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Technical Level Training Course 2012-03

ABB Instrument Transformers


Current Transformer Theory
Current Transformers
Why Instrument Transformers

 Supervision during normal conditions

 Energy metering for buying and selling

 Registration of un-normal conditions - faults

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 2
Current Transformers
Main tasks for Instrument Transformers

 Transform currents and voltages from high levels to levels


suitable for relays and meters

 Insulate the secondary circuits from the high voltage


network

 Standardize meters and relays

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 3
Current Transformers

IP
H

I
H  P
2   r

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 4
Current Transformers

IP IS

EP NP NS ES

IP NS
 Transformer in short circuit 
IS NP

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 5
Current Transformers

IP IS

Rb
NP NS If Im E0
Xb

If
I0 
Im
IS
I0
IP(NP/NS)
-IS(RS+Rb)
E0
IS
IP(NP/NS)
-ISXb

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 6
Current Transformers

 Rated transformation ratio:

I1
Kn 
I2
 Actual transformation ratio:

Kd 
 I1  I 0 
I2
 Ratio error

 %  
K n  I 2   I1 100 Always actual values for I1 and I2
I1

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 7
Current Transformers

 Factors influencing the induced voltage

NP
IP B Tesla

NS
IS
Z

I0

2
E= NS A B f Volt
2
ΙP
ΝS   ΝP
ΙS

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 8
Current Transformers

 Two areas of use

 Metering

 Protection

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 9
Current Transformers
Core material

B (Tesla)

oriented steel

my-metal

H (At/cm)

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 10
Current Transformers
IEC Standards

IEC standards related to Instrument Transformers

IEC 60044 – 1 Current transformers

IEC 60044 – 2 Voltage transformers

IEC 60044 – 3 Combined transformers

IEC 60044 – 5 Capacitor voltage transformers

IEC 60044 – 6 Requirements for protective current transformers for transient performance

IEC 60060 – 1 High Voltage test technique

IEC 60071 – 1 Insulation coordination

IEC 60071 – 2 Insulation coordination

IEC 62155 Hollow ceramic insulators

IEC 60270 Partial discharge measurement

IEC 60815 Guide for selection of insulators under polluted conditions

IEC 61869 – 1 General requirements

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 11
Current Transformers
Standards

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 12
Current Transformers
Definition

Definition of a Current Transformer

Standard IEC 60044-1

Highest system voltage 245 kV

Insulation level 460 – 1050 kV

Short circuit current Ith = 50 kA/1s Idyn = 125 kA

Ratio 1000/1A

Rating factor 1.2

Rated frequency 50 Hz

Accuracy class metering 0.2

Accuracy class protection 5P

Rated burden metering 15 VA

Rated burden protection 30 VA

Over current factor metering FS5

Over current factor protection ALF20

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 13
Current Transformers
Properties for metering core

 Wide current range


5 – 120% of rated current
(1 – 120% for S-class)

 High Accuracy

 Low burden

 Low over-current factor (FS)

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 14
Current Transformers
IEC 60044 – 1 metering accuracy requirements

Accuracy requirements according to IEC 60044 – 1

Class  Percentage ratio error at percent of rated current Phase displacement at percent of rated current (minutes)
5 20 100 120 5 20 100 120
0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 15 8 5 5
0.2 0.75 0.35 0.2 0.2 30 15 10 10
0.5 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 90 45 30 30
1.0 3.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 180 90 60 60

Burden range: 25 – 100% of rated burden

 Percentage ratio error at


Class
50% of rated current 120% of rated current
3 3 3
5 5 5

Burden range: 50 – 100% of rated burden

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 15
Current Transformers
IEC 60044 – 1 metering accuracy requirements

Accuracy requirements according to IEC 60044 – 1


Current transformers for special applications

 Percentage ratio error Phase displacement


at percent of rated current at percent of rated current (minutes)
Class
1 5 20 100 120 1 5 20 100 120

0.2S 0.75 0.35 0.2 0.2 0.2 30 15 10 10 10

0.5S 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 90 45 30 30 30

Burden range 25 – 100% of rated burden

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 16
Current Transformers for Metering
IEEE C57.13 / C57.13.6

Accuracy requirements according to IEEE C57.13

Voltage transformers Current transformers


Metering
accuracy (At 90% to 100% rated voltage) At 100% rated current At 10% rated current
class
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

0.3 0.997 1.003 0.997 1.003 0.994 1.006

0.6 0.994 1.006 0.994 1.006 0.998 1.012

1.2 0.988 1.012 0.988 1.012 0.976 1.024

Accuracy requirements according to IEEE C57.13.6

Voltage transformers Current transformers


Metering
accuracy (At 90% to 100% rated voltage) At 100% rated current At 10% rated current
class
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

