Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prestressed Concrete
Inverted T Beams for
Bridge Structures
S. A. Mirza
Professor of Civil Engineering
Lakehead University
Thunder Bay, Ontario
Canada
R. W. Furlong
Donald J. Douglass Centennial
Professor of Civil Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas
112
toward the design office audience.
Hence, only the highlights and conclu- Synopsis
sions from the reported research asso-
ciated with design aspects of the invert- The structural behavior of rein-
ed T beam bridge bentcaps are present- forced and prestressed concrete in-
ed here. verted T Beams differs from that of
Further information and details are conventional top-loaded beams. The
fully available elsewhere." It should be loads that are introduced into the bot-
pointed out that these recommendations tom rather than into the sides or the
are being successfully used by the top of the web of an inverted T beam
Texas State Department of Highways impose special problems, which are
and Public Transportation for design of not dealt with in existing structural
inverted T beams. codes.
This paper provides recommen-
dations for proportioning cross section
PROBLEMS AND dimensions and reinforcement of
IMPLICATIONS cast-in-place, post-tensioned and
reinforced concrete inverted T beams
Stringer bearings on the top face of used in bridge structures. A design
the flange of an inverted T beam impose example is included to elaborate the
vertical tensile forces (hanger tension) application of these recommen-
near the bottom of the web as indicated dations.
in Fig. 2. Such forces are not ordinarily
encountered in conventional beams,
where vertical forces are applied at the
top of the web. Furthermore, the lon-
gitudinal and lateral bending of the superposition of simple stress cases.
flange of an inverted T beam produce a Concrete cracks at a nominal amount of
very complex stress distribution in the tensile stress and the analytical de-
flange. Hence, the design of reinforce- scription of mechanisms and material
ment for the web and for the flange of an characteristics must change for each
inverted T section imposes special subsequent load stage. Hence, a general
problems. analytic solution for strength of an inv-
erted T beam that is versatile enough for
Loading conditions involving torsion
on the inverted T section might create all possible load cases and simple
enough for design office application
more severe requirements for propor-
tioning reinforcement. Torsion of in- does not seem to he within reach at the
verted T bentcap girders occurs with present time. The authors have, there-
every passage of design vehicles across fore, resorted to empiricism supported
the bentcap. As traffic approaches the by a rational interpretation of test re-
sults in order to develop design criteria
bentcap, stringer reactions cause twist-
ing or torsion of the bentcap toward the for inverted T beams.
approaching load. The direction of twist
reverses after the passage of traffic im- TEST PROGRAM
poses loads on stringers that react on the
opposite flange overhang of the inverted Laboratory test specimens that formed
T beam. Hence, the passage of traffic the basis of design recommendations
tends to make the twist a reversing presented in this paper represented
phenomenon. model bentcap girders at a scale of ap-
The state of combined stress in an in- proximately one-third the size of the
verted T beam cannot be obtained by prototype members used by the Texas
{a) ELEVATION
114
LONGITUDINAL
verted T girders. The six modes of fail- must he adequate to support forces that
ure involved the possibility of failure are applied as concentrated loads on
due to: flange overhangs. Locally, the flange
(1) Flexure of the overall inverted T must be deep enough to avoid punching
beam; shear weakness, the transverse flange
(2) Flexural shear acting on the over- reinforcement must be strong enough to
ail inverted T beam; maintain shear friction resistance at the
(3) Torsional shear on the overall face of the web, and the web stirrups
cross section; must be sufficient to act as hangers to
(4) Hanger tension on web stirrups; transmit flange loads into the web.
(5) Flange punching shear at stringer Service load conditions of deflection
bearings; and and crack control may be more signifi-
(6) Bracket type shear friction in cant than strength requirements for
flange at face of the web. some components of design. Decisions
The service load condition involves regarding the overall depth of web and
the possible wide cracking at the inter- the distribution of tensile reinforce-
face of the web and the flange due to ment, both for flexure and for stirrups
premature yielding of stirrups acting as acting as hangers, may involve service
hangers nearest the concentrated loads. load conditions of behavior.
