DEPENDABILITY OF SPARK PLUG

VINCENT ALFRED H. TATTAO

ALVIN JADE C. PANTALEON
JOHN PAUL PALMA

A Thesis Manuscript Submitted to Senior High School Department of

Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training Center Inc.,
001 Bonifacio Street, Kidapawan City in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirement for
Practical Research 2

TECHNICAL – VOCATIONAL LIVELIHOOD TRACK

(Automotive Servicing)

March 2019
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “DEPENDABILITY OF SPARK PLUG” prepared and submitted by

VINCENT ALFRED TATTAO, ALVIN JADE PANTALEON and JOHN PAUL PALMA,
for the SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – TECHNICAL VOCTIONAL LIVELIHOOD TRACK Major in
AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING. is hereby accepted and endorsed for oral examination.

CHARMAINE MAE P. RETIZA, LPT

Adviser
______________________

Date signed

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

This research entitled “DEPENDABILITY OF SPARK PLUG” prepared and submitted by

VINCENT ALFRED TATTAO, ALVIN JADE PANTALEON and JOHN PAUL PALMA,
for the SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – TECHNICAL VOCTIONAL LIVELIHOOD TRACK Major in
AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING is hereby accepted and endorsed for oral examination, has passed the
standard set by Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training Center, Inc. (KTSSTCI) and has been
successfully defended before this Panel of Examiners.
APRIL LOVE R. QUEJANO, LPT JUNDELYN B. SATO, LPT
Member Member
________________ ________________
Date Signed Date Signed

CHARMAINE MAE P. RETIZA, LPT LARIZZA T. PANES, LPT

Member Member
_______________ ________________
Date Signed Date Signed

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL –
TECHNICAL VOCTIONAL LIVELIHOODTRACK Major in AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING.

CHARLIN P. RETIZA, CST, PhD.

Principal
_________________
Date Signed
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study would not have been successfully made without the guidance and warm support

of the people concerned. The researchers would like to express our deepest gratitude to the

following persons who have been part of this success: who supported all school programs for the

benefits of the students;

The Panel of Examiners, Ms. April Love R. Quejano, Ms. Jundelyn B. Sato, Ms. Larriza

T. Panes as members and Ms. Charmaine Mae P. Retiza as the chairman, for the constructive

criticisms, suggestion and great contribution for the improvement of the study; as the adviser at

the same time statistician for her guidance, valued suggestions, advices, for her patience in

analyzing the data and sharing her expertise in statistics; as the editor for sharing her precious time

and unending support in editing this manuscript; in formatting this manuscript for spending time

and perseverance to construct and arrange this study.

The respondents for sharing their precious time in answering the survey questionnaire. In

addition, to the faculty and staff of (KTS-STCI) who willingly took part in this study for their

sincere feedback;

Ms. Jomarie C. Ompong, for being the editor, giving effort and patience editing our study

Our parents Mr. and Mrs. Tattao and Mr. and Mrs. Palma, for their moral, spiritual,

financial support, and encouragement;

Our friends and classmates who were always there to give their support and

encouragement;
 People whose names are not mentioned here, their influence, encouragement, challenges

and trust have much to do with the content of this research study; and

Above all the Almighty God for the blessings, strength, enlightenment, wisdom,

unconditional love, confidence and power to withstand the rigors af the work that confronted to us

during the whole duration.

VINCENT ALFRED TATTAO

ALVIN JADE PANTALEON
JOHN PAUL PALMA
Researchers
 DEDICATION

This study is whole heartedly dedicated to the following persons who are the source of
inspiration of the researcher.

To his tender hearted parents;

Mr. lemendo Pantaleon

And Mrs. Monina Pantaleon,

Also to his Brothers and Sisters.

relatives, friends, teachers, classmates, neighbors, and to the automotive experts thank you for
moral, spiritual, and financial support.

Above all these sacrifices and humble piece of work are whole heartedly dedicated to the
Almighty God, without him everything is impossible.

