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Psychology Optional Paper – I Syllabus

Foundations of Psychology
1. Introduction:

 Definition of Psychology;
 Historical antecedents of Psychology and trends in the 21st century;
 Psychology and scientific methods;
 Psychology in relation to other social sciences and natural sciences;
 Application of Psychology to societal problems.

2. Methods of Psychology:

 Types of research: Descriptive, evaluative, diagnostic and prognostic;


 Methods of Research: Survey, observation, case-study and experiments;
 Characteristics of experimental design and non-experimental design, Quasi-
experimental designs; Focussed group discussions, brain storming, grounded
theory approach.

3. Research Methods:

 Major steps in Psychological research (problem statement, hypothesis formulation,


research designs, sampling, tools of data collection, analysis and interpretation
and report writing)
 Fundamental versus applied research;
 Methods of data collection (interview, observation, questionnaire);
 Research designs (ex-post facto and experimental);
 Application of statistical technique (t – test, two way ANOVA correlation, regression
and factor analysis);
 Item response theory.

4. Development of Human Behaviour:

 Growth and development; Principles of development,


 Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining human behaviour;
 Influence of cultural factors in socialization;
 Life span development – Characteristics, development tasks, promoting
psychological well-being across major stages of the life span.

5. Sensation, Attention and Perception:


 Sensation: concepts of threshold, absolute and difference thresholds, signal-
detection and vigilance;
 Factors influencing attention including set and characteristics of stimulus;
 Definition and concept of perception, biological factors in perception;
 Perceptual organization-influence of past experiences, perceptual defence-factors
influencing space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual readiness;
 The plasticity of perception;
 Extrasensory perception;
 Culture and perception,
 Subliminal perception.

6. Learning:

 Concept and theories of learning (Behaviourists, Gestaltalist and Information


processing models);
 The Processes of extinction, discrimination and generalization;
 Programmed learning, probability learning, self-instructional learning, concepts;
 Types and the schedules of reinforcement, escape, avoidance and punishment,
modeling and social learning.

7. Memory:

 Encoding and remembering;


 Short term memory, Long term memory, Sensory memory, Iconic memory, Echoic
memory:
 The Multistore model, levels of processing; Organization and Mnemonic
techniques to improve memory;
 Theories of forgetting: decay, interference and retrieval failure: Metamemory;
 Amnesia: Anterograde and retrograde.

8. Thinking and Problem Solving:

 Piaget’s theory of cognitive development;


 Concept formation processes; Information processing, Reasoning and problem
solving, Facilitating and hindering factors in problem solving,
 Methods of problem solving: Creative thinking and fostering creativity; Factors
influencing decision making and judgment;
 Recent trends.

9. Motivation and Emotion:

 Psychological and physiological basis of motivation and emotion;


 Measurement of motivation and emotion;
 Effects of motivation and emotion on behaviour; Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation;
 Factors influencing intrinsic motivation;
 Emotional competence and the related issues.
10. Intelligence and Aptitude:

 Concept of intelligence and aptitude,


 Nature and theories of intelligence – Spearman, Thurstone, Gullford Vernon,
Sternberg and J.P; Das;
 Emotional Intelligence, Social intelligence, measurement of intelligence and
aptitudes,
 concept of IQ, deviation IQ, constancy of IQ; Measurement of multiple intelligence;
 Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

11. Personality:

 Definition and concept of personality;


 Theories of personality (psychoanalytical, sociocultural, interpersonal,
developmental, humanistic, behaviouristic, trait and type approaches);
 Measurement of personality (projective tests, pencil-paper test);
 The Indian approach to personality;
 Training for personality development;
 Latest approaches like big 5 factor theory;
 The notion of self in different traditions.

12. Attitudes, Values and Interests:

 Definition of attitudes, values and interests;


 Components of attitudes; Formation and maintenance of attitudes;
 Measurement of attitudes, values and interests;
 Theories of attitude change; Strategies for fostering values;
 Formation of stereotypes and prejudices; Changing others behaviour;
 Theories of attribution;
 Recent trends.

13. Language and Communication:

 Human language – Properties, structure and linguistic hierarchy, Language


acquisition- predisposition, critical period hypothesis;
 Theories of language development – Skinner and Chomsky; Process and types of
communication – effective communication training.

14. Issues and Perspectives in Modern Contemporary Psychology:

 Computer application in the psychological laboratory and psychological testing;


 Artificial intelligence; Psychocybernetics;
 Study of consciousness-sleep-wake schedules; dreams, stimulus deprivation,
meditation, hypnotic/drug induced states;
 Extrasensory perception; Intersensory perception Simulation studies.
Psychology Optional Paper – II Syllabus
Psychology: Issues and Applications
1. Psychological Measurement of Individual Differences:

 The nature of individual differences;


 Characteristics and construction of standardized psychological tests;
 Types of psychological tests;
 Use, misuse and limitation of psychological tests;
 Ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.