0.15 0.9985 1.0015 0.9985 1.0015 0.997 1.003

0.15S 0.994 1.006 0.9985 1.0015 0.9885 1.0015

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 17
Current Transformers for Metering
Standard burdens IEEE C57.13 / C57.13.6

Standard burdens according to IEEE C57.13 and IEEC C57.13.6

Burden Resistance Inductance Impedance Volt-amperes Power


Burden
designation () (mH) () (at 5 A) factor

E – 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 5.0 1.0


Electronic
burdens
E – 0.04 0.04 0.0 0.04 1.0 1.0

B – 0.1 0.09 0.116 0.1 2.5 0.9

B – 0.2 0.18 0.232 0.2 5.0 0.9


Metering
B – 0.5 0.45 0.580 0.5 12.5 0.9
burdens
B – 0.9 0.81 1.040 0.9 22.5 0.9

B – 1.8 1.62 2.080 0.18 45.0 0.9

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 18
Current Transformers
Ratio error

Ratio error %
No turns correction
+0.75

25 % burden
+0.35

+0.2

-0.2

-0.35

100 % burden

-0.75
5 20 Rated current % 100 120

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 19
Current Transformers
Turns correction

 Normally used only for metering cores


 Gives possibility to use « positive errors »

 Example:
 Ratio: 1000 / 5A
 Nominal number of secondary turns
N2 = (I1 x N1) / I2
N2 = (1000 x 1) / 5 = 200
 Select N2 = 199 turns.
I2 = (1000 x 1) / 199 = 5.025 A
 Turns correction:
(5.025 - 5.0) / 5 = + 0.5 %

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 20
Current Transformers
Turns correction

 Turns correction with parallel wires

I1 N1

I21 N2 A21

I22 (N2 - n) A22


I2
Z

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 21
Current Transformers
Ratio error %

+0.75
App 0.2% turns correction

25 % burden
+0.35

+0.2

-0.2

-0.35

100 % burden

-0.75
5 20 Rated current % 100 120

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 22
Current Transformers for protection
Properties

Properties for protection cores


 Current range 100% of rated current to ALF x rated current
 Low accuracy requirements
 High saturation voltage (ALF)
 No turns correction

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 23
Current Transformers for protection
IEC 60044-1

Accuracy requirements according to IEC 60044-1

Ratio error Phase displacement


Class Composite error %
at rated current

5P 1% 60 min 5%

10P 3% No demand 10%

Burden range: only rated burden

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 24
Current Transformers for protection
IEC 60044-1

Accuracy requirements according to IEC 60044-1

Ratio error Phase displacement


Class Composite error %
at rated current

5PR 1% 60 min 5%

10PR 3% No demand 10%

Same accuracy requirements and burden range as for P-class, but


requirement of max 10% remanence

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 25
Current Transformers for protection
IEC 60044-1

Accuracy requirements according to IEC 60044 – 1


Protection class PX
 Specified by:
 Rated primary current, Ipn
 Rated secondary current, Isn
 Knee-point voltage, Ek
 Excitation current at knee-point, Io
 Max secondary resistance at 75oC, Rct
 Dimensioning factor, Kx

Ek = Kx(Rct + Rb) . Isn

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 26
Current Transformers for protection
Relaying accuracy ratings according to IEEC C57.13

 For relaying accuracy ratings, the ratio correction shall not exceed 10%. Relaying accuracy ratings shall be
designated by a classification and a secondary terminal voltage rating as follows:
 C, K, or T, classification.
C classification covers current transformers in which the leakage flux in the core of the transformer does not
have an appreciable effect
K classification cores shall have a knee-point voltage at least 70% of the secondary terminal voltage rating.
T classification covers current transformers in which the leakage flux in the core of the transformer has an
appreciable effect.
 Secondary terminal voltage rating is the voltage the transformer will deliver to a standard burden at 20
times rated secondary current (5 A) without exceeding 10% ratio correction.

Burden Resistance Inductance Impedance Volt-amperes Secondary Power


designation () (mH) () (at 5 A) voltage rating factor

B–1 0.50 2.30 1.0 25.0 100 0.5

B–2 1.00 4.60 2.0 50.0 200 0.5

B–4 2.00 9.20 4.0 100.0 400 0.5

B- 8 4.00 18.40 8.0 200.0 800 0.5

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 27
Current Transformers for protection
Relaying accuracy ratings according to IEEC C57.13

 Secondary terminal voltage rating is the voltage the transformer will deliver to a standard
burden at 20 times rated secondary current (5 A) without exceeding 10% ratio correction.