A.J.P
 DEDICATION

This study is whole heartedly dedicated to the following persons who are the source of
inspiration of the researcher.

To his tender hearted parents;

Mr. Nelson Palma

And Mrs. Helen Palma

Also to his Brothers and Sisters.

relatives, friends, teachers, classmates, neighbors, and to the automotive experts thank you for
moral, spiritual, and financial support.

Above all these sacrifices and humble piece of work are whole heartedly dedicated to the
Almighty God, without him everything is impossible.

J.P.P
 DEDICATION

This study is whole heartedly dedicated to the following persons who are the source of
inspiration of the researcher.

To his tender hearted parents;

Mr. Alfonzo Bardeloza Tattao

And Mrs. Christine joy Hofeleña Tattao

to his Brothers and Sisters

Alizza, Alfhie, Altine Venus, and Welvic Al

relatives, friends, teachers, classmates, neighbors, and to the automotive experts thank you for
moral, spiritual, and financial support.

Above all these sacrifices and humble piece of work are whole heartedly dedicated to the
Almighty God, without him everything is impossible.

V.A.H.T
 ABSTRACT
VINCENT ALFRED TATTAO, ALVIN JADE PANTALEON and JOHN PAUL PALMA.
2019 “DEPENDABILITY OF SPARK PLUG” Senior High Schoool Undergraduate Technical
Vocational Livelihood Track Major in Automotive Servicing Kidapawan Technical School and
Security Training Center Inc. 001 Bonifacio Street Kidapawan City.25pp.

Adviser: CHARMAINE MAE P. RETIZA LPT.

The study was undertaken to determine the dependability of brands of spark plugs

that buyers/operators can depend.

The study was conducted at 001 Bonifacio Street Kidapawan City. The Purpose of the

study was to evaluate the fifteen (15) the students of Kidapawan Technical School and Security

Training Center Inc. 001 Bonifacio Street Kidapawan City who owns a vehicle.

Based on the result of the study it was revealed that the The spark plug brand DENSO in

terms of Quality has a highest mean of 3.9 or described as “Excellent” than the BOSCH with the

mean of 3.1 describe as “Very Good”. The spark plug brand DENSO in terms of Effectivity has a

highest mean of 3.9 or described as “Excellent” than the BOSCH with the mean of 3.2 describe as

“Very Good”. The spark plug brand NGK in terms of Efficiency has a highest mean of 3.3 or

described as “Very Good” than the BOSCH with the mean of 3.1 describe as “Very Good”.

This study would greatly benefit to the teacher, parents, and students and also to the future

researchers.

This study is also helpful to students who wanted to study the same or related research.

This output may served as their reference in conducting their project.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGE PAGE
TITLE PAGE I
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
DEDICATION v
ABSTRACT ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF APPENDICES xii
INTRODUCTION 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Significance of the Study 3
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 3
Operational Definition of Terms 4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5
Conceptual Framework of the Study 11
METHODOLOGY 12
Research Design 12
Research Instruments 12
Research Locale 12
Research Respondents 12
Sampling Procedure 13
Data Gathering Procedure 13
Statistical Treatment 13
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 14
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 17
Findings 17
Conclusion 18
 Recommendation 18
LITERATURE CITED 19
APPENDICES 20
CURRICULLUM VITAE 24
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1 Schematic Diagram of the Study 11
 LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLES PAGE
A Letter Request 21
B Sensory Evaluation Score Sheet 22
 INTRODUCTION

Spark plug is a device designed to fit in each cylinder of a gasoline-powered internal-

combustion engine and to produce the electric spark for igniting the mixture of gasoline and air. It

is also device in the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine that ignites the fuel mixture

by means of an electric spark. Spark plugs consist of two electrodes that are separated by an

insulator except at their tips. When high voltage electricity is fed to one electrode, it jumps across

the gap from one tip to the other as a spark. The voltage required to generate a spark is directly

proportional to the size of the gap; in a car engine for example, it is about 18,000 volts.