2. Psychological well being and Mental Disorders:

 Concept of health-ill health;


 Positive health, well being;
 Causal factors in mental disorders (Anxiety disorders, mood disorders,
schizophrenia and delusional disorders;
 personality disorders, substance abuse disorders);
 Factors influencing positive health, well being, life style and quality of life;
 Happiness disposition.

3. Therapeutic Approaches:

 Psychodynamic therapies;
 Behaviour therapies;
 Client centered therapy;
 Cognitive therapies;
 Indigenous therapies (Yoga, Meditation);
 Bio-feedback therapy;
 Prevention and rehabilitation of the mentally ill;
 Fostering mental health.

4. Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour:

 Personnel selection and training; Use of psychological tests in the industry;


 Training and human resource development;
 Theories of work motivation – Herzberg, Maslow, Adam Equity theory, Porter and
Lawler, Vroom;
 Leadership and participatory management;
 Advertising and marketing;
 Stress and its management;
 Ergonomics; consumer psychology;
 Managerial effectiveness;
 Transformational leadership;
 Sensitivity training;
 Power and politics in organizations.

5. Application of Psychology to Educational Field:

 Psychological principles underlying effective teaching-learning process;


 Learning styles; Gifted, retarded, learning disabled and their training;
 Training for improving memory and better academic achievement;
 Personality development and value education, Educational, vocational guidance
and career counseling;
 Use of psychological tests in educational institutions;
 Effective strategies in guidance programmes.

6. Community Psychology:

 Definition and concept of community psychology;


 Use of small groups in social action; Arousing community consciousness and
action for handling social problems;
 Group decision making and leadership for social change; Effective strategies for
social change.

7. Rehabilitation Psychology:

 Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes-role of psychologists;


 Organising of services for rehabilitation of physically, mentally and socially
challenged persons including old persons, Rehabilitation of persons suffering from
substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, criminal behaviour;
 Rehabilitation of victims of violence, Rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS victims, the role of
social agencies.

8. Application of Psychology to disadvantaged groups:

 The concepts of disadvantaged, deprivation; Social, physical, cultural and


economic consequences of disadvantaged and deprived groups;
 Educating and motivating the disadvantaged towards development; Relative and
prolonged deprivation.

9. Psychological problems of social integration:

 The concept of social integration;


 The problem of caste, class, religion and language conflicts and prejudice;
 Nature and manifestation of prejudice between the in-group and out-group;
 Causal factors of social conflicts and prejudices;
 Psychological strategies for handling the conflicts and prejudices;
 Measures to achieve social integration.
10. Application of Psychology in Information Technology and Mass Media:

 The present scenario of information technology and the mass media boom and the
role of psychologists;
 Selection and training of psychology professionals to work in the field of IT and
mass media;
 Distance learning through IT and mass media;
 Entrepreneurship through e-commerce;
 Multilevel marketing; Impact of TV and fostering value through IT and mass media;
 Psychological consequences of recent developments in Information Technology.

11. Psychology and Economic development:

 Achievement motivation and economic development;


 Characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour;
 Motivating and training people for entrepreneurship and economic development;
 Consumer rights and consumer awareness,
 Government policies for promotion of entrepreneurship among youth including
women entrepreneurs.

12. Application of psychology to environment and related fields:

 Environmental psychology-effects of noise, pollution and crowding;


 Population psychology: psychological consequences of population explosion and
high population density;
 Motivating for small family norm;
 Impact of rapid scientific and technological growth on degradation of environment.

13. Application of psychology in other fields:

 Military Psychology Devising psychological tests for defence personnel for use in
selection, Training, counseling; training psychologists to work with defence
personnel in promoting positive health; Human engineering in defence.
 Sports Psychology Psychological interventions in improving performance of
athletes and sports. Persons participating in Individual and Team Games.
 Media influences on pro and antisocial behaviour.
 Psychology of terrorism.