Burden Resistance Inductance Impedance Volt-amperes Secondary Power


designation () (mH) () (at 5 A) voltage rating factor

B–1 0.50 2.30 1.0 25.0 100 0.5

B–2 1.00 4.60 2.0 50.0 200 0.5

B–4 2.00 9.20 4.0 100.0 400 0.5

B- 8 4.00 18.40 8.0 200.0 800 0.5

IEC protection class 100 VA 10P20 equal to IEEE protection class C400, except IEC specifies power factor 0.8

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 28
Current Transformers
Saturation factor - Over-current factor

Fs: Instrument security factor


Used for metering cores, 0.2Fs5, 0.5Fs10

Defined as:
 Ratio between rated over-current and rated primary current
 Rated over-current is the primary current at which the
composite error for the metering core is  10 % at rated
burden

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 29
Current Transformers
Saturation factor - Over-current factor

ALF: Accuracy Limit Factor


Used for protection cores, 5P20, 10P10
Standard values according to IEC: 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 30
Standard value according to IEEE: 20

Defined as:
 Ratio between rated over-current and rated primary current
 Rated over-current is the primary current at which the
protection core complies to the specified composite error

Valid at rated burden

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 30
Current Transformers
Saturation factor

 Saturation factor

Accuracy limit factor - ALF


Instrument security factor - FS

Ips Bs
ALF = =
Ipn Bn

(minimum factor)
Ips = Over current
Ipn = Rated current

Ips Bs
FS = =
Ipn Bn
(maximum factor)

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 31
Current Transformers
FS Value

 Ex. 500/5 A, 20 VA class 0.2FS5


Secondary resistance at 75°C: 0,5 ohm

 Induced voltage at rated current:

 20 
E    0 , 5   5  6 , 5 Volt
 5 
2

Saturation voltage must be lower than: 5 ·6,5 = 32,5 Volts

Induced voltage at 10 VA connected burden:

 10 
E    0 , 5   5  4 , 5 Volt
 
2
5
Actual FS - value: 32,5 / 4,5 = 7,2

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 32
Current Transformers
ALF Value

 Ex. 500/5 A, 20 VA class 5P20


Secondary resistance at 75°C: 0,5 ohm

 Induced voltage at rated current:

 20 
E    0 , 5   5  6 , 5 Volt
 5 
2

Saturation voltage must be higher than: 20 · 6,5 = 130 Volts

Induced voltage at 10 VA connected burden:

 10 
E    0 , 5   5  4 , 5 Volt
 
2
5
Actual ALF - value: 130 / 4,5 = 28,9

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 33
Current Transformers
Over-current factor

S N  ( R CT  I SN
2
)
n  nN 
S  ( R CT  I SN
2
)

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 34
Current Transformers
Open secondary circuit

 Open secondary circuit  Induced voltage (Volttpeak value):

IPNP - IoNP = ISNS IP  N


E i  0 , 25 P
 Aj N S
if IS = 0 I0 = IP Lj

Ratio A 500/5 1000/5 1000/1

Number of primary turns NP 1 1 1

Core area cm2 25 25 25

Iron length cm 50 50 50

Number of secondary turns NS 100 200 1000

Induced voltage Vtopp 2000 5700 28000

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 35
Current Transformers

 Primary reconnection
Made on primary side in relations 2 : 1 or 4 : 2: 1
Ex: 500 – 1000 / 5 A.
 Series connection (2 x 500 A)

C1 C2
P1
P2

S1 S2
 Parallel connection (1 X 1000 A)

C1 C2
P1
P2

S1 S2

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 36
Current Transformers

 Secondary reconnection
Can be made in any suitable combination of ratios
P1
S1

500 / 5 A
S2

1000 / 5 A
S3
P2

 Advantage: Short circuit current the same for all ratios


Reconnection on secondary side.

 Disadvantage: Reduced load at lower ratios


Big cores for low ratios

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 37
Current Transformers

 Combination of primary and secondary reconnection

C1 C2

P1
P2

S1 S2 S3
250-500 / 5 A
500-1000 / 5 A

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 38
Current Transformers

 Factors influencing the needed induced voltage

NP
IP B Tesla

NS
IS
Z

I0

2
E= NS A B f Volt
2
ΙP
ΝS   ΝP
ΙS

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 39
Current Transformers

 Secondary reconnection
” Multi-ratio according to IEEE ”
H1 H2

X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
200/5 100/5 500/5 400/5
300/5 900/5
800/5
600/5
1000/5
1200/5

Ex: 1200/5 A MR Protection class C800


Ratio 1200/5 1000/5 900/5 800/5 600/5 500/5 400/5 300/5 200/5 100/5
Terminals X1 – X5 X2 – X5 X3 – X5 X1 – X4 X2 – X4 X3 – X4 X4 – X5 X1 – X3 X1 – X2 X2 – X3
Voltage 800 670 600 530 400 330 270 200 130 65

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 40
Current Transformers
Short circuit current