An engine system, comprising of a combustion chamber; a first spark plug configured to

perform a spark within the combustion chamber, said first plug configured to have a first heat

range; a second spark plug configured to produce a spark within the combustion chamber, said

second plug configured to have a second heat range different from said first heat range of said first

plug; and a delivery system configured to deliver a hydrocarbon fuel and a fluid including an

alcohol to the combustion chamber in varying resulting ratios. (Russel &Andri, 2006)

Engines may use various forms of fuel delivery to provide a desired amount of fuel for

combustion in each cylinder. One type of fuel delivery uses a port injector for each cylinder to

deliver fuel to respective cylinders. Still another type of fuel delivery uses a direct injector for each

cylinder.

Further, engines have been proposed using more than one type of fuel injection. The ethanol

provides increased charge cooling due to its increased heat of vaporization compared with

gasoline, thereby reducing knock limits on boosting and/or compression ratio. Further, water may
be included in the mixture. The above approaches purport to improved engine fuel economy and

increase utilization of renewable fuels. (Russel & Andri, 2006)

By using spark plugs with different heat ranges or configurations, the combustion chamber

system can accommodate different fuel/alcohol ratios, while also addressing pre-ignition and spark

plug fouling. Thus, the engine control system can select the appropriate spark plug or spark plugs

for the operating conditions and fuel delivery strategy, thereby improving engine performance and

efficiency, under some conditions.

This study aims to identify brands which buyers/operators can depend when it comes to

purchasing spark plugs.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to identify the dependability of brands of spark plugs that

buyers/operators can depend:

Specifically, it aimed to answer the following:

1. What are the brands of spark plugs that are available in the market?

2. What is the level of dependability of spark plug brands to buyer/operators in terms of

2.1.Brand

2.2.Price
Scope and Delimitation

This study was focuses only on the Dependability of Spark Plugs. The respondents of this

study were the fifteen (30) parents of the students of Kidapawan Technical School and Security

Training Center Inc. 001 Bonifacio Street Kidapawan City who owns a vehicle. This study

considers the personal information such as their name (Optional), age and hours using social

media.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study would be beneficial to the following:

Teachers, this study would be benefit the teachers he/she can suggest a brand that is

beneficial to his/her students who own vehicles.

Parents, this study would be also beneficial to the parents they can also identify brands that

can be depended on when it comes to spark plugs.

Students, this study would be beneficial to the students because they can help themselves

in their future work as automotive individuals.

To the future researchers: This study would also be beneficial to the future researchers

because this would serve as basis for their study.

Operational Definition of Terms

Dependability – it is the quality of being able to be counted on or relied upon.

Spark Plug - Spark plug is a device designed to fit in each cylinder of a gasoline-powered

internal-combustion engine and to produce the electric spark for igniting the mixture of gasoline

and air.

Vehicle – is a means of transportation which takes a person form a far place to another.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Spark plug with single side electrode

A spark plug is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the

combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an

electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine. A spark plug has a metal

threaded shell, electrically isolated from a central electrode by a porcelain insulator. The central

electrode, which may contain a resistor, is connected by a heavily insulated wire to the output

terminal of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plug's metal shell is screwed into the engine's

cylinder head and thus electrically grounded. The central electrode protrudes through the porcelain

insulator into the combustion chamber, forming one or more spark gaps between the inner end of

the central electrode and usually one or more protuberances or structures attached to the inner end

of the threaded shell and designated the side, earth, or ground electrode(s) (Bosch, 2013).

Spark plugs may also be used for other purposes; in Saab Direct Ignition when they are not

firing, spark plugs are used to measure ionization in the cylinders – this ionic current measurement

is used to replace the ordinary cam phase sensor, knock sensor and misfire measurement

function.[citation needed] Spark plugs may also be used in other applications such as furnaces

wherein a combustible fuel/air mixture must be ignited. In this case, they are sometimes referred

to as flame igniters (Bosch, 2013).