14. Psychology of Gender:

 Issues of discrimination,
 Management of diversity;
 Glass ceiling effect,
 Self fulfilling prophesy,
 Women and Indian society
Unit I: What is psychology? (16 Periods)
1. Introduction
2. What is Psychology?
(i) Consciousness (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
a) Psychology as a Discipline
b) Psychology as a Natural Science
c) Psychology as a Social Science
3. Understanding Mind and Behaviour
4. Popular Notions about the Discipline of Psychology
5. Evolution of Psychology
6. Development of Psychology in India
7. Branches of Psychology
8. Themes of Research and Applications
9. Psychology and Other Disciplines
10. Psychologists at Work
11. Psychology in Everyday Life
(i) Linkages across psychological processes (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
 Unit II: Methods of Enquiry in Psychology
1. Introduction
2. Goals of Psychological Enquiry
a) Steps in Conducting Scientific Research
b) Alternative Paradigms of Research
3. Nature of Psychological Data
4. Some Important Methods in Psychology
a) Observational Method
b) Experimental Method
c) Correlational Research
d) Survey Research
e) Psychological Testing
f) Case Study
5. Analysis of Data
a. Quantitative Method
(i) Concepts and computation of the Measures of Central Tendency; GraphicalPresentation of
Data : Bar, Histogram, Polygon(From the CBSE Supplementary ReadingMaterial)
b. Qualitative Method
6. Limitations of Psychological Enquiry
7. Ethical Issues
 Unit III: The Bases of Human Behaviour
1. Introduction
2. Evolutionary Perspective
3. Biological and Cultural Roots
4. Biological Basis of Behaviour
a) Neurons
5. Structure and Functions of Nervous System and
6. Endocrine System and their Relationship with
7. Behaviour and Experience
a) The Nervous System
(i) Sleep and Wakefulness(From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
b) The Endocrine System
8. Heredity: Genes and Behaviour
9. Cultural Basis : Socio-Cultural Shaping of Behaviour
a) Concept of Culture
10. Enculturation
11. Socialisation
12. Acculturation
(i) Globalization (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
(ii) Diversity and Pluralism in the Indian Context (From the CBSE Supplementary
ReadingMaterial)
 Unit IV: Human Development
1. Introduction
2. Meaning of Development
a) Life-Span Perspective on Development
3. Factors Influencing Development
4. Context of Development
5. Overview of Developmental Stages
a) Prenatal Stage
6. Infancy
7. Childhood
8. Challenges of Adolescence
9. Adulthood and Old Age
 Unit-V: Sensory, Attentional, and Perceptual Processes
1. Introduction
2. Knowing the world
3. Nature and varieties of Stimulus
4. Sense Modalities
a) Visual Sensation
b) Auditory Sensation
5. Attentional Processes
a) Selective Attention
b) Sustained Attention
6. Perceptual Processes
a) Processing Approaches in Perception
7. The Perceiver
8. Principles of Perceptual Organisation
9. Perception of Space, Depth, and Distance
a) Monocular Cues and Binocular Cues
10. Perceptual Constancies
11. Illusions
12. Socio-Cultural Influences on Perception
(i) Person Perception
 Unit-VI: Learning
1. Introduction
2. Nature of Learning
3. Paradigms of Learning
4. Classical Conditioning
5. Determinants of Classical Conditioning
6. Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
a) Determinants of Operant Conditioning
b) Key Learning Processes
7. Observational Learning
8. Cognitive Learning
9. Verbal Learning
10. Concept Learning
11. Skill Learning
12. Transfer of Learning
(i) Learning Curve(From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
13. Factors Facilitating Learning
14. The Learner : Learning Styles
15. Learning Disabilities
16. Applications of Learning Principles
 Unit-VII: Human Memory
1. Introduction
2. Nature of memory
3. Information processing Approach : The Stage Model
(i) An alternative approach-The Information Processing Perspective (From the
CBSESupplementary Reading Material)
4. Memory Systems : Sensory, Short-term and Long-term Memories
5. Levels of Processing
6. Types of Long-term Memory
a) Declarative and Procedural; Episodic and Semantic
7. Knowledge Representation and Organisation in Memory
8. Memory as a Constructive Process
9. Nature and Causes of Forgetting
a) Forgetting due to Trace Decay, Interference and Retrieval Failure
b) Pathologies related to Memory(From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
10. Enhancing Memory
a) Mnemonics using Images and Organisation
 Unit-VIII: Thinking
1. Introduction
2. Nature of Thinking
a) Building Blocks of Thought
3. The Processes of Thinking
4. Problem Solving
5. Reasoning
6. Decision-making
7. Nature and Process of Creative Thinking
a) Nature of Creative Thinking
b) Process of Creative Thinking
8. Developing Creative Thinking
a) Barriers to Creative Thinking
b) Strategies for Creative Thinking
9. Thought and Language
(i) Stages of Cognitive development Introduction to the ideas of Piaget, and Vygotsky (From the
CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
10. Development of Language and Language Use
 Unit-IX: Motivation and Emotion
1. Introduction
2. Nature of Motivation
3. Types of Motives
a) Biological Motives
b) Psychosocial Motives
4. Maslow?s Hierarchy of Needs
5. Nature of Emotions
6. Physiological Bases of Emotions
7. Cognitive Bases of Emotions