Line impedance
E sin t Z = R + jX

 Short circuit current


 
t

iK  I k  cos   e T1
 cos(  t   )
 
 Fault occurring at:
 = 90o = voltage peak value
iK = Ik . cos t = pure AC current

 = 0o = voltage zero - passage


iK = Ik (e -t/T1 - cos t) = full DC asymmetry
© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 41
Current Transformers
Transient performance

TPX (no air gaps)


TPY (small air-gaps)
TPZ (large air-gaps)

Total flux Ф

Transient flux ФDC due to DC component

Sinusoidal flux Фsec due to AC component

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 42
Current Transformers

 Duty cycles

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 43
Current Transformers
Flux in core

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time, ms

Relay time Breaking time Open CB Reconnection of CB

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 44
Current Transformers

 Remanence factor (Kr)

r s
Kr = r r
s
s = saturation flux
r = remanent flux
Maximum value of Kr for
TPY and PR cores are
0.1 after 3 minutes a=none air gaps
b=small air gaps

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 45
Current Transformers
Cores

 TP.. Cores for current transformers

TPX TPY TPZ

 No air gap  Small air gaps  Large air gaps


High remanence CT Low remanence CT Non remanence CT

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 46
Current Transformers
Error limits

 Error limits for TPS, TPX, TPY and TPZ current transformers

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 47
Current Transformers
Important parameters TP.. cores

 Rated primary current (Ipn) Standard value e.g. 600, 1200, 2000 A

 Rated secondary current (Isn) Standard value 1 or 5 A

 Burden S=Isn2 x Zb

 If Z = 2.5 ohm and rated current is 5 A S = 62.5 VA


and if rated current is 1 A S = 2.5 VA

 Secondary burden (Rb) standardized to 2.5 – 5 – 7.5 – 10 – 15 VA


 Power factor resistive (1.0)

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 48
Current Transformers
Important parameters TP.. cores

 Rated symmetrical short-circuit current (Kssc)


Kssc= Ipsc / Ipn

Ipsc= Fault current


Ipn = Rated current
 Rated transient dimensioning factor (Ktd) (Design factor
for the DC flux)
 Flux over-current factor (nf) nf=Kssc x Ktd
 Typical value of Ktd is 10-25
 The core must be 10-25 times larger due to the DC
component

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 49
Current Transformers
Important parameters TP.. cores

 Network time constant Tp (L/R) Typical 100 ms for 500 kV net


 Specified duty cycle (C-O and C-O-C-O) e.g 100 - 300 - 50 ms

 Secondary loop time constant (Ts) Ts= Ls/Rs

 Typical Ts for
 TPX core 5 - 20 s (no air gaps)
 TPY core 0.5 - 2 s (small air gaps)
 TPZ core ~ 60 ms (phase displacement 180 min +/- 10%, large air gaps)

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 50
Current Transformers
Testing

 Type test (IEC 60044 – 1)


“A test made on a transformer of each type to demonstrate that all transformers
made to the same specification comply with the requirements not covered by routine
tests”.
 short-time current tests (see clause 7.1);
 temperature rise test (see clause 7.2);
 lightning impulse test (see clause 7.3.2);
 switching impulse test (see clause 7.3.3);
 wet test for outdoor type transformers (see clause 7.4);
 determination of errors (see clauses 11.4 and/or 12.4, 11.6,12.5 and 14.3).
 radio interference voltage measurement (RIV) (see clause 7.5).

All the dielectric type tests should be carried out on the same transformer

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 51
Current Transformers
Testing

 Routine test (IEC 60044 – 1)


“A test to which each individual transformer is subjected”.
 verification of terminal markings (see clause 8.1);
 power-frequency withstand test on primary winding (see clause 8.2.1);
 partial discharge measurement (see clause 8.2.2);
 power-frequency withstand test on secondary windings (see clause 8.3 or
14.4.4);
 power-frequency withstand tests, between sections (see clause 8.3 or 14.4.4);
 inter-turn overvoltage test (see clause 8.4 or 14.4.5);
 determination of errors (see clauses 11.5 and/or 12.4, 11.6, 12.6 and 14.4).
 For oil insulation:
- check of tightness
- check of internal partial discharge
- check of dielectric dissipation factor
© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 52
Current Transformers
Testing

 Special test (IEC 60044 – 1 and IEC 61869 – 1)


“A test other than a type test or a routine test, agreed on by manufacturer and
purchaser”.
 chopped lightning impulse test (see clause 9.1);
 measurement of capacitance and dielectric dissipation factor (see clause 9.2);
 multiple chopped impulse test on primary winding (see annex B)
 mechanical tests (see clause 9.3).
 measurement of transmitted over – voltages (see clause 9.4)
 internal arc fault test (see IEC 6186 – 1 clause 7.4.6)

© ABB Group
06/12/2013 | Slide 53

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