The plug is connected to the high voltage generated by an ignition coil or magneto. As

current flows from the coil, a voltage develops between the central and side electrodes. Initially

no current can flow because the fuel and air in the gap is an insulator, but as the voltage rises

further it begins to change the structure of the gases between the electrodes. Once the voltage
exceeds the dielectric strength of the gases, the gases become ionized. The ionized gas becomes a

conductor and allows current to flow across the gap. Spark plugs usually require voltage of 12,000–

25,000 volts or more to "fire" properly, although it can go up to 45,000 volts. They supply higher

current during the discharge process, resulting in a hotter and longer-duration spark (Banks, 2015).

Current of Electrons

The current of electrons surges across the gap, it raises the temperature of the spark channel

to 60,000 K. The intense heat in the spark channel causes the ionized gas to expand very quickly,

like a small explosion. This is the "click" heard when observing a spark, similar to lightning and

thunder (Banks, 2015).

The heat and pressure force the gases to react with each other, and at the end of the spark

event there should be a small ball of fire in the spark gap as the gases burn on their own. The size

of this fireball, or kernel, depends on the exact composition of the mixture between the electrodes

and the level of combustion chamber turbulence at the time of the spark. A small kernel will make

the engine run as though the ignition timing was retarded, and a large one as though the timing

was advanced (Banks, 2015).

Air-fuel ratio control method for an internal combustion engine having spark plugs with

heaters

This invention relates to an air-fuel ratio control method applied to an internal combustion

engine having spark plugs with heaters, and more particularly to a method of this kind applied to

an internal combustion engine to which is supplied a fuel containing methanol, which is poor in

atomizing characteristic at a low temperature (Suga, 2005).

 Conventionally, a control system has been proposed e.g. by Japanese Patent Publication

(Kokoku) No. 64-8182, which is provided for an internal combustion engine using a mixed fuel of

a plurality of kinds of fuels, for correcting the amount of fuel supply, the ignition timing, the

amount of recirculation of exhaust gases, etc. depending on the composition of the mixed fuel

(Suga, 2005).

However, when an internal combustion engine using a mixed fuel containing methanol is

started at a low temperature, the mixed fuel cannot be readily ignited by the spark plug since the

mixed fuel is poor in atomizing characteristic at a low temperature. That is, the mixed fuel causes

degraded start ability of the engine (Suga, 2005).

Further, if, in order to improve the start ability of the engine using a mixed fuel containing

methanol when the temperature is low, the amount of fuel to be supplied at the start of the engine

is increased irrespective of whether or not the fuel is sufficiently atomized, as is usually carried

out in an internal combustion engine using gasoline as fuel, which is excellent in atomizing

characteristic, the resulting air-fuel mixture becomes over rich which causes adherence of fuel to

the spark plug and hence difficulty to ignite the air-fuel mixture (Suga, 2005).

The ignition system of any spark-ignited internal combustion engine-powered device is

well recognized as a major source of radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI). Spark plus

designs can be selected to aid in reducing ignition-related EMI. The effects of various spark plug

designs such as resistor spark plugs, inductor spark plugs, and shielded spark plugs upon both EMI

and ignition system performance are presented. In addition to studying the effect of spark plug

design, the use of the SAE standard (J551b) and other EMI measurement techniques to determine

effect of spark plug suppression designs are discussed. Generally, the addition of a resistor to the
spark plug provides the most effective spark plug suppression. However, other designs may be

effective as an addition to the resistor or as a substitute where resistors cannot be practically used

(Burgett, 1974).

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic tool for identifying the effects

or consequences of a potential product or process failure and to eliminate or reduce the chance of

failure occurring.