Typical forces and stress types acting on The height of the web above the top
inverted T beams are illustrated in Fig. face of the flange of an inverted T beam
2. is determined by the required depth of
The overall strength of an inverted T the stringer to be supported on the
beam must be adequate to support ulti- flange. A minimum depth of the flange
mate flexure, flexural shear and tor- itself can be derived from punching
sional shear forces and any possible shear requirements, but additional
combination of such forces. The local depth may be appropriate to provide
strength of inverted T beam components enough flexural stiffness for the overall
116
Bp = length of bearing plate plus twice Its width.
L.
Note:
IliUVJP4i1
width (Bw)
1000 psi = 6.89 MPa
100 kip = 444 KN
length (B) 10 In. = 254 mm
fliU!iiD
dt
80C
III .A
700
600
En0.
IIiN
a 500
ti
R
0
J
rn 400
1idiFiiiII
c
4.iiliiluill
300
200
100
Bp (inches}
distance between stringers. Hence, the b,,) in Fig. 5a] at least equals 2d f +
web width bu should be such that the B, where B,, is the width of the bearing
center-to-center transverse distance pad perpendicular to the beam axis.
between the two stringer reactions act- Furthermore, stringers along the
ing on opposite sides of the web [(2a + beam axis on each side of the web
800
fc = 5000 psi
700
punching shear
f //
600
/
Q.
500
a-
ti
ro
0
// /
400
V
300
200
I
6 i^^^es
dt =
100
Bp (inches)
Fig. 4. Punching shear capacity of flange of an inverted T beam;
f,' = 5000 psi (34.5 MPa).
118
If the reaction from the end stringer is
less than that from an interior stringer,
an end distance smaller than d f + BW
may he provided and can be calculated
fomn the following expression: PU a e Pu
` P" – (B +B^.+df )] df
de' [4c77 dr
(2) By,r
Pu
order to accommodate the bearing pad
placed near the end of the inverted T
S Pu d e m
beam.
Bracket-type shear friction in flange
— The effective depth of flange (df)
from centroid of top layer of flange
transverse reinforcement to the bottom
of flange shown in Fig. 6a and required
to fulfill shear friction requirements (b) Elevation
should satisfy the following equation:
Fig. 5. Stringer spacings required for
0.2 4i f, dr (B + 4a) -- P,, (3a)
punching shear.
or
d61',,
(3b) B + 4a. In most cases, the stringer
f 3 f (B + 4a)
spacing along the beam axis will be
in which large enough to permit the full effective
P,, = ultimate concentrated load flange length. However, if the lon-
acting on bearing pad gitudinal spacing of stringers is less than
B = length of bearing pad along B + 4a, the stringer spacing should be
edge of flange used in place of B + 4a in computing df
a = distance from face of web to from Eq. (3b).
center of bearing pad For a stringer placed near the lon-
0.2fc = shear strength of concrete gitudinal end of an inverted T beam, the
resisting shear friction'•z stringer spacing for use in Eq. (3b)
0= 0.85 should be taken as twice the distance
Use f, = 4000 psi for f,. _- 4000 psi from the center of the bearing pad to the
(27.6 MPa) in computing dr from Eq. end of the inverted T beam or as the
(3a). This upper limit onf,' is specified to longitudinal distances between two ad-
limit the shear strength of concrete, jacent stringers, whichever is smaller.
because Eq. (4) used later for computing The transverse reinforcement should
A L f will become unconservative be placed perpendicular to the web near
for higher values offs s Since shear fric- the top of the flange to resist flexural
tion seldom controls the flange depth of tension and to ensure enough pressure
inverted T beams, this limit on f' will for sustaining shear friction force as in-
not affect most practical cases. dicated in Fig. 6a. The transverse rein-
In Eq. (3b), the effective flange length forcement required to satisfy shear fric-
resisting shear friction has been taken as tion should be placed within a distance
120
2 A„f/3 or A sf , whichever is greater
P
u
A !
