressure Losses
• Although only valid for certain flow conditions (moslty incompressible
newtonian liquids, no lossis) this gives us a good idea of the pressure a
pump would typically have to overcome in a system with pressure
losses.
p0, L   pe  12 Ve2   gze    pi  12 Vi 2   gzi   Constant

• The Darcy-Weisbach equation expresses the pressure loss in a system

as [m] head due to the frictional forces acting on an incompressible
fluid in a pipe to the average flow velocity.
L V2
hL  f  
D 2g
with f the friction factor (which can be obtained from a Moody Chart) and D the
pipe diameter and L its length
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
Primary and Secondary Pressure Losses
• Add to this the effects of any secondary losses due to turbulent effects
or flow separation (such as bends, outlet geometry, vlaves, etc.) we get
the expression for total losses:

fL
p0, L  1
2 V 2   K 12 V 2
DH

• The system resistance can be defined as the total change in height plus
the pressure loss in the system, which would have to be overcome by a
pump in order to achieve a flow.
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
Primary Pressure Losses
Moody Chart

Relative Roughness
Friction Factor f

Reynolds Number Re
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
Secondary Pressure Losses
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
The System Resistance Curve
• From the explanation on pressure loss, it is clear that changes in
elevation, velocity and other parameters will affect the pressure losses
in a system.
p0, L  f V , z 

• If we assume a fixed system of which the geometry and heights are

fixed, the pressure drop only becomes a function of the volumetric
flowrate.
p0,L  f  Q  Q
m

Q
V
A
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
The System Resistance Curve
• From the explanation on pressure loss, it is clear that changes in
elevation, velocity and other parameters will affect the pressure losses
in a system.
p0, L  f V , z 

• If we assume a fixed system of which the geometry and heights are

fixed, the pressure drop only becomes a function of the volumetric
flowrate.
m Q
p0,L  f  Q  Q V
 A

p0,L
• In terms of head loss: HL 
g
SYSTEM RESISTANCE CURVES
System head loss for a range of flow rates
Reference Density ρ = 1000 kg/m3

70

60

50
Head Loss (m)

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Volumetric Flowrate (m3/hour)
PUMP OPERATING POINT
Pump Performance vs. System Resistance = Operating Point
Reference Density ρ = 1000 kg/m3

70

60

50
Head Loss (m)

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Volumetric Flowrate (m3/hour)
PUMP OPERATING POINT
Pump Operating Point
• You are used to reading a “y” value from a chart by using a known “x”
value.

• But with the pump curve, the intersection with the system resistance
curve shows the pressure which the pump must reach when
connected to that system in order for flow to occur.

• The resulting flowrate can be therefore read from this overlay plot
along with the pump efficiency and power requirements.