Reliability of Spark Plugs

The FMEA is a proactive approach in solving potential failure modes. Ideally, FMEAs are

conducted in the product design or process development stages, although conducting an FMEA on

existing products and processes can also yield substantial benefits. This paper provides the use of

FMEA for improving the reliability of spark plugs in order to ensure the engine efficiency which

in turn improves the bottom line of automotive industries. Thus the various possible causes and

their effects along with the prevention are discussed in this work. Severity rating, Occurrence

rating, Detection rating and Risk Priority Number (RPN) are some parameters, which are to be

determined. These are the steps taken during the design phase of equipment to ensure that the

reliability requirements have been properly allocated and that a process for continuous

improvement exists. Here, the FMEA technique is applied on the spark plug operation and the

defects are found. This work serves as a failure prevention guide and also would improve the

reliability of spark plug and thus ensuring the effective vehicle performance (Arun, et al. 2013).

Spark plugs were a key invention for the production of an effective spark-ignition engine.

A spark plug is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion

chamber of a spark ignition engine to ignite the compressed air/fuel mixture by an electric spark,
while containing combustion pressure within the engine. Various components contribute to the

accuracy, reliability of the product. When these components are defective, this leads to the failure

of the product. These may result in unfavorable consequences like failure of the product/system

and production of inaccurate products. Hence it is essential to conduct a FMEA on this product so

that the failure is avoided totally or reduced. Prior notification of these failures can prevent them

by following control measures (Arun, et al. 2013).

Spark Plugs and Combustion Engines

A spark plug is the starting point for combustion in your engine. The spark plug has two

primary functions viz., to ignite the air/fuel mixture and to remove heat from the combustion

chamber. All essential components constituting the modern spark plug have been present from the

beginning of the twentieth century, including the two electrodes: the anode is connected to the

earth trough the metal casing and separated by a ceramic insulator from the central cathode, which

connects to the pulse generator. Most modifications introduced later relate to the materials and to

the configuration of the electrodes. Presently, the insulator is produced from sintered alumina. The

cathode has a copper core to increase thermal conductivity; the surface may be alloyed with silver,

gold and platinum to increase the resistance to high-temperature corrosion. The anode is subject

to high-temperature corrosion by combustion gases and electro-erosion by the spark

whichtransports metal ions in a plasma state (Arun, et al. 2013).

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework of the study shows the dependent variables and independent.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Spark Plug Brands Dependability

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

.
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the research design, research respondents, research instrument, data

gathering procedure and the treatment of data.

Research Design

This study used descriptive method of research focuses on the dependability of Spark plug

brands. By using this design, the researcher would determine the brands in which the customers

choose in buying spark plugs.

Research Locale

The research was conducted in Kidapawan Technical school and Security Training Center,

Inc. 001 Bonifacio Street Kidapawan City.

Research Respondents

The respondents of the study were the parents of the students of Kidapawan

Technical School and Security Training Center Inc. which has a motorcycle vehicle. The

respondents were Fifteen (30) parents specifically those who bought spark plugs.
Sampling Procedure

The study applied the random sampling procedure for the fifteen (30) parents students of

Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training Center Inc. 001 Bonifacio Street Kidapawan

City who owns a vehicle at Poblacion, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato.

Research Instrument

The research instruments would be the survey questionnaire which will be the main source

of the data to be used in the study.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the data gathering procedure, the researchers sought first the approval of Kidapawan

Technical School and Security Training Center, Inc. School principal and school president for the

researchers to conduct the evaluation in the City of Kidapawan and utilize the fifteen (30) parents

of the students of Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training Center Inc. 001 Bonifacio

Street Kidapawan City who owns a vehicle as the respondents.

Statistical treatment

The statistical treatment used was weighted mean to obtain the dependability of the spark

plugs.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This study entitled “Spark Plug Brand” was conducted to determine the Spark Plug Brand.

There were only sevendescriptionsto be used to the study following its scope and delimitation.

The survey was evaluated by fifteen (30 ) parents of the students of Kidapawan Technical School

and Security Training Center Inc. 001 Bonifacio Street Kidapawan City who owns a vehicle as the

respondents. The data gathered were tallied, analyzed and interpreted.