^
—fl i--
df
A,,f /3
c
^^ uC o
2A Vf /3 2A„f /3 TO
• • . • • •' : • • • • • • • . c7
Ayf /3 Av1/3
2a B 2a Applies at girder 2c
ends If a < (a - 4a)/2
iB+4ra}
<S
Pu F v
C
T___ __
A 1
____
Asf'
C7
deck tends to spread such loads among superposition of tension due to lon-
all stringers, and the approximations gitudinal component of live load
used in estimating the effective flange stringer reactions and flexure un-
length for flexure hardly justify the less stringers are spaced more closely
than 5 a plus the length of the bearing The anchorage of the flange
pad. transverse bars may impose a problem,
The AASHTO specifications' also because the flange overhang is usually
require that an additional longitudinal too short to accommodate the develop-
force due to friction at expansion bear- ment length of reinforcing bars of usual
ings be included in design. The mag- sizes employed in bridge construction.
nitude of this frictional force depends The detail shown in Fig. 7 is recom-
on the type of bearing used. Unless mended wherever the reinforcement
special provisions are made in the de- size would permit the development of
sign of stringer bearings to avoid the yield strength in the flange transverse
frictional force, this force should be bars.
computed and additional reinforcement However, it may be necessary in
should be added to the flexural steel some cases to weld the ends of trans-
near the top of the bracket to resist this verse bars to an anchor bar at the exte-
force. rior face of the flange and perpendicu-
In place of an exact computation of lar to the transverse bars.
the longitudinal forces due to friction, A welding detail used by the Texas
the ACI Code 2 provisions for bracket State Department of Highways and
design may be used. These clauses re- Public Transportation is illustrated in
quire the use of a longitudinal force Fig. 8. The development of flange
that at least equals 20 percent of the transverse bars can also be achieved by
stringer reaction due to dead plus live furnishing a continuous steel angle (or
load. These provisions also regard the plate) along the top corners of the flange
longitudinal force acting on a bracket and connecting these bars to the angle
as a live load even when this force re- (or plate). The welding should conform
sults from creep, shrinkage or tempera- to the American Welding Society D1.4
ture change. Code for reinforcing steel.'p
122
Use Detail A
Weld
Anchor Bar
Weld all
three bars
Detail A
Design of Web Stirrups ery of flange loads into the web, the fol-
Acting as Hangers lowing strength relationships [Eq. (6b)
and Eq. (7b)] should be satisfied.
Stirrups in the web of an inverted T
beam act as hangers to deliver the con- 0 A fv[( B +2d,/sI
centrated loads applied on the flange [2P,, – 2 (2 ; hrdf )] (6a)
into the body of the web. The maximum
hanger stresses at ultimate load exist or
when both sides of the web are sub- 2P,
jected to maximum live loads simul- AL 4 y. f^ br dr
taneously. (6b)
The longitudinal distance over which S f„ (B + 2 dr)
hanger forces can he distributed, and
defined as the effective hanger distance
in Fig. 9, is limited either by the shear 0A f„(SIs)r2P,, (7a)
capacity of concrete in the flange on
or
each side of a bearing pad or by the
longitudinal center-to-center spacing of 2P,,
(7b)
stringers. Hence, to achieve safe deliv- s Of,,S
124
df I ^L^ Flange
45°
(a) Elevation
b -I
f ^I
Fig. 9. Hanger forces in response to flange loads shown on the beam elevation
and details of hanger reinforcement shown in the beam cross section.
condition for bridge hentcap girders in- flexure. This applies to both post-
volves flexural moments and flexural tensioned prestressed concrete and
shear forces that are largest when tor- reinforced concrete inverted T beams.
sion is absent, because traffic loads The ACI Code2 permits the designer
stringers fully on both sides of the girder to consider the maximum end shear as
web. Consequently, a logical proce- that occurring at a distanced from the
dure for overall design begins with the face of the support for nonprestressed
proportioning of the cross section and members and at a distance h/2 from the
reinforcement solely on the basis of face of the support for prestressed mem-
maximum flexural moment and bers, where d and h are, respectively,
maximum flexural shear force. the effective depth and overall thickness
Requirements of flexural reinforce- of the member. Of course, this is al-
ment for the overall design of the beam lowed only if no stringer load is placed
are not altered by the location of the T between the face of the support and the
beam flange. The ultimate strength and critical section at a distanced orh/2 from
serviceability design requirements of the face of the support.
the ACI Code2 and the AASHTO Speci- While this criterion is reasonable for
fications' are quite safe and adequate for conventional beams, this is not appro-
bt bf
126
flange, whereas the flexural shear fail- in which V,, and T. are applied ultimate
ure cracks occur in the web above the shear force and applied ultimate torque,
flange .5 Consequently, the yielding of respectively.
stirrups acting as hanger reinforcement The flexural shear capacity V. can be
and as shear reinforcement takes place taken from Eq. (9) or (10) and the ulti-
at different locations in the stirrups. The mate pure torsion strength To for both
stirrups designed as hangers can then be reinforced and prestressed concrete
used as part of the web reinforcement members can be calculated from an
resisting flexural shear. adaptation of the pure torsion strength
This can be further justified by the equation recommended by the ACI
following argument. The failure of an Code:'
inverted T beam due to flexural shear is
an overall failure, whereas the hanger xI Yil
To 0 [4 : zZ,, +f
A& «`
failure is a local failure of stirrups acting 3 1 s J
as hangers nearest an applied concen-
trated load to transmit flange forces into 184) ^' fe x2 ^ (12)
3
the web.
