Theory

SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE
(PHASE–III)
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
 THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ............................................................... 3 – 33
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Page # 2 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE (Ph–III)
JEE Syllabus :
Relations between sides and angles of a triangle, sine rule, cosine rule, half-angle formula and the area
of a triangle.
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SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE (Ph–III) Page # 3
A. SINE FORMULA
In any triangle the sides are proportional to the sines of the opposite angles i.e.
A
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
(1) Let the triangle ABC be acute-angled. c
From A draw AD perpendicular to the opposite side; then b
AD = AB sin (ABD) = c sin B and AD = AC sin (ABCD) = b sin C
b c
 b sin C = c sin B i.e. = C D a B
sin B sin C
(2) Let the triangle ABC have an obtuse angle at B A
Draw AD perpendicular to CB produced; then
AD = AC sin ACD = b sin C and AD = AB sin ABD b
= c sin (180º – B) = c sin B; c
b c
 b sin C = c sin B i.e. = C a B D
sin B sin C
a
In a similar manner it may be proved that either of these ratios is equal to
sin A
a b c
Thus = = .
sin A sin B sin C
 2 4
Ex.1 If the angles of a ABC are , and and R is the radius of the circumcircle then
7 7 7
a2 + b2 + c2 has the value equal to
 2 4 8 
Sol. a2 + b2 + c2 = 4R2 (sin2A + sin2B + sin2C) = 2R2 1  cos  1  cos  1  cos
 7 7 7 
= 2R2 [3 – (cos + cos2 + cos4)] where  = 2/7
now let S = cos + cos 2 + cos 3 (cos4 = cos 3)
 3  5 3 7 5 7 
2 sin S = sin – sin + sin – sin + sin – sin = sin – sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  1
= sin – sin = – sin , S = –  a2 + b2 + c2 = 2R2 (3 + 1/2) = 7R2
2 2 2
Ex.2 In a triangle ABC, A is twice that of show B. Whose that a2 = b(b + c).
Sol. First assume that in the triangle ABC, A = 2B. Produce CA to D such that AD = AB, join BD.
By construction, it is clear that ABD is an isosceles triangle and so ADB = ABD. D
But ADB + ABD + BAC (the external angle)
A
Hence ADB = ABD = = B. A
2
In triangles ABC and BDC we have ABC = BDC and C is b
c
AC BC
common. So ABC is similar to BDC. Therefore =
BC DC C
a
If follows that a2 = b(b + c) B
Now we will prove the converse. Assume that a2 = b(b + c). We refer to the same figure. As before, in
the isosceles triangle ABD, we have ABD = ADB. So each of these angles is equal to half of their sum
A
which is A. Thus, in particular, ADB = ....(1)
2
On the other hand, in triangles ACB and BCD, we have, as a consequence of the assumption a2 = b(b + c),
AC BC
= , and C is common. So the two triangles are similar and CDB = CBA = B. ....(2)
BC DC
From (1) and (2), it follows that B = A/2, as desired.
Aliter : We may use the Sine rule for a triangle to dispose of both the implications simultaneously.
A = 2B  A – B = B  sin (A – B) = sin B  sin (A – B) sin (A + B) = sin B sin C
 sin2A – sin2B = sin B sin C  (2R sinA)2 – (2R sin B)2 = (2R sin B) (2R sinC)
 a2 – b2 = bc  a2 = b(b + c)
Ex.3 In a triangle ABC, a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = s. Prove that the triangle is equilateral.
Sol. The given result can be written as 2a cos A + 2b cos B + 2c cos C = a + b + c
Using sine rule we get 2 sin A cos A + 2 sin B cos B + 2 sin C cos C = sin A + sin B + sin C
A B C
 sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = sin A + sin B + sin C  4 sinA sin B sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C  A B A  B C
 8 sin sin sin =1  4 cos  cos sin =1
2 2 2  2 2  2
C A B C C
 4 sin2 – 4 cos sin +1 = 0. This is a quadratic equation in sin which must have real roots.
2 2 2 2
A B A B A B A B
Hence 16 cos2 1  cos2  1. But cos2 1  cos2 =1 A = B
2 2 2 2
Similarly it can be prove that B = C  A = B = C
B. COSINE FORMULA
To find an expression for one side (c) of a triangle in terms of other to sides and the included angle (C).
(1) Let C be an acute angle.
B
Draw BD perpendicular to AC ;
AB2 = BC2 + CA2 – 2AC . CD;
 c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ba cos C a
c
= a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C.
(2) Let C be an obtuse angle.
Draw BD perpendicular to AC A D C
b
produced ;
AB 2 = BC2 + CA2 + 2AC . CD ;
 c2 = a2 + b2 + 2ba cos BCD
= a2 + b2 + 2ab cos (180º – C) A
= a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
c
Hence in each case, c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C b
Similarly it may be shown that
B a C D
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A and b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ac cos B
From the above formulae we obtain
b2  c2  a2 c2  a2  b2 a2  b2  c2
cos A = ; cos B = ; cos C =
2bc 2ca 2ab
These results enable us to find the cosines of the angles when the numerical values of the sides are
given.
Ex.4 If the sides a, b, c of a ABC satisfy the relation, a4 + b4 + c4 = 2c2 (a2 + b2), find the possible values
of the angle C.
Sol. Solving as a quadratic equation in c we get, c2 = a2 + b2 ± 2 ab
a2  b2  c2 1  3
or a2 + b2 – c2 = ± 2 ab = =±  C= or
2ab 2 4 4
Ex.5 Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle and  is its area. Prove that a2 + b2 + c2  4 2 . When does the
equality hold ?
1 a b
Sol. TPT : a2 + b2 + (a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C)  4 3 2 sin C or b + a  3 sin C + cos C
2
 a b 
  
  b  a  + 2  2 sin  C   . Equality occurs when a = b and C = /3
   6 
Min. value 2 Min. value 2
Ex.6 In any ABC, prove that (b2 – c2) cotA + (c2 – a2) cot B + (a2 – b2) cot C = 0
Sol.  from sine rule, we know that a = k sin A, b = k sin B and c = k sin C
 (b2 – c2) cot A = k2 (sin2 B – sin2 C) cot A  sin2B – sin2C = sin (B + C) sin (B – C)
 (b2 – c2) cot A = k2 sin (B + C) sin (B – C) cot A  B+C=–A
cos A
 (b2 – c 2) cot A = k2 sin A sin (B – C)  cosA = – cos (B + C)
sin A
k2
= – k2 sin (B – C) cos (B + C) = – [2 sin (B – C) cos (B + C)]
2
k2
 (b2 – c2) cot A = – [sin2B – sin2C] ....(i)
2
k2
Similarly (c2 – a2) cot B = – [sin 2C – sin2A] ....(ii)
2
k2
and (a2 – b2) cot C = – [sin 2A – sin2B] ....(iii)
2
adding equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get (b2 – c2) cot A + (c2 – b2) cot B + (a2 – b2) cot C = 0
Ex.7 In a ABC, prove that a (b cos C – c cos B) = b2 – c2

Sol.  We have to prove a (b cos C – c cos B) = b2 – c2
a2  b2  c2 a2  c2  b2
 from cosine rule we know that cos C = & cos B =
2ab 2ac
  a2  b2  c2   a2  c2  b2   2 2 2 2 2 2
 L.H.S. = a b   c   = a  b  c – (a  c  b ) = (b2 – c2) = R.H.S.
  2ab   2ac 
   2 2
 a b  c a
Ex.8 If in ABC, A = 60º then find the value of 1     1    .
 c c   b b
 a b  c a  c  a  b  b  c  a
Sol.  A = 60º  1    1  b  b  =    
 c c    c   b 
 b2  c2  a2 
(b  c)2  a2 (b2  c2  a2 )  2bc b2  c2  a2  
= = = + 2 = 2 2bc  +2
bc bc bc  
1  a b  c a
= 2 cos A + 2 = 3 ( A = 60º  cos A = )  1    1    = 3
2  c c  b b
C. PROJECTION FORMULA
To express one side of a triangle in terms of the adjacent angles and the other two sides.
(1) Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle
A
Draw AD perpendicular to BC;
then BC = BD + CD = AB cos ABD + AC cos ACD; b
c
i.e. a = c cos B + cos C
(2) Let the triangle ABC have an obtuse angle C.
B D a C
Draw AD perpendicular to BC produced; then
BC = BD – CD = AB cos ABD – AC cos ACD ; A
 a = cos B – b cos (180º – C) = c cos B + b cos C c
b
Thus in each each case a = b cos C + c cos B.
Similarly it may be shown that B a C D
b = c cos A + a cos C, and c = a cos B + b cos A
Ex.9 In a ABC prove that (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C = a + b + c

Sol.  L.H.S. = (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + B) cosC
= b cos A + c cos A + c cos B + a cos B + a cos C + b cos C
= (b cos A + a cos B) + (c cos A + a cos C) + (c cos B + b cos C) = a + b + c = R.H.S.
Ex.10 In a ABC perpendiculars are drawn from angles A, B, C of an acute angled triangle on the opposite
sides and produced to meet the circumscribing circle. If these produced points be , ,  respectively,
a b c
show that + + = 2  tan A, where  denotes the continued product.
  