Legend:

Scale Scale Interval Remarks

4 3.41-4.20 Excellent
3 2.61-3.40 Very Good
2 1.81-2.60 Good
1 00-1.80 Poor

Data shows the scale, scale interval and remarks used to determine of the weighted mean.

Table 1.Distribution on the sale ability between brand new and repossession four wheel

vehicles.

DENSO BRAND
Mean Remarks
Quality 3.9 Excellent
Effectivity 3.9 Excellent
Efficiency 3.2 Very Good
Power 3.7 Excellent
Durability 3.4 Excellent
Long Lasting 3.7 Excellent
Design 3.5 Excellent
TOTAL MEAN: 3.6 Excellent

NGK BRAND
Mean Remarks
Quality 3.7 Excellent
Effectivity 3.7 Excellent
Efficiency 3.3 Very Good
 Power 3.6 Excellent
Durability 3.4 Very Good
Long Lasting 3.5 Excellent
Design 3.5 Excellent
TOTAL MEAN: 3.5 Excellent

BOSCH BRAND
Mean Remarks
Quality 3.1 Very Good
Effectivity 3.2 Very Good
Efficiency 3.1 Very Good
Power 3.1 Very Good
Durability 3.0 Very Good
Long Lasting 3.1 Very Good
Design 2.9 Very Good
TOTAL MEAN: 3.1 Very Good

The data shows among the weighted mean on the saleability between brand new and

repossession four wheels vehicle. It shows the highest mean to determine the factors that the

owners most interested.

In Spark Plug Brand DENSO, (1) The Qualityhas a mean of 3.9 which is described as

“Excellent”. (2) The Effectivityhas amean of 3.9 which is described as “Excellent”. (3) The

Efficiencyhas a mean of 3.2 which is described as “Very Good”. (4) ThePower has a mean of 3.7

which is described as “Excellent”. (5) The Durabilityhas a mean of 3.4which is described as

“Excellent”. (6)The Long Lastinghas a mean of 3.7 which is described as “Excellent”. (7) The

Designhas a mean of 3.5 which is described as “Excellent”.

In Spark Plug Brand NGK, (1) The Quality has a mean of 3.7 which is described as

“Excellent”. (2) The Effectivity has a mean of 3.7 which is described as “Excellent”. (3) The

Efficiency has a mean of 3.3 which is described as “Excellent”. (4) ThePower has a mean of 3.6

which is described as “Excellent”. (5) The Durability has a mean of 3.4 which is described as
“Very Good”. (6)The Long Lasting has a mean of 3.5 which is described as “Very Good”. (7) The

Design has a mean of 3.5 which is described as “Excellent”.

In Spark Plug Brand BOSCH, (1) The Quality has a mean of 3.1 which is described as

“Very Good”. (2) The Effectivity has a mean of 3.2 which is described as “Very Good”. (3) The

Efficiency has a mean of 3.1 which is described as “Very Good”. (4) ThePower has a mean of 3.1

which is described as “Very Good”. (5) The Durability has a mean of 3.0 which is described as

“Very Good”. (6)The Long Lasting has a mean of 3.1 which is described as “Very Good”. (7) The

Design has a mean of 2.9 which is described as “Very Good”.

 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings

Based on the data gathered the findings of the study were: The spark plug brand DENSO

in terms of Quality has a highest mean of 3.9 or described as “Excellent” than the BOSCH with

the mean of 3.1 describe as “Very Good”. The spark plug brand DENSO in terms of Effectivity

has a highest mean of 3.9 or described as “Excellent” than the BOSCH with the mean of 3.2

describe as “Very Good”. The spark plug brand NGK in terms of Efficiency has a highest mean of

3.3 or described as “Very Good” than the BOSCH with the mean of 3.1 describe as “Very Good”.