Hence, the hanger forces delivered in which
to the web are carried to the beam At = area of one leg of a web stirrup
supports by the web as flexural shear s = space of web stirrups
and it is not necessary to superimpose a, = [0.66 + 0.33 (y,/x i )l a 1.5
loads on stirrups acting as hangers and 0 = 0.85
loads on stirrups acting as shear rein- x, and iJ, – shorter and longer cen-
forcement. However, the web rein- ter-to-center dimension,
forcement in the stem of an inverted T respectively, of closed web
beam should be proportioned on the stirrups
basis of hanger requirement or shear The contribution to torsion strength of
strength requirement, whichever is the cross section of each component
greater. rectangle should be computed sepa-
Design for combined effect of flexural rately using the smaller dimension x and
shear and torsion — When torsion is at the larger dimension y for the rectangle
maximum, traffic loads stringers on only under consideration as indicated in Fig.
one side of the web and flexural shear is 11. Only closed rectangular web stirrups
less than the maximum value. Hence, should be considered effective in
stirrups also serve as vertical reinforce- resisting torsion, This assumption of
ment of the web that is subjected to neglecting the contribution of flange
combined flexural and torsional shear. transverse reinforcement to torsional
The local hanger forces need not be strength may lead to a slightly conser-
superimposed on the web shear forces vative design for the combined effect of
for designing stirrups as explained ear- flexural shear and torsion, but will
lier, but the cross section should be greatly simplify the calculations.
designed for the more critical of the two Although the ACI Code 2 permits a
forces. value of 2.4 v'T for the torsional shear
For the cross section to be adequate strength of concrete, a value of 4 f, is
when the combined torsional and used in Eq. (12). This value seems to be
flexural shear acts, the following in- justified for inverted T beams and is
teraction expression should be sat- documented in Ref. 4.
isfied: Alternately, the combined effect of
flexural shear and torsional shear on the
1.0 (11) cross section can be satisfied by using
(V.} 2 + ^ To ) 2 -_ the following equations:
128
0.85
0.83
0.78
0.68
0.51
0.37
0.26 --
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0
Vu
V,
(a) Elevation
(#5 ©- #4 U) @6 for XY
1 1
mil+ tl}^- (#4©+ #4 U) @6 for YZ
ss
64 2#6
a2#6
2#1 0
Ir_ -
i f1jE 5#8
— #3@6
# 5 L @6
Include the effect of longitudinal needed unless the stringers are spaced
forces at stringer bearings due to friction closer than B + 5a. Anchor the flange
in the design of top transverse rein- transverse bars as in Fig. 7 or 8.
forcement in the flange unless provi- 3. Provide stirrups in the web for the
sions are made to avoid the frictional most critical effect from hanger tension,
forces at stringer bearings. maximum flexural shear, and maximum
The flange transverse reinforcement torque plus corresponding flexural
in the top layer is also subjected to a shear:
longitudinal component of stringer (a) Determine the area of stirrup
reactions due to braking of live and im- reinforcement required to resist hanger
pact loads. The superposition of flange forces as the largest value of A a,/.s ob-
transverse reinforcement for tension tained from Eqs. (6h), (7b), and (8b).
due to this longitudinal force and that Note that the maximum stresses due to
for tension due to flange flexure is not hanger action act when both sides of the
130
web are subjected to maximum live Provide supplemental longitudinal
loads simultaneously. reinforcement as per Eq. (15) to help
(b) The maximum stresses due to flexural reinforcement resist torsion in
flexural shear acting alone occur when cases where stirrup design is controlled
traffic loads the stringers fully on both by the combined effect of torsion and
sides of the web. Determine the re- flexural shear. Distribute the supple-
quired area of stirrups in terms of A„!s mental longitudinal reinforcement
from Eq. (9) or (10). Note that the criti- along the perimeter of the cross section,
cal section for the maximum end shear particularly at the corners of the web
in an inverted T beam ma y be taken at and flange.
the face of the support.