Sol. Using the property of cyclic quadrilateral, A
c sin B .  = bc cos B . cos C
 b cos B. cos C sin B cos B. cos C cos B.cos C
= = . = c b
a a sin B sin A sin B sin A
a sin A sin(B  C) sin B cos C  cos B sin C c cos N b cos

= = = B
 sin B cos C cos B cos C cos B cos C B  C C
a b D
= tan B + tanC ....(1) similarly = tan C + tan A ....(2)
 
c a
and = tan A + tan B ....(3) adding  = 2  tan A = 2  tan A
 
C C
Ex.11 In any triangle ABC, (a + b)2 sin2 + (a – b)2 cos2 =
2 2
 2 C C  C C  C C
Sol. a2  sin  cos2  + b2  sin2  cos2  – 2ab  cos2  sin2  = a2 +b2 – 2ab cos C = c2
 2 2  2 2  2 2
D. NAPIER'S ANALOGY - TANGENT RULE
BC bc A CA ca B A B ab C

(i) tan = cot (ii) tan = cot (iii) tan = cot
2 bc 2 2 ca 2 2 ab 2
Ex.12 Find the unknown elements of the ABC in which a = 3 + 1, b = 3 – 1, C = 60º
Sol.  a= 3 + 1, b = 3 – 1, C = 60º  A + B + C = 180º  A + B = 120º ....(i)
A B ab C ( 3  1)  ( 3  1)
 From law of tangent, we know that tan   = cot = cot 30º
 2  ab 2 ( 3  1)  ( 3  1)
2 A B A B 
= cot 30º  tan   =1  = = 45º A – B = 90º ....(ii)
2 3  2  2 4
From equation (i) and (ii); we get A = 105º and B = 15º. Now,
a b c
 From sine-rule, we know that = =
sin A sin B sin C
3
( 3  1) 3 1
a sin C ( 3  1) sin 60º 2
 c= = =  sin 105º =
sin A sin 105º 3 1 2 2
2 2
 c= 6  c= 6 , A = 105º, B = 15º
E. AREA OF A TRIANGLE
To find the area of a triangle. Let  denote the area of the triangle ABC.Draw AD perpendicular to BC.
The area of a triangle is half the area of a rectangle on the same base and of the same altitude
1 A
 = (base × altitude)
2
1 1 1
= BC . AD = BC .AB sin B = ca sin B
2 2 2
abc 4R
 R=  abc = 4R  LHS = D
4  B C
Ex.13 Find the area of a triangle with angles ,  and  knowing that the distances from an arbitrary point M
taken inside the triangle to its sides are equal to m,nand k. (fig.)
1
Sol. The area S of the triangle ABC can be found by the formula S = AC. BC. sin , for which purpose we
2
AC BC AB
have to find AC and BC. Let BC = x. Then, by the law of sines, we have = = ,
sin  sin  sin 
B
x sin  x sin 
whence we find that AC = and AB = .
sin  sin 
k n
Thus, the problem is reduced to finding x. To set up
an equation, we are going to apply the method of areas, M
m
taking the area S of the triangle ABC as a reference element. A C
We have :
1 1 x sin  x2 sin  sin 

S= AC . BC . sin  = . x sin  = . On the other hand,
2 2 sin  2 sin 
1 1 1 1 x sin  1 1 sin 
S = SAMB + SBMC + SAMC = AB . k + BC . n + AC . m = . . k + xn + . .m
2 2 2 2 sin  2 2 sin 
x(k sin   n sin   m sin )

=
2 sin 
x2 sin  sin  x(k sin   sin   m sin ) x2 sin   n sin   m sin 

Hence, = , whence we get : x = .
2 sin  2 sin  sin  sin 
Substituting this value of x into the first of the above formulas for the area of the triangle ABC, we
x2 sin  sin  (k sin   n sin   m sin )2

obtain : S = = .
2 sin  2 sin  sin  sin 
Ex.14 Let P be a point inside the triangle ABC such that APB = BPC = CPA. Prove that
a2  b2  c2
PA + PB + PC =  2 3 , where a, b, c,  are the sides and the area of triangle ABC.
2
2
Sol. Since APB = BPC = CPA  Each of these angle is equal to . A
3
2
In triangle APC we have PA2 + PC2 – 2PA . PC cos = b2
3
 b2 = PA2 + PC2 + PA . PC P
Similarly in BPC; a2 PB2 + PC2 + PB . PC and
B C
in BPC ; c2 = AP2 + PB2 + PA . PB
Adding these results we get a2 + b2 + c2 = 2(PA2 + PB2 +PC2) + PA . PB + PB . PC + PC . PA
 a2 + b2 + c2 = 2[(PA + PB + PC))2 – 2PA . PB)] + PA . PB = 2(PA + PB + PC)2 – 3PA . PB
1 2 3
Now,  = APC + BPC + BPA = sin (AP . PC + BP . PC + PA . PB) = (PA . PB)
2 3 4
4
Putting back the value of PA . PB we get ; a2 + b2 + c2 = 2(AP + PB + PC)2 – 3 .
3
a2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2
 (PA + PB + PC)2 = + 2 3   PA + PB + PC =  2 3 .
2 2
F. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF HALF ANGLES
A (s  b)(s  c) B (s  c)(s  a) C (s  a)(s  b)

(i) sin = ; sin = ; sin =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
A s(s  a) B s(s  b) C s(s  c)

(ii) cos = ; cos = ; cos =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
A (s  b)(s  c)  ab c
(iii) tan = = where s = &  = area of triangle
2 s(s  a) s(s  a) 2
(iv) Area of triangle = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
A C
Ex.15 If a, b, c are in A.P., then the numerical value of tan tan is
2 2 A
Sol. Given 2b = a + c  3b = 2s = a + b + c
f
A C   sb 2s  2b b 1
tan tan = . . = = = A
2 2 s(s  a) s(s  c) sb 2s 3b 3 B a/2 C
C A B 1
Ex.16 In a ABC, if cos A + cos B = 4 sin2 , prove that tan . tan = . Hence deduce that the sides
2 2 2 3
of the triangle are in A.P.
A B A B C A B C  sin C  cos A  B 
Sol. 2 cos cos = 4 sin2 or cos = 2 sin  
2 2 2 2 2  2 2 
A B A B A B A B
= 2 cos or cos – cos = cos
2 2 2 2
A B A B A B
2 sin . sin = cos . cos – sin . sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B A B A B 1
3 sin . sin = cos . cos or tan . tan =
2 2 2 2 2 2 3
  1 sc 1
Now . =  =
s(s  a) s(s  b) 3 s 3
 2s = 3c  a + b + c = 3c  a + b = 2c  a, c, b are in A.P.
A B C s
Ex.17 With usual notions, prove that in a triangle ABC, cot + cot + cot = .
2 2 2 r
A s(s  a)
Sol. Using cot = etc.
2 
s(s  a)  s(s  b)  s(s  c) 3s2  s(a  b  c) 3s2  2s2 s2 s

LHS = = = = =
    r
G. M-N RULE
In any triangle, (m + n) cot  = m cot  – n cot  = n cot B – m cot C
Ex.18 Prove that the median through A divides angle A into two parts A
whose cotangents are, 2 cot A + cot C and 2 cot A + cot B makes
 
b
1 c x
on angle with the side BC whose cotangent is (cot B – cot C).
2

B
a M a
2a2 2 2 2
Sol. In AMC, using cosine rule x = b + – ab cos C
4
a2  b2  c2
Substituting cos C = & simplifying 4x2 = 2b2 + 2c2 – a2
2ab
Now using m – n theorem 2 cot  = cot  – cot  ....(1)
2 cot  = cot B – cot C ....(2)
Hence cot  – cot  = cot B – cot C ....(3)
a2
c2  x2 
x a a sin B 4 4c2  4x2  a
Now =  sin = and cos  =  2cx cos  =
sin B 2 sin  2x 4cx 4
3c2  b2  a2
and cos  = (on putting the value of 4x2 from above)
4cx
3c2  b2  a2 3c2  b2  a2
Hence cot  = = = cot  ....(4)
2ac sin B 4
3b2  c2  a2
Similarly cot  = ....(5)
4
4c2  4b2  2a2 4(c2  b2  a2 )  2a2 4(c2  b2  a2 )  (a2  b2  c2 )  c2  a2  b2