The spark plug brand DENSO in terms of Power has a highest mean of 3.7 or described as

“Excellent” than the BOSCH with the mean of 3.1 describe as “Very Good”. The spark plug brand

both DENSO and BOSCH in terms of Durability has a highest mean of 3.4 or described as

“Excellent” than the BOSCH with the mean of 3.1 describe as “Very Good”. The spark plug brand

DENSO in terms of Long Lasting has a highest mean of 3.7 or described as “Excellent” than the

BOSCH with the mean of 3.1 describe as “Very Good”. The spark plug brand both DENSO and

BOSCH in terms of Design has a highest mean of 3.5 or described as “Excellent” than the BOSCH

with the mean of 2.9 describe as “Very Good”.

Conclusions

The study concludes that the spark plug brands between the DENSO, NGK, BOSCH: the

DENSO spark plug brands was better in terms of quality, effectivity, efficiency, power, durability,

long lasting, and design.

Recommendations

Based on the result of this study, the researchers would like to recommend the following:

1. The researchers would like to recommend to conduct another study about the advantages

and disadvantages of a spark plug brands.

2. The researchers would like to recommend to the future researchers to conduct a survey of

another spark plug brand.

3. The researchers would like to recommend conducting another research about the spark plug

brand the buyers are interested.

 LITERATURE CITED

Wikipedia 2013 “spark plug” The Bosch book of the Motor Car, Its evolution and engineering
development, St. Martin's Press, copyright 1975, Library of Congress # 75-39516, pp 206–207
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plug

Yogesh Gunjal Answered Aug 31, 2017 “What is the purpose of spark plugs in an engine?”
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-spark-plugs-in-an-engine

Thesaurous.com 2011 “Spark Plug” The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright ©
2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/spark-plug

the green spark plug company 2018 “How spark plugs work” © 2018 Green Spark Plug Co. Ltd.
https://www.gsparkplug.com/shop/how-spark-plugs-work/

Arun, et al. 2013 “Reliability Study on Spark Plugs Using Process FailureMode and Effect
Analysis” International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X,
p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 9, Issue 2 (November 2013), PP. 13-21
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ijerd.com/paper/vol9-
issue2/C09021321.pdf

Burgett R., Massoll R., Van Uum D. Aug. 1974 “Relationship Between Spark Plugs and Engine-
Radiated Electromagnetic Interference”
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility ( Volume: EMC-16 , Issue: 3 , Aug. 1974 )
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4090839/authors#authors
APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A

LETTER REQUEST

Republic of the Phillippines

Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training Center, Inc.
001 Bonifacio Street, Kidapawan City, North cotabato
________________________________________________________________________
January 8, 2019

CHARLIN P. RETIZA, CST, PhD

The Principal
KTSSTCI

Madam:

The undersigned is taking up Technical - Vocational Livelihood (TVL) Track major in Automotive
Servicing having a research study entitled “DEPENDABILITY OF SPARK PLUG”.

In lieu with this. We are asking your permission to allow us to conduct the evaluation regarding
on our research on January 14-18, 2019 to the Kidapawan City, North Cotabato. The respondents
are the Fifteen (30) parents of the Students of Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training
Center Inc. 001 Bonifacio Street Kidapawan City.

We are hoping your positive response.

Sincerely yours,

(SGD.) VINCENT ALFRED TATTAO

(SGD.) ALVIN JADE PANTALEON
(SGD.) JOHN PAUL PALMA
Researchers

Noted by:

(SGD.) CHARMAINE MAE P. RETIZA, LPT

Adviser

Approved by:

(SGD.) CHARLIN P. RETIZA, CST, PhD

Principal
 APPENDIX B

SENSORY EVALUATION SCORE SHEET

Republic of the Phillippines

Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training Center, Inc.
001 Bonifacio Street, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato

Dear Evaluator,

Greetings!

The undersigned is presently conducting a research entitled “DEPENDABILITY OF

SPARK PLUG”. In this connection, the researcher would like to request you as one of the said
study.