8. Cultural Bases of Emotions
9. Expression of Emotions
a) Culture and Emotional Expression
b) Culture and Emotional Labelling
10. Managing Negative Emotions
11. Enhancing Positive Emotions
(i) Human Existence (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
(ii) Competence (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
(iii) Self-efficacy (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
(iv) Intrinsic motivation (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
(v) Development of positive emotions (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
Unit-I: Variations in Psychological Attributes
1. Introduction
2. Individual Differences in Human Functioning
3. Assessment of Psychological Attributes
4. Intelligence
5. Theories of Intelligence
a) Theory of Multiple Intelligences
b) Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
c) Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous successive
d) Model of Intelligence
6. Individual Differences in Intelligence
a. Variations of Intelligence
7. Culture and Intelligence
8. Emotional Intelligence
9. Special Abilities
a) Aptitude: Nature and Measurement
10. Creativity
Unit-II Self and Personality
1. Introduction
2. Self and Personality
3. Concept of Self
4. Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self
a) Self-esteem, Self-efficacy and Self-regulation
5. Culture and Self
6. Concept of Personality
7. Major Approaches to the Study of Personality
a) Type Approaches
b) Trait Approaches
c) Psycho dynamic Approach
d) Behavioural Approach
e) Cultural Approach
f) Humanistic Approach
8. Assessment of Personality
a) Self-report Measures
b) Projective Techniques
c) Behavioural Analysis
Unit-III: Meeting Life Challenges
1. Introduction
2. Nature, Types and Sources of Stress
3. Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning and Health
a) Stress and Health
b) General Adaptation Syndrome
c) Stress and Immune System
d) Lifestyle
4. Coping with Stress
(i) Adaptation and Adjustments(From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
a) Stress Management Techniques
5. Promoting Positive Health and Well-being
a) Life Skills
b) Human Strengths and Virtues(From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
Unit-IV: Psychological Disorders
1. Introduction
2. Concepts of abnormality and psychological Disorders
3. Classification of Psychological Disorders
4. Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour
5. Major Psychological Disorders
a) Anxiety Disorders
b) Soma to form Disorders
c) Dissociative Disorders
d) Mood Disorders
e) Schizophrenic Disorders
f) Behavioural and Developmental Disorders
g) Substance-use Disorders
Unit-V: Therapeutic Approaches
1. Nature and process of psychotherapy
a) Therapeutic relationship
2. Types of therapies
a) Psycho dynamic Therapy
b) Behaviour Therapy
c) Cognitive Therapy
d) Humanistic-existential Therapy
e) Biomedical Therapy
f) Alternative Therapies
h) Zen (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
i) Counselling (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
3. Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill
Unit-VI: Attitude And Social Cognition
1. Introduction
2. Explaining Social Behaviour
3. Nature and Components of Attitudes
4. Attitude Formation and Change
a) Attitude Formation
b) Attitude Change
c) Attitude-Behaviour Relationship
5. Prejudice and Discrimination
6. Strategies for Handling Prejudice
7. Social Cognition
8. Schemas and Stereotypes
9. Impression Formation and Explaining
10. Behaviour of Others through Attributions
a) Impression Formation
b) Attribution of Causality
11. Behaviour in the Presence of Others
12. Pro-social Behaviour
a) Factors Affecting Pro-social Behaviour
Unit-VII: Social Influence And Group Processes
1. Introduction
2. Nature and Formation of Groups
3. Type of Groups
4. Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour
a) Social Loafing
b) Group Polarisation
5. Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
6. Cooperation and Competition
a) Determinants of Cooperation and Competition
7. Social Identity
8. Intergroup Conflict: Nature and Causes
9. Conflict Resolution Strategies
Unit-VIII: Psychology and Life
1. Introduction
2. Human-Environment Relationship
a) Different Views of the Human-Environment Relationship
3. Environmental Effects on Human Behaviour
a) Human Influence on the Environment
b) Noise
c) Pollution
d) Crowding
e) Natural Disasters
4. Promoting Pro-environmental Behaviour
5. Psychology and Social Concerns
a) Poverty and Discrimination
b) Aggression, Violence, and Peace
c) Mahatma Gandhi on Non-violence :
d) Health
e) Impact of Television on Behaviour
j) Media and Human Values (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
k) Human Rights (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
l) Citizenship (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
m) Promotion of Peace (From the CBSE Supplementary Reading Material)
Unit-IX: Developing Psychological Skills
1. Introduction
2. Developing as an effective Psychologist
3. General Skills
a) Intellectual and Personal Skills; Sensitivity to Diversity
4. Observational Skills
5. Specific Skills
a) Communication Skills
b) Psychological Testing Skills
6. Interviewing Skills
7. Counselling Skills

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