Hence cot  + cot  = = =
4 4 4
Hence cot  + cot  = 4 cot A + cot C + cot B ....(6)

add (3) & (6) and subtract (3) and (6) we get the result
x a x a
Alternative solution : = and =
sin B 2 sin  sin C 2 sin 
sin C sin  sin( A  ) sin(A  B) sin(A – )

On dividing = =  =
sin B sin  sin  sin B sin 
sinA cot B + cos A = sinA cot  – cos A or cot B + cot A = cot  – cot A or 2 cot A + cot B = cot 
H. RADIUS OF THE INCIRCLE
To find the radius of the circle inscribed in a triangle. Let  be the circle inscribed in the triangle ABC,
and D, E, F the points of contact; then ID, IE, IF are perpendicular to the sides.
A
Now  = sum of the areas of the triangles BIC, CIA, AIB
F
1 1 1 1  E
= ar + br + or = (a + b + c)r = sr  r =
2 2 2 2 s
B D C
 ab c A B C
(a) r = where s = (b) r = (s – a) tan = (s – b) tan = (s – c) tan
s 2 2 2 2
B C
a sin sin
2 2 & so on A B C
(c) r = (d) r = 4R sin sin sin
A 2 2 2
cos
2
I. RADIUS OF THE EX-CIRCLES
A circle which touches one side of a triangle and the other two sides produced is said to be an escribed
circle of the triangle. Thus the triangle ABC has three escribed circles, one touching BC, and AB, AC
produced, a second touching CA, and BC produced ; a third touching AB, and CA, CB produced.
To find the radius of an escribed circle of a triangle. Let I1 be the centre of the circle touching the side
BC and the two sides AB and AC produced. Let D1, E1, F1 be the points of contact; then the lines
joining I1 to these points are perependicular to the sides.
A
Let r1 be the radius ; then
 = area ABC = area ABl1C – area Bl1C = area Bl1A + area Cl1A – area Bl1C
1 1 1 1 
= cr + br1 – ar1 = (c + b + a) r1 = (s – a) r1  r1 = D1
2 1 2 2 2 sa B C
E1
F1
Similarly, if r2, r3 be the radii of the escribed circles opposite to the angles l1
 
B and C respectively r2 = ,r = .
sb 3 sc
Many important relations connecting a triangle and its circles may be established by elementary
geometry.
With the notation of previous articles, since tangents to a circle from the same point are equal.
we have, AF = AE, BD = BF, CD = CE;
A
 AF + (BD + CD) = half the sum of the sides ;
 AF + a = s  AF = s – a = AE
A A F
Similarly, BD = BF = s – b, CD = CE = s – c. Also r = AF tan = (s – a) tan
2 2 l E
B C B C
Similarly, r= (s – b) tan , r = (s – c) tan . F1 D1 D
2 2
Again, AF1 = AE1, BF1 = BD1, CE1 = CD1
 2AF1 = AF1 + AE1 = (AB + BD1) + (AC + CD1) = sum of the sides E1
 AF1 = s = AE1  BD1 = BF1 = s – c, CD1 = CE1 = s – b
A A B C
Alsor1 = AF1 tan = s tan Similarly, r2 = s tan , r = s tan .
2 2 2 3 2
B C
a cos cos
2 2 A B C
Note : r1 = A = 4R sin . cos . cos & so on
cos 2 2 2
2
Ex.19 With usual notation in a triangle ABC, prove that r2 + s2 + 4Rr = ab + bc + ca.
2 abc   r   , R  abc 
Sol. r2 + s2 + 4Rr = + s2 + .  
2  s  s 4 
s
s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) abc (s  a)(s  b)(s  c)  s2  abc

= + s2 + =
s.s s s
2s3  (a  b  c) s2  (ab  bc  ca)s  abc  abc

= = ab + bc + ca (proved)
s
Ex.20 Let the in-circle of the ABC touches its sides BC, CA & AB at A1, B1 & C1 respectively. If 1, 2 & 3 are
the circum radii of the triangles, B1lC1, C1lA1and A1lB1 respectively, then prove that, 2123 = R2
where R is the circumradius and r is the inradius of the ABC.
Sol. AC1 lB is a cyclic quadrilateral. Hence in B1C1l,
A A
B1C1 B1C1 2
= 21  B1C1 = 21 sin A  1 =
sin(  A) 2 sin A M B1
C1
A
A BM A r 2
Now in  IMB1 cos = 1  B1M = r cos 
2 r 2
r
A
 B1M = r cos
2 A1 C
A
2r cos
A 2 r
Hence B1C1 = 2B1M = 2r cos  1 = =
2 2 sin A A
2 sin
2
r3 r 3R
  A r
 2123 = 4 sin A r  4 sin   = r2R
 2 R
2
Ex.21 Find the area of a right triangle if it is known that the radius of the circle inscribed in the triangle is r
and that of the circumscribed circle is R.
A
2 2 2
Sol. r= = =
2S ab c a  b  2R
c a2  b2  2R
r (a + b) = 2D – 2Rr
b
r2 [a2 + b2 2ab] = 4(D – Rr)2
r2 [4R2 + 4D] = 4(D – Rr)2 [ ab = 2D]
r2 [R2 + D2] = D2 + R2r2 – 2Dr C
a B
Dr2 = D2 – 2Dr  D = r2 + 2Rr = r(r + 2R)
Ex.22 If , ,  be the distances of the angular points of a triangle from the points of contact of the incircle
 A
with the sides of the triangle, then show that r =
a

s–
  s  a

  s  b
Sol.  ++=s
  s  c  B C
s–b s–c
2 s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) (s  a)(s  b)(s  c)  

Now r2 = 2 = 2 = = . Hence r =
s s s  
Ex.23 DEF is formed by joining the points of contact of the circle with the sides of the ABC. The sides,
angles and the area of the DEF are respectively.
Sol. AFIE is a cyclic quadrilateral. Similarly DIEC and DIFB are concyclic.
A C AC  B
FAI = FEI = and IED = ICD =  FED = =   
2 2 2 2 2
A
 A  B  C
 angles of DEF are    ;    and   
2 2  2 2 2 2  E
F r I
FE r A
Now = Al =  FE = 2r cos etc.
sin(  A) A 2
sin
2
B D C
1 B C  A A B C
Area of DEF = . 2 r cos . 2 r cos sin    = 2 r2 cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 2  2 2 2
1 2 1 2 ab  c 2
= r . (sinA + sin B + sin C) = r   = r s or
2 2  2R  2R
 A B C   A  B  C 2 A B C
  2r cos , 2r cos , 2r cos  ;  , ,  & r s or 2r2 cos cos cos
 2 2 2   2 2 2  2R 2 2 2
Ex.24 In an isosceles ABC if the altitudes intersect on the inscribed circle then the cosine of the vertical
angle 'A' is
 x  x  x a x A
Sol. A = x  BOI = – and BIM = + ; tan    = = cot
2 2 4 2 2 2 2r 2
x O
 x 1  tan
a 4
and tan    = = x I
4 4 r 1  tan
4 r
B M C
x x x
cos  sin 2 cos
4 4 2 x 2 x 1
 x x =  sin =  cos x = 1 – 2 sin2 =
x 2 3 2 9
cos  sin sin
4 4 2
Ex.25 Consider an acute angled triangle ABC. Let AD, BE and CF be the altitudes drawn from the vertices to
EF FD DE R r
the opposite sides. Prove that, + + = .
a b c R
A
   
Sol. BD = AB cos B = c cos B also BHD = – EBC = –   C = C
2 2 2 
BD c cos B F E
 BH = = = 2R cos B
sin C sin C
Now the points H, D, B and F are concyclic and BH is the diameter H
of the circle passing through these four points. In fact this circle is
B D C
FD
also the circumcircle of triangle BFD  = BH = 2R cos B
sin B
FD EF DE
 FD = 2R sin B cos B = b cos B  = cos B. Similarly = cos A and = cos C
b a c
EF FD DE A B C r R r
Thus + + = cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin =1+ = .
a b c 2 2 2 R R
Ex.26 If the sum of the pairs of radii of the escribed circle of a triangle taken in order round the triangle be
denoted by, s1, s2, s3 and the corresponding differences by d1, d2, d3.
prove that, d1d2d3 + d1s2s3 + d2s3s1 + d3s1s2 = 0.
s1  r1  r2  d1  r1  r2
    2s  (a  b)  c
s2  r2  r3  d2  r2  r3
Sol. and . Now s1 = + =   =
s3  r3  r1  d3  r3  r1 sa sb  (s  a)(s  b)  (s  a)(s  b)
(a  b) 3 (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)

d1 =  d1d2d3 =
(s  a)(s  b) [(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)]2
(a  b) 2ab 3ab(a  b)

d1s2s3 = =
(s  a)(s  b) (s  b)(s  c)(s  c)(s  a) [(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)]2
3(b  c)bc 3(c  a)ac

d2s3s1 = , d3s1s2 = . Now on adding the sum vanishes
[(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)]2 [(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)]2
Ex.27 If the excircle touching the side c of the triangle ABC passes through its circumcentre, then prove
C
that, sin A + sin B + sin C = ( 3  1) cot .
2
Sol. Distance between the circumcentre and the excentre l3 is d = R 2  2Rr3 . As the excircle passes
through its circumcentre  d = r3  r32 = R2 + 2Rr3  2r32 = (R + r3)2
Ex.28 The radii r1, r2, r3 of escribed circles of a triangle ABC are in harmonic progression. If its area is 24 sq. cm
and its perimeter is 24 cm, find the lengths of its sides.
sa sb s c
Sol. , , are in A.P.. a, b, c are in A.P. 2b = a + c 2s = 24  s = 12
  