Thank you and God Bless.

Very truly yours,

(SGD.) VINCENT ALFRED TATTAO

(SGD.) ALVIN JADE PANTALEON
(SGD.) JOHN PAUL PALMA
Researchers

4 3 2 1
DENSO BRAND Excellent Very Good Poor
Good
Quality
Effectivity
Efficiency
Power
Durability
Long Lasting
Design
 4 3 2 1
NGK BRAND Excellent Very Good Poor
Good
Quality
Effectivity
Efficiency
Power
Durability
Long Lasting
Design

4 3 2 1
BOSCH BRAND Excellent Very Good Poor
Good
Quality
Effectivity
Efficiency
Power
Durability
Long Lasting
Design
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: Alvin Jade Pantaleon

Nickname: Vin
Address: Brgy. Calunasan M’lang North Cotabato
Contact Number: 09381981809
Age: 18
Date of Birth:February 2, 2000
Place of Birth: CalunasanM’lang North Cotabato
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height: 5’3
Weight: 54
Dialects: , Cebuano & Ilonggo

Family background:

Father: lemendo Pantaleon

Occupation: Farmer
Mother: Monina Pantaleon
Occupation: Housewife

Educational Attainment:

Secondary: Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training Center,

Inc.001 Bonifacio Street, Kidapawan City, SY 2018-2019)

Calunasan National High School

CalunasanM’lang North Cotabato SY 2016-2017

Elementary: Calunasan Elementary School

CalunasanM’lang North Cotabato SY 2012-2013

Training and seminars attended:

Grade 12
Automotive Servicing NC1
Driving NC2
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: John Paul Palma

Nickname: Paul
Address: Purok 5 Lomonay President Roxas North Cotabato
Contact Number: 09127832147
Age: 18
Date of Birth:October 19, 2000
Place of Birth: LomonayPresident Roxas North Cotabato
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height: 5’7
Weight: 55
Dialects: , Cebuano & Ilonggo

Family background:

Father: Nelson Palma

Occupation: Farmer
Mother: Helen Palma
Occupation: Housewife

Educational Attainment:

Secondary: Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training Center,

Inc.001 Bonifacio Street, Kidapawan City, SY 2018-2019)

Lomonay National High SchoolSchool

Lomonay President Roxas North Cotabato SY 2016-2017

Elementary: LomonayElementary School

LomonayPresident Roxas North Cotabato SY 2012-2013

Training and seminars attended:

Grade 12
Automotive Servicing NC1
Driving NC2
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: Vincent Alfred H. Tattao

Nickname: Vincent
Address: Brgy. Mateo Kidapawan City, North Cotabato
Contact Number: 09553724156
Age: 17
Date of Birth: May 12, 2001
Place of Birth: Brgy. Mateo Kidapawan City, North Cotabato
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Four Square Gospel Church
Height: 5’5
Weight: 56
Dialects: , Cebuano & Ilocano, Tagalog & English

Family background:

Father: Alfonzo Bardeloza Tattao

Occupation: Army
Mother: Christine joy Hofeleña Tattao
Occupation: Housewife

Educational Attainment:

Secondary: Kidapawan Technical School and Security Training Center,

Inc.001 Bonifacio Street, Kidapawan City, SY 2018-2019)

Juan P. Jalipa Memorial National High School

Sibawan Kidapawan City, North Cotabato SY 2016-2017

Elementary: Mateo Elementary School

Mateo Kidapawan City, North Cotabato SY 2012-2013

Honors/Awards:
Mr. KTS 2018
Mr. Q and A
Best in Formal Attire
 Best in casual Attire
Best in Talent
Mr. De Colonia
Best in Creative Denim Attire
Mr. Nutrition 1ST Runner Up
Mr. Nutrition Q and A
Training and seminars attended:
Grade 12
Automotive Servicing NC1
Driving NC2

Team building, Leadership training and seminar

Poblacion Kidapawan City
August 4 2018