 12(12  a)4(12  16  a) = 24 12 × 4(12 – a) (a – 4) = 24 × 24 –a2 + 16a – 48 = 12
 a2 – 16a + 60 = 0  (a – 10) (a – 6) = 0  a = 10, a = 6 6, 8, 10 cms
Ex.29 ABC is a triangle with l as its incentre. The radii of the incircles of the triangles BIC, AIB andAIC are
a(r  r1) b(r  r2 ) c(r  r3 )

r1, r2, and r3 respectively. Prove that Al + Bl + Cl = 2r1 + 2r2 + 2r3 .
Sol. The area of the triangle BIC = 1
1 Blr1 Clr1 1 1 a(r  r1) A

1 = ar1 + +  ar = (a + Bl + Cl) r1  r1 = Bl + Cl ....(1)
2 2 2 2 2
b(r  r2 ) c(r  r3 )
Similarly = Al + Bl and = Al + Cl ....(2) l
r2 r3
r1 r1
r1
a(r  r1) b(r  r2 ) c(r  r3 )
From (1) and (2), we get Al + Bl + Cl = + + . B C
2r2 2r2 2r3
J. LENGTH OF ANGLE BISECTORS, MEDIANS & ALTITUDE
A
2bc cos
(i) Length of an angle bisector from the angle A = a = 2 . A
bc
ma Aa
1 a
(ii) Length of median from the angle A = ma =
2 2b2  2c2  a2
2 B D E F C
(iii) Length of altitude from the angle A = Aa = .
a
3
Note : ma2 + mb2 + mc2 = (a2 + b2 + c2)
4
To find the radius of the circle circumscribing a triangle. Let S be the centre of the circle circumscribing
the triangle ABC, and R its radius. Bisect BSC by SD, which will also bisect BC at right angles. BSC at
a a
centre = twice BAC = 2A and = BD = BS sin BSD = R sin A  R= A
2 2 sin A
a b c
Thus = = = 2R or a = 2R sinA, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C
sin A sin B sin C S
A
The circum-radius may be expressed in a form not involving the angles, as B C
D
a abc abc
R= = =
2 sin A 2bc sin A 4
Ex.30 Show that 2R2 sin A sin B sin C = .
1 1
Sol. The first side = . 2R sin A. 2R sin B. sin C = ab sin C = 
2 2
Ex.31 The medians of a triangle ABC are 9 cm, 12 cm and 15 cm respectively.

Then the area of the triangle is A
Sol. Produce the median AM to D such that GM = MD. Join D to B and C.
Now GBDC is a parallelogram. Note that the sides of the GDC are 6, 8, 10 6
P 5 4
 GDC = 90º
G
8 3 10
12.8 
Area of ADC   48 B 10
2 M
3.8 
3
Area of MDC   12  10
2  8
 Area of AMC = 36  Area of ABC = 72 cm2 D
Ex.32 AD is a median of the ABC. If AE and AF are medians of the triangles ABD and ADC respectively, and
a2
AD = m1, AE = m2, then prove that m22 + m22 = .
B
1 A
Sol. In ABC, AD2 = (2b2 + 2c2 – a2) = m12 ....(i)
4
1 a2
 In DAGC, AE2 = m22 = (2c2 + 2AD2 – ) ....(ii)
4 4
 2
2
1  2AD2  2b2  a 
Similarly in ADC, AF = m32 = ....(iii)
4  4  B E D F C
by adding equation (ii) and (iii), we get
 2  2
1  4AD2  2b2  2c2  a  1  2b2  2c2  a 
 m22 + m32 = = AD 2
+
4  2  4  2 
 2
1  2b2  2c2  a2  a 
2 2
1 2 2 2 a2 2 2 a2
= AD +  
2  = AD + (2b + 2c – a ) + = AD + AD +
4  4 8 8
a2 a2 a2
= 2AD2 + ( AD2 = m12 ) = 2m12 +  m22 + m32 – 2m12 =
8 8 8
1
Ex.33 In ABC, in the usual notation, the area is be sq. units AD is the median to BC.
2
1
Prove that ABC = ADC. A
2
Sol.  sin A = 1  A = 90º
Since AD is the median and A = 90º, D, the midpoint b
of BC is the centre of the circumcircle of ABC. c
1
So AD = BD = DC  ABC = ADC
2 B C
aD
1
(angle subtended by AC at the circumference = angle subtended by AC at the centre).
2
Ex.34 Prove that of all the triangles with a given base and a given vertex angle, an isosceles triangle has the
greatest bisector of the vertex angle.
B1
Sol. Let us give a geometrical proof which is considerably briefer and more B
elegant than the first method.
Circumscribe a circle above the triangle ABC with the angle bisector BD
(fig.). The vertices of all the rest of triangles with a given base and a
given vertex angle lie on the arc ABC. Let us take an isosceles triangle
A D D1 C
AB1C, draw the angle bisector B1D1 in it, and prove that BD < B1D1 in it,
and prove that BD < B1D1. M
Extend both angle bisectors BD and B1D1 to intersect the circle. Both of them will intersect the circle.
Both of them will intersect the circle at one and the same point M which is the midpoint of the arc AC.
Since B1M is a diameter of the circle, we have : BM < B1M. From the triangle DD1M. From these
inequalities it follows that BM – DM < B1M – D1M, that is BD < B1D1.
Ex.35 In a ABC, the bisector of the angle A meets the side BC in D and the circumscribed circle in E. Show
A
a2 sec
2 A
that, DE = 2(b  c) .
c
a b
Sol. ck + bk = a  k= also xy = bck2 y
bc
ck bk
A A B D C
2b cos
2 bca2 a2 sec x
 x. =  x = 2 = DE
bc (b  c)2 2(b  c) E
Ex.36 The ratios of the lengths of the sides BC & AC of a triangle ABC to the radius of a circumscribed circle
are equal to 2 & 3/2. respectively. Show that the ratio of the lengths of the bisectors of the interior
7( 7  1)
angles B & C is, .
9 2
a b 3 2R sin A 3 A
Sol. =2; =  =2; sin B =
R R 2 R 4
c
b
2
9R 7 2
 sin A = 1 ; c2 = 4 R2 – A = 90º ; c = R 1
4 2
B a C
2ac B 2ac 1  cos B 2ab c 2ab 1  cos C

Now I1 = cos = and I2 = cos =
ac 2 ac 2 ab 2 ab 2
c
1
I1 ab c 1  cos B c(a  b) a c ab
 I2 = a  c . b = b =
1  cos C b(a  c) 1 b ac
a
3 7
Substituting a = 2 R ; b = R&c= R, we get the desired result.
2 2
Ex.37 The internal bisector of A of triangle ABC meets the circumcircle of the triangle in D. If DE and DF and
the altitudes drawn from D to sides ABC an AC respectively, prove that AE + AF = b + c.
A A A A
Sol. We have DAF = and AF = AD cos .Similarly AE = AD cos  AF + AE = 2AD cos
2 2 2 2
ac ba a2bc
We also have AP . PD = BP . PC  AP(AD – AP) = BP . PC = . =
bc bc (b  c)2
2bc A A
Now length of internal bisector AP = cos
(b  c) 2
a2bc(b  c) a2 F
Thus we have, AD – AP = = P
2 A A
(b  c) .2bc cos 2(b  c) cos B C
2 2
D
A A
a2 2bc cos a2 4bc cos2  a2
 AD = AP + = 2 + = 2
A (b  c)2 A A
2(b  c) cos 2(b  c) cos 2(b  c) cos
2 2 2
 b2  c2  a2 
2bc  1    a2
 2bc 
A 2bc(1  cos A)  a2  
 2AD cos = = = (b + c)
2 bc bc
Ex.38 In a ABC internal angle bisector Al, Bl and Cl are produced to meet opposite sides in A', B' and C'
AlBlCl 8
respectively. Prove that the maximum value of is .
AA'.BB'.CC' 27
Sol. Since angle bisector divides opposite side in ratio of sides containing the angle
A
ac ab
 BA' =  CA' =
bc ac
C' B'
Now Bl is also angle bisector of B for triangle ABA'
|
AI b  c AI bc
   = B A' C
AI' a AA' ab c
Bl ac Cl ab Al . Bl . Cl (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)

Similarly = and =  =
Bl' ab c CC' ab c AA'.BB'.CC' (a  b  c)3
1/3
2(a  b  c)  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a) 8
Using A.M.  G.M. we get   
   .
3(a  b  c)  (a  b  c)3  (a  b  c)2 27
K. ORTHOCENTRE AND PEDAL TRIANGLE

A
Let G, H, K be the feet of the perpendiculars from the

angular points on the opposite sides of the triangle ABC,
K
then GHK is called the Pedal triangle of ABC. The three H
perpendiculars AG, BH, CK meet in a point O which is called
the orthocentre of the triangle ABC. O
To find the sides and angles of the pedal triangle. B G C
In the figure, the points K, O, G, B are concyclic :  OGK = OBK = 90º – A

Also the points H, O, G, C are concyclic :  OGH = OCH = 90º – A
 KGH = 180º – 2A
Thus the angles of the pedal triangle are 180º – 2A, 180º – 2B, 180º – 2C
HK AK
Again, the triangles AKH, ABC are similar :  = = cos A  HK = a cos A
BC AC
Thus the sides of the pedal triangle are a cos A, b cos B, c cos C.
In terms of R, the equivalent forms become R sin 2A, R sin 2B, R sin 2C.
If the angle ACB of the given triangle is obtuse, the expression 180º – 2C, and c cos C are both
negative, and the values we have obtained required some modification. We have the student to show
that in this case the angles are 2A, 2B, 2C – 180º, and the sides a cos A, b cos B, – c cos C.
Remarks :
(i) The distances of the orthocentre from the angular points of the ABC are 2 R cos A, 2R cos B and
2R cos C.
(ii) The distances of P from sides are 2R cos B cos C, 2R cos C cos A & 2R cos B cos C.
(iii) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and AABC are equal.
To find the area and circum-radius of the pedal triangle.
1 1
Area = (product of two sides) × (sine of included angle) = R sin 2B . R sin 2C . sin (180º – 2A)
2 2
1 2 HK 2sin2A R
= R sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C. The circum-radius = = = .
2 2sinHGK 2sin(180º-2A) 2
Ex.39 The point H is the orthocentre of the triangle ABC. A point K is C

taken on the straight line CH such that ABK is a right triangle.
Prove that the area of the triangle ABK is the geometric mean
between the area of the triangles ABC and ABH. K
Sol. We introduce the following notation : SABK = S, SABC = S1, SABH = S2. E
H
1 1 1
Then S = AB . KD , S1 = AB . CD, and S2 = AB . HD.
2 2 2
We have to prove that S = S1S2 , ....(1) B D A
1 1 1
i.e. AB . KD = AB.CD. ABHD or KD2 = CD . HD. ....(2)
2 2 2
But ABK is a triangle, and therefore, KD2 = BD. AD. Thus, equality (2) will be ascertained if we prove
BD DH
that BD . AD = CD . DH, or that = . The last equality obviously follows from and HDA (in these
CD AD
triangles the angles BCD and HAD are equal as angles with mutually perpendicular sides since AE is the
altitude of the triangle). Hence, Equality (2) as well as equality (1) have been proved.
(b2  c2 ) (c2  a2 ) (a2  g2 )h

Ex.40 If f, g, h denote sides, the pedal triangle of a ABC, then show that 2 + 2 + =0
a b c2
 b2  c2   c2  a2   a2  b2 
     
Sol. Sides are a cos A, b cos B, c cos C. Hence LHS  a  cos A +  b  cos B +  c  cos C
     
Put the values of cos A etc get the result.
Ex.41 Vertex A of a variable triangle ABC, inscribed in a circle of radius R, is a fixed point. If the angles
subtended by the side BC at orthocentre (H), circumcentre (O) and incentre (I) are equal than identify
the locus of orthocentre of triangle ABC.
B  C
Sol. The angles subtended by the side BC at points H, O and I are B + C, 2A and  –   respectively..
 2 
B  C  2
 B + C = 2A = 180 –    A = and B + C = . Also in triangle ABC, HA = 2R cos A = R
 2  3 3
 HA is contant.  locus of orthocentre is a circle having centre at the vertex A.
L. EXCENTRAL TRIANGLE
Let ABC be a triangle l1, l2, l3 its ex-centres ; then l1l2l3 is called the Ex-central triangle of ABC. Let l
be the in-centre ; then from the construction for finding the positions of the in-centre and ex-centres,
it follows that :
(i) The points l, l1 lie on the line bisecting the angle BAC; the points l, l2 lie on the line bisecting the
angle ABC; the points l, l3 lie on the line bisecting the angle ACB.
(ii) The points l2, l3 lie on the line bisecting the angle BAC externally; the points l3,l1 lie on the line
bisecting the angle ABC externally ; the points l1, l2 lie on the line bisecting the angle ABC
externally.
(iii) The line Al1 is perpendicular to l2l3; the line Bl2 is perpendicular to l3l1 ; the line Cl3 is perpendicular
to l1l2. Thus the triangle ABC is the Pedal triangle of its ex-central triangle l1l2l3.
(iv) The angles IBl1 and ICl1 are right angles; hence the points B, l, C, l1 are concyclic . Similarly, the
points C, l, A, l2, and the points A, l, B, l3 are concyclic.
(v) The lines AI1, BI2, CI3 meet at the in-centre l, which is therefore the orthocentre of the ex-
central triangle l1l2l3.
(vi) The lines Al1, Bl2, Cl3 meet at the in-centre l, which is therefore the orthocentre of the ex-
central triangle l1l2l3.
(vii) Each of the four points l, l1,l2,l3 is the orthocentre of the triangle formed by joining the other
three points.
To find the sides and angles of the ex-central triangle. With the figure of the-last article.
C B A A B C
Bl1C = Bl1l + Cl1l = BCl + CBl = + = 90º – . Thus the angles are 90º – 90º – , 90º – .
2 2 2 2 2 2
Again, the points B, l3, l2, C are concyclic.

 l1l2l3 = l3BC = l1BC  the triangles l1l2l3 = supplement of l1BC are similar
I2I3 I3I1  A A A A
 = I C = sec  90º  = cosec  l2l3 = a cosec = 4R cos
BC 1  2 2 2 2
A B C
Thus the sides are 4R cos , 4R cos , 4R cos
2 2 2
To find the area and circum-radius of the ex-central triangle.
1
The area = (product of two sides) × (sine of included angle)
2
1 B C  A A B C
= × 4R cos × 4R cos × sin  90º  = 8R2 cos cos cos
2 2 2  2 2 2 2
A
I2I3 4R cos
2
The circum-radius = 2 sin I I I = = 2R
21 3  A
2 sin 90º 
 2
To find the distances between the in-centre and ex-centres.
The  lBl1,  lCl1 are right angles  II1 is the diameter of the circum-circle of the triangle BCl1
BC a A A B C
 II1 = sin BI C = = 4R sin . Thus the distances are 4R sin , 4R sin , 4R sin
1 A 2 2 2 2
cos
2
We have proved that OG, OH, OK bisect the angles HGK, KHG, GHK respectively, so that O is the
in-centre of the triangle GHK. Thus the orthocentre of a triangle is the in-centre of the pedal triangle.
Again, the line CGB which is at right angles to OG bisect HGK externally. Similarly the lines AHC and
BKA bisect KHG and GKH externally, so that ABC is the ex-central triangle of its pedal triangle GHK.
Ex.42 Show that the sides, angles and area of an excentral triangle of ABC are,
 A B C  A  B  C
 4R cos ,4R cos ,4R cos  ;   ,  ,  
 2 2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2 
and 2RS respectively where all symbols have their usual meaning.
 A  B  C
Sol. Angle of D l1, l2, l3 are obviously – , – & – respectively.
ely.
2 2 2 2 2 2
BC a 2R sin A
note that lBl1C is a cyclic quadrilateral. ll1 = = A = A = 4R cos A/2
A
cos cos cos
2 2 2
 A B l2
s tan  tan 
r1  r2  2 2
Now l1l2 = x + y = = C A
C l3
cos cos
2 2
y r2
A B C  A
s sin   s cos +
2 2 2 B B/2 2 2 C/2 C
x+y= = C
A A
II cos II cos 2 2
2 2 r1
x
C C  A
4s cos 4s cos 2R –2
2 C l1 2
= 2 = = 4 R cos
 sin A a  b  c 2
A B C
 sides opposite l1, l2, l3 are 4R cos , 4R cos , 4R cos respectively
2 2 2
1 A B  C A a  b  c 
Area of l1l2l3 = 4R cos , 4R cos sin    = 8R2 cos = 2 R2 ( sinA) = 2R2   = 2RS
2 2 2 2 2  2  2R 
Ex.43 If l is the incentre and l1, l2, l3 are the centre of escribed circles of the ABC, Prove that
(i) II1, II2, II3 = 16R2r (ii) II12 + I2I32 = II22 + I3I12 = I1I22 + II32
A B C
Sol. (i)  We know that II1 = a sec , II2 = b sec and II3 = c sec
2 2 2
C A B
 I1I2 = c, cosec , I2I3 = a cosec and I3I1 = b cosec
2 2 2
A B C
 II1.II2.II3 = abc sec sec sec ....(i)
2 2 2
 a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B and c = 2R sin C
A B C
 equation (i) becomes  II1.II2.II3 = (2R sin A) (2R sin B) (2R sin C) sec sec sec
2 2 2
 A A  B B  C C
 2 sin cos  2 sin cos  2 sin cos 
 2 2  2 2  2 2 A B C
= 8R3 . = 64R2 sin sin sin
A B C 2 2 2
cos . cos . cos
2 2 2
A B C
 r = 4R sin sin sin  II1.II2.II3 = 16R2r
2 2 2
(ii) II12 +I2I32 = II22 I3I12 = II32 + I1I22
A A a2
 II12 + I2I32 = a2 sec2 + a2 . cosec2 = A A
2 2 sin2 cos2
2 2
A A
16R 2 sin2 . cos2
A A 2 2 = 16R2
 a =2 R sin A = 4R sin cos  II12 + I2I32 =
2 2 2 A 2 A
sin . cos
2 2
Hence II12 +I2I32 = II22 + I3I12 = II32 + I1I22
M. DISTANCES OF SPECIAL POINTS FROM VERTICES AND SIDES OF A TRIANGLE
(i) Circumcentre (O) : OA = R & Oa = R cos A
A
(ii) Incentre (I) : IA = r cosec & Ia = r
2
A
(iii) Excentre (I1) : I1A = r1 cosec & I1a = r1
2
(iv)Orthocentre (H) : HA = 2R cos A & Ha = 2R cos B cos C
1 2
(v) Centrod (G) : GA =
3 2b2  2c2  a2 & Ga = 3a
N. DISTANCES BETWEEN SPECIAL POINTS
(a) The distance between circumcentre and orthocentre is = R . 1  8 cos A cos B cos C
A B C
(b) The distance between circumcentre and incentre is = R 2  2Rr = R 1  8 sin sin sin
2 2 2
1 2
(c) Distance between circumcentre and centroid OG = R2  (a  b2  c2 )
9
(d) The distance between incentre and orthocentre is 2r2  4R2 cos A cos B cos C
To find the distance between the in-centre and circum-centre.
Let S be the circum-centre and I the in-centre.Produce Al to meet the circum-circle in H; join CH and Cl.
Draw IE perpendicular to AC. Produce HS to meet the circumference in L, and join CL. Then
A C
HIC = IAC + ICA = + ;
2 2
L
C C A A
HCl = ICB + BCH = + BAH = + ;
2 2 2 M A
2
A
 HCI = HIC ;  HI = HC = 2R sin . Sl E
2 r
N
A A B C
Also Al = lE cosec = r cosec  Al . lH = 2Rr
2 2 H
Produce Sl to meet the circumference in M and N. Since MIN, AIH are chords of the circle.
B
AI.IH = MI. IN = (R + SI) (R – SI);  2Rr = R2 – SI2; SI2 = R2 – 2Rr
To find the distance of the orthocentre from the circum-centre.
With the usual notation, we have SO2 = SA2 + AO2 – 2SA . AO cos SAO. S
Now AS = R; AO = AH cosec C = c cos A cosec C B G
= 2R sin C cos A cosec C = 2R cos A; O
SAO = SAC – OAC = (90º – B) – (90º – C) = C – B
 SO2 = R2 + 4R2 cos2A – 4R2 cos A cos (C – B) A H C
= R2 – 4R2 cos2A {cos (B + C) + cos (C – B)} = R2 – 8R2 cos A cos B cos C
Ex.44 If r and R are radii of the incircle and circumcircle of ABC, prove that
 2 A B C
8rR  cos  cos2  cos2  = 2 bc + 2 ca + 2ab – a2 – b2 – c2
 2 2 2
8s abc A abc 2 cos2 A  abc

Sol. LHS =  cos2 =   = [(1 + cos A) + (1 + cos B) + (1 + cos C)]
s 4 2 s  2  s
 2 2 2 2 2 2
abc  (b  c)  a  (c  a)  b  (a  b)  c  abc (2s)
= 2bc 2ca 2ab = [a(b + c – a) + b (c + a – b) + c(a + b – c)]
s   s 2abc
Ex.45 The perpendicular bisectors of sides of triangle ABC intersect its circumcircle at D, E and F respectively.
If the area of triangle ABC is equal to the area of triangle DEF then prove that the triangle ABC and DEF
are equilateral.
Sol. The triangle ABC and DEF have the same circumcircle.Let the radius of the circumcircle be R
B
 Area of ABC = 2R2 sin A sin B sin C ....(1) Also DOF = 180º – B DEF = 90º –
2
A
C A
Similarly DFE = 90º – and FDE = 90º –
2 2 F E
A B C
 Area of DEF = 2R2 cos cos cos ....(2) O
2 2 2
B C
A B C A B C 1
from (1) and (2), sin A sin B sin C = cos cos cos  sin sin sin = D
2 2 2 2 2 2 8
B
ABC is equilateral also DEF = 90º – = 60º. Similarly DEF = FED = 60º  DEF is also equilateral.
2

Ex.46 If the angle A of triangle ABC is , then prove that the vertices B, C orthocentre, circumcentre and
3
incentre are concylic.

Sol. The angle subtended by the side BC at the orthocentre, the circumcentre and the incentre are B + C,
A
A A
2A and 90 + respectively. If A = 60º, then B + C = 2A = 90 + = 120º
2 2
 Angle subtended by BC at orthocentre, circumcentre and incentre are equal B C

 B, C, orthocentre, circumcentre and incentre are angle C.
O. QUADRILATERAL
1
To prove that the area of a quadrilateral is equal to (product of the diagonals) × (sine of included angle).
2
Let the diagonals AC, BD intersect at P, and let DPA = , and let S denote the area of the quadrilateral.
DAC = APD + CPD
D
1 1 c
= DP . AP sin  + DP . PC sin ( – ) C
2 2
d
P b
1 1
= DP (AP + PC) sin a = DP.AC sin 
2 2
A a B
1 1 1
Similarly ABC = BP.AC sin   S= (DP + BP) AC sin  = DB . AC sin
2 2 2
Ex.47 A quadrilateral ABCD is such that one circle can be inscribed in it and another circle circumscribed
A bc
about it ; show that tan2 = .
2 ad
Sol. If a circle can be inscribed in a quadrilateral, the sum of one pair of the opposite sides is equal to that
a2  d2  b2  c2
of the other pair : a + c = b + d. Since the quadrilateral is cyclic, cos A = .
2(ad  bc)
But a – d = b – c, so that a2 –2ad + d2 = b2 – 2bc + c2 ;
ad  bc A 1  cos A bc
 a2 + d2 – b2 – c2 = 2(ad – bc)  cos A =  tan2 = =
ad  bc 2 1  cos B ad
P. INSCRIBED AND CIRCUMSCRIBED POLYGONS
To find the perimeter and area of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed a circle.
Let r be the radius of the circle, and AB a side of the polygon.

Join OA, OB, and draw OD bisecting AOB; then AB is bisected at right angles in D.
1 2
And AOB = (four right angles) =
n n
O

Perimeter of polygon = nAB = 2nAD = 2nCA sin AOD = 2nr sin
n
1 2 D
Area of polygon = n (area of triangle AOB) = nr2 sin . A B
2 n
To find the perimeter and area of a regular polygon of n sides circumscribed about a given circle.
Let r be the radius of the circle, and AB a side of the polygon. Let AB touch the circle at D. Join OA, OB,
OD; then OD bisects AB at right angles, and also bisects AOB.

=nAB = 2nAD = 2nOD tan AOD = 2nr tan .
n
O
Area of polygon = n (area of triangle AOB)

= nOD . AD = nr2 tan
n
A D B
Q. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
Ex.48 If a, b, c denote the sides of a ABC, show that the value of the expression,
a3 (p – q) (p – r) + b2 (q – r) + b2 (q – r) (q – p) + c2 (r – p) (r – q) cannot be negative where p, q, r  R.
p  q  y  0
Sol. Let p > q > r and   p–r=y+z>0
q  r  z  0
Consider E = a2y (y + z) – b2zy + c2z (y + z) = a2y2 + c2z2 + yz (a2 + c2 – b2)

Now b < a + c  bmax = a + c
Eleast = a2y2 + c2z2 + yz [a2 + c2 – (a + c)2] = a2y2 + c2z2 – 2acyz = (ay – cz)2  0
B C 1 b  c A
Ex.49 In a triangle ABC is 2 cos cos = +   sin then find the measure of angle A.
2 2 2  a  2
B C 1 b  c  A B  C B  C 1  sin B  sin C  A
Sol. Given 2 cos cos = +  sin or cos   + cos   = +  sin
2 2 2  a  2  2   2  2  sin A  2
B  C  B  C A
2 sin  cos  sin
A B  C 1  2   2  2
or sin + cos   = + A A
2  2  2 2 sin cos
2 2
A B  C
cos cos 
A B  C 1 2  2  or sin A + cos  B  C  = 1 + cos  B  C 
or sin + cos   = +
2  2  2 A 2  2  2  2 
cos
2
A 1
 sin =  A/2 = 30º A = 60º
2 2
Ex.50 Suppose ABCD is a rectangle and P,Q,R,S are points on the sides AB, BC, CD, DA respectively.
Show that PQ + QR + RS + SP  2 AC.

Sol. We have (see figure) PQ. QR > BQ . QC, QR . RS > CR . RD, etc. D R C
Therefore, (PQ + QR + RS + SP)2 = PQ2 + ... + 2PQ . QR + ....
> (PB2 + BQ2) + 2BQ . QC +.....
Q
= (PA + PB)2 + (BQ + QC)2 + (CR + RD)2 + (DS + SA)2 S
= AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2 = AC2 + BD2 = 2AC2
A P B
Hence PQ + QR + RS + SP > 2 AC.
Ex.51 In a triangle ABC the angle A is twice the angle C, the side BC is 2 cm longer than the side AB, and
AC = 5 cm. Find AB and BC.
Sol. Drawing the bisector AD of the angle A, we get : BAD = DAC = ACB,
In a triangles ADC, the base angles are equal to each other, and hence, this is an isosceles triangles :
AD = DC. Setting AB = x and AD = DC = y, we find the BC = x + 2 and BD = x + 2 – y.
The triangles ABD and ABC are similar, since BAD = BCA and B is a common angle. From the
AB BD AD x x  2  y y
similarity of these triangles we conclude that = = , i.e.,, = = .
BC AB AC x2 x 5
For finding x & y we have system of two equation

B
 x y
 x  2  5 , 5x  xy  2y, D
in two variables :  , hence 5x  10  5y  xy X
 x  2  y y 
 y y
 x 5
Subtracting the second equation from the first, we get : 5y – 10 = 2y

A C
10 x 2
and y = . Hence, = , i.e. x = 4
3 x2 3
Ex.52 In triangle ABC, cos A . cos B + cos B. cos C + cos C, cos A = 1 – 2cos A . cos B . cos C. Prove that
it is possible if and only if ABC is equilateral.
Sol.  cosA . cos B = 1 – 2 cos A. cos B. cos C = 1 – cos C (cos (A + B) + cos (A – B))
= 1 + cos2 A – sin2B + cos2C = cos2A + cos2B + cos2C =  cos2A
= 1 + cos2A – sin2B + cos2C = cos2 + cos2B + cos2B + cos2C =  cos2A
Thus we have, 2 cos2A – 2S cos A . cos B = 0

 (cos A – cos B)2 + (cos B – cos C)2 + (cos C – cos A)2 = 0
 cos A = cos B = cos C  A = B = C. Thus triangle ABCis equilateral.
 3 2 3
Now if  is equilateral A = B = C =  cos A cos B = and 1 – 2 cos A cos B cos C = 1– = .
3 4 8 4
Hence the given expression is true if and only if ABC is equilateral.
Ex.53 A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle ABC; an equilateral triangle in the circle, a circle again in
the latter triangle and so on; in this way (n + 1) circles are described ; if r, x1, x2, ...., xn be the radii
of the circles, show that r = x1 + x2 + x3 + .... + xn–1 + 2xn
R
Sol. For equilateral  = r = . Now r is the circum radius for A1B1C1.
2 A
r R x R
Hence x1 = = 2 . Similarly x2 = 1 = 3
2 2 2 2
Now x1 + x2 + .... + xn–1 + xn
C1 B1
r
rx
R  1 1 1  R 1
= 2 1  2  2  ....  n1  + n1 R

r
2  2 2  2 60º x1
3
r
 1  2
1  n  B A1 C
R  2  R 1  1  R R R R
= 2  1 =   + n1 = – n1 + n1 = r
2  1   2  2n  2 2 2 2
 2 
3R
Ex.54 A point 'O' is situated on a circle of radius R and with centre O, another circle of radius is described
2
inside the crescent shaped area intercepted between these circles, a circle of radius R/8 is placed. If
the same circle moves in centroid with the original circle of radius R, the length of the arc described by
its centre in moving from one extreme position to the other is
R 7R 3R R 13R
Sol. CP = CQ – PQ = R – = and OP = OT + TQ = + =
8 8 2 8 8
2 2
 7R   13  2
R2      R
 8   8 
Now cos 0 = 3R
7R Q 2
2.R.
8
49 169 
1  R/8 C
64 64 56 1
= 7 =– =– 
112 2 S P
4 Q
7R 2 7R
  = 120º  = 120º  PS = (CP)  = . =
8 3 12
Ex.55 Three circles whose radii are a, b and c and c touch one other externally and the tangents at their
points of contact meet in a point. Prove that the distance of this point from either of their points of
1 /2
 abc  A
contact is   . a
ab  c b
 B
B  A  C  c 2
Sol. tan = ; tan = and tan = .
2 b 2 a a c
c
A B 2 abc C
Now  tan tan = (a + b + c)  2 =
2 2 abc ab c
Ex.56 Suppose ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and x, y, z are the distances A from the lins BD, BC, BD
BD BC CD
respectively. Prove that = + .
x y z
Sol. Let K, L M be the feet of perpendicular from A to CD, BD and BC respectively.

(Note that one foot is outside the circle in general.)
We have AL = x, AM = y, AK = z, let  = ADB = ACB,  = ABC = ADK,  = ABD = ACD
K
BC CD MB  MC CK  DK BM MC CK DK
Now + = + = + + + D
y z y z y y z z A
= cot  + cot  + cot  – cot  = cot  + cot 

L
DL BL BD
= + (from triangles ADL and ABL) =
x x x B M
C
Thus we have the desired relation.
Ex.57 Inscribed in a circle is an isosceles triangle ABC whose base AC = b and the base angle is . A second
circle touches the first circle and the base of the triangle at its midpoint D, and is situated outside the
triangle. Find the radius of the second circle. B
Sol. Let us take advantage of the fact that AD.DC = BD.DK
b b
(Theorem 16a). Since AD = DC = ; BD = tan ,
2 2
D
A C
b2 b b
and DK = 2r, we get : = tan  . 2r, hence r = cot .
4 2 4
K
Ex.58 An acute angle of a right triangle equals . Find the hypotenuse of this triangle if the radius of the
circle touching the hypotenuse and the extended legs is equal to R. C
Sol. Since AB = AK + BK, the problem is reduced to computing the line segments
AK (from AOK) and BK {from OBK). Consider the triangle AOK. Since K  A
B
KOF = BAC =  (as angles with mutually perpendicular sides), we have F
D
  
KOA = (KOA = AOF). Hence, AK = OK tan = R tan .
  
O
1 1 
Consider the triangle BOK. We have : BOK = DOK = (90º – KOF) = 45º – . (Here we have
ve
2 2 2
taken advantage of the fact in the quadrilateral ODCF three angles (D, C, and F) are right and hence

the fourth angle, that is the angle DOF, is also right) Then BK = OK tan BOK = R tan (45º – ),
2
 
sin  45º 
  2 2 R 2
AB = AK + BK = R tan + R tan (45º – ) = R = .
2 2      
cos cos 45º  2 cos cos 45º 
2  2 2  2
sin(  )
(Here we have used the formulae tan  + tan ) = .)
cos  cos 
R. AMBIGUOUS CASE OF SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE
To solve a triangle having given two sides and an angle opposite to one of them.
b
Let a, b, A be given ; then B is to found from the equation sin B = sin A.
a
b sin A
(a) If a < b sin A, then > 1, so that sin B > 1, which is impossible. Thus there is no solution.
a
b sin A
(b) If a = b sin A, then = 1, so that sin B = 1 and B has only the value 90º.
a
b sin A b sin A
(c) If a > b sin A, then < 1, and two values for B may be found from sin B = .
a a
These values are supplementary, so that one angle is acute, the other obtuse.
(1) If a < b, then A < B, and therefore B may either be acute obtuse, so that both values are
admissible. This is known as the ambiguous case.
(2) If a = b, then A = B; and if a > b, then A > B ; in either case B cannot be obtuse, and therefore only
the smaller value of B is admissible. When B is found, C is determined from C = 180º – A – B.
a sin C
Finally, c may be found from the equation c = .
sin A
From the foregoing investigation it appears that the only case in which an ambiguous solution, can
arise is when the smaller of the two given sides is opposite to the given angle.
To discuss the Ambiguous case geometrically.
Let a, b, A be the given parts. Take a line AX unlimited towards X; mae XAC equal to A, and AC equal to b.
Draw CD perpendicular to AX, then CD = b sin A. With centre C and radius equal to describe a circle.
(a) If a < b sin A, the circle will not meet AX; thus no c c
triangle can be constructed with the given parts.
b b
a a
(b) If a = b sin A, the circle will touch AX at D; thus
B
there is right-angled triangle with the given parts.
A D X A D X
(c) If a > b sin A, the circle will cut AX in two points B1, B2. C
(1) These points will be both on the same side of A, b a

a
when a < b, in which case there are two solutions
namely the triangles AB1C, AB2C This the Ambiguous case. A B1 D B1
C
(2) The points B1, B2, will be on opposite sides of A when a >b.
In this case there is only one solution, for the angle CAB2
a
is the supplement of the given angle, and thus the triangle b
AB2C does not satisfy the data.
B2 B1
A D
(3) If a = b, the point B2 coincides with A, so that there is only one solution.
Ex.59 Given B = 45º, c = 12 , b = 8 , solve the triangle.

A
c sin B 2 3 1 3 15º 120º

Sol. We have sin C = = . =  C = 60º or 120º
b 2 2 2 2
120º
45º 60º
and since b < c, both these values are admissible. B C2 C1
The two triangles which satisfy the data are shown in the figure.
Denote the sides BC1, BC2 by a1, a2 and the angles BAC1, BAC2 by A1, A2 respectively
b sin A1 2 2 3 1
(a) In the ABC1, A1 = 75º. Hence a1 = = . = 2 ( 3 + 1)
sin B 1 2 2
2 2
b sin A2 3 1
(b) In the ABC2, A2 = 15º. Hence a2 = = 1 . =
sin B 2 2 2 ( 3 – 1)
2
C  60º , or 120

A  75º , or 15º
Thus the complete solution is 
a  6  2 , or 6  2

The ambiguous case may also be discussed by first finding the third side.
b2  c2  a2
As before, let a, b, A be given, then cos A =  c2 – 2b cos A . c + b2 – a2 = 0
2bc
By solving this quadratic equation in c, we obtain c = b cosA ± b2 cos2 A  a2  b2 =b cosA ± a2  b2 sin2 A
(a) When a < b sin A, the quantity under the radical is negative, and the values of c are impossible, so
that there is no solution.
(b) When a = b sin A, the quantity under the radical is zero, and c= b cos A. Since sin A < 1, it follows
that a < b, and therefore A < B. Hence the triangle is impossible unless the angle A is acute,m in
which case c is positive and there is one solution.
(c) When a < b sin A, there are three cases to consider.
(1) Suppose a < b, then A < B, and as before the triangle is impossible unless A is acute.
In this case b cos A is positive. Also a2  b2 sin2 A is real and < b2  b2 sin2 A
i.e. a2  b2 sin2 A < b cos A

Hence both values of c are real and positive, so that there are two solutions.
(2) Suppose a > b, then a2  b2 sin2 A > b2  b2 sin2 A i.e. a2  b2 sin2 A > b cos A
Hence one value of c is positive and one value is negative, whether A is acute or obtuse, and
in each case there is only one solution.
(3) Suppose a = b, then a2  b2 sin2 A = b cos A i.e. c = 2b cos A or 0;
hence there is only one solution when A is acute, and when A is obtuse the triangle is
impossible.
Ex.60 If b, c, B are given, and if b < c, show that (a1 – a2)2 + (a1 + a2)2 tan2 B = 4b2,
where a1, a2 are the two values of the third side.
c2  a2  b2
Sol. From the formula cos B = . we have a2 – 2c cos B . a + c2 – b2 = 0
2ca
But the roots of this equation are a1and a2; hence by the theory of quadratic equations
a1 + a2 = 2c cos B and a1a2 = c2 – b2.
 (a1 – a2) = (a1 + a2)2 – 4a1a2 = 4c2 cos2 B – 4(c2 – b2)
 (a1 – a2)2 + (a1 + a2)2 tan2B = 4c2 cos2 B – 4(c2 – b2) + 4c2 cos2 B tan2 B
= 4c2 (cos2 B + sin2B) – 4c2 + 4b2 = 4b2

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SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE

THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

 THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ............................................................... 3 – 33

From the above formulae we obtain

Ex.7 In a ABC, prove that a (b cos C – c cos B) = b2 – c2

Ex.9 In a ABC prove that (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cos C = a + b + c

a sin A sin(B  C) sin B cos C  cos B sin C c cos N b cos

D. NAPIER'S ANALOGY - TANGENT RULE

BC bc A CA ca B A B ab C

Ex.12 Find the unknown elements of the ABC in which a = 3 + 1, b = 3 – 1, C = 60º

Sol.  a= 3 + 1, b = 3 – 1, C = 60º  A + B + C = 180º  A + B = 120º ....(i)

1 1 x sin  x2 sin  sin 

x(k sin   n sin   m sin )

x2 sin  sin  x(k sin   sin   m sin ) x2 sin   n sin   m sin 

x2 sin  sin  (k sin   n sin   m sin )2

F. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF HALF ANGLES

A (s  b)(s  c) B (s  c)(s  a) C (s  a)(s  b)

A s(s  a) B s(s  b) C s(s  c)

(iv) Area of triangle = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)

s(s  a)  s(s  b)  s(s  c) 3s2  s(a  b  c) 3s2  2s2 s2 s

In any triangle, (m + n) cot  = m cot  – n cot  = n cot B – m cot C

4c2  4b2  2a2 4(c2  b2  a2 )  2a2 4(c2  b2  a2 )  (a2  b2  c2 )  c2  a2  b2

Hence cot  + cot  = 4 cot A + cot C + cot B ....(6)

sin C sin  sin( A  ) sin(A  B) sin(A – )

H. RADIUS OF THE INCIRCLE

I. RADIUS OF THE EX-CIRCLES

s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) abc (s  a)(s  b)(s  c)  s2  abc

2s3  (a  b  c) s2  (ab  bc  ca)s  abc  abc

2 s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) (s  a)(s  b)(s  c)  

(a  b) 3 (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)

(a  b) 2ab 3ab(a  b)

3(b  c)bc 3(c  a)ac

through its circumcentre  d = r3  r32 = R2 + 2Rr3  2r32 = (R + r3)2

 12(12  a)4(12  16  a) = 24 12 × 4(12 – a) (a – 4) = 24 × 24 –a2 + 16a – 48 = 12

 a2 – 16a + 60 = 0  (a – 10) (a – 6) = 0  a = 10, a = 6 6, 8, 10 cms

a(r  r1) b(r  r2 ) c(r  r3 )

Sol. The area of the triangle BIC = 1

1 Blr1 Clr1 1 1 a(r  r1) A

J. LENGTH OF ANGLE BISECTORS, MEDIANS & ALTITUDE

Ex.30 Show that 2R2 sin A sin B sin C = .

Ex.31 The medians of a triangle ABC are 9 cm, 12 cm and 15 cm respectively.

 Area of AMC = 36  Area of ABC = 72 cm2 D

by adding equation (ii) and (iii), we get

2ac B 2ac 1  cos B 2ab c 2ab 1  cos C

Bl ac Cl ab Al . Bl . Cl (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)

K. ORTHOCENTRE AND PEDAL TRIANGLE

Let G, H, K be the feet of the perpendiculars from the

To find the sides and angles of the pedal triangle. B G C

In the figure, the points K, O, G, B are concyclic :  OGK = OBK = 90º – A

Ex.39 The point H is the orthocentre of the triangle ABC. A point K is C

We have to prove that S = S1S2 , ....(1) B D A

(b2  c2 ) (c2  a2 ) (a2  g2 )h

Put the values of cos A etc get the result.

 HA is contant.  locus of orthocentre is a circle having centre at the vertex A.

Again, the points B, l3, l2, C are concyclic.

To find the area and circum-radius of the ex-central triangle.

To find the distances between the in-centre and ex-centres.

(ii) II12 +I2I32 = II22 I3I12 = II32 + I1I22

Hence II12 +I2I32 = II22 + I3I12 = II32 + I1I22

M. DISTANCES OF SPECIAL POINTS FROM VERTICES AND SIDES OF A TRIANGLE

(i) Circumcentre (O) : OA = R & Oa = R cos A

N. DISTANCES BETWEEN SPECIAL POINTS