(c) For maximum torsion to act on an SUMMARY
inverted T beam, traffic loads the
stringers on only one side of the web Reinforced concrete and post-ten-
and the corresponding flexural shear sioned prestressed concrete inverted T
will be less than its maximum value. beams are frequently used for bridges.
Again, the critical section near the end The structural behavior of inverted T
of the member may be taken at the face beams differs from that of conventional
of the support. Satisfy Eq. (13) to ensure top-loaded beams, because the loads are
yielding of stirrups prior to crushing of introduced into the bottom rather than
concrete under ultimate loads. Note that into the sides or the top of the web. The
a larger cross section will be needed to application of loads near the bottom of
resist combined shear and torsion if Eq. the web in inverted T beams imposes
(13) is not satisfied. Calculate the special problems, which are not ad-
required area of stirrups (A,ls) using Eq. dressed to in the current North Ameri-
(14). The term j3 used in Eqs. (13) and can structural codes.
(14) may be determined from Fig. 12. This paper provides recommenda-
The superposition of stirrup rein- tions for proportioning cross section di-
forcement (A„Is) required for Cases (a), mensions and reinforcement of cast-in-
(b) and (c) is not needed. However, de- place normal weight concrete inverted
sign stirrups for the maximum value of T beams employed in bridge structures.
the three effects at all critical sections. These beams should be designed to
Provide either closed rectangular stir- have adequate strength against possible
rups or stirrups that are closed at least failure due to flexure, flexural shear, tor-
across the bottom of the beam as indicated sion and any possible combination of
in Fig. 9b. Use only closed rectangular these forces.
stirrups to resist forces due to torsion. Reinforcement details for the flanges
4. The most critical section for flexure of inverted T beams should accommo-
occurs at the face of the support and the date flexure, shear friction, and punch-
maximum bending moment on an in- ing shear on the short cantilevered shelf.
verted T beam acts when full Iive loads The transverse reinforcement in the
are applied on both sides of the web. webs of inverted T beams should resist
Determine the longitudinal reinforce- hanger tension forces caused by loads
ment required to resist flexural tension applied to the lower part of the web.
at all critical sections. If the web rein- The step-by-step procedure based on
forcement (A„/s) computed for maxi- the proposed criteria summarizes in the
mum flexural shear acting alone is previous section the design of inverted
greater than that calculated for the com- T beam bentcap girders. A design
bined effect of torsion and flexural example given in the Appendix elabo-
shear, no check on longitudinal rein- rates upon the application of the pro-
forcement for torsion is necessary. posed criteria.
APPENDIX A - NOTATION
Ae = area of cross section of all con- Ar/s = A r /s required for combined ef-
crete between compression fect of flexural shear and torsion
face and centroid of flexural minus A r /s required for
tension (or prestressing) rein- maximum flexural shear acting
forcement alone
Ai = total area of cross section of a = distance from face of web to
supplemental longitudinal center of bearing pad taken
reinforcement required to resist perpendicular to beam axis
torsion B = length of bearing pad along
A,, = area of cross section of trans- edge of flange
verse reinforcement required to Bp = B+2B,.
resist flexural tension in a B. = width of bearing pad perpen-
flange overhang dicular to beam axis
A, = area of cross section of one leg hf = overall width of flange of in-
of a web stirrup verted T beam
A = area of cross section of both legs b,, = width of web
of a web stirrup d = effective depth of inverted T
A,f = area of cross section of trans- beam between compression
verse reinforcement required to face and centroid of flexural
resist shear friction in a flange tension (or prestressing) steel
overhang dr – distance from edge of hearing
132
134
Similarly, the effect of longitudinal and the cross section need not be
forces due to friction at stringer bearings revised. The required A„Is for shear
were not considered in the design since force at X is then calculated as 0.164
these forces are given as negligible. in., which will control the design of
stirrups required for shear force in
distance XY.
Web Design for Hanger Action The applied ultimate shear force at
Section Y is [2 x 143,000 plus (30,000 for
Since bf equals 70 in., df (= 18 — 2
the self weight) = ] 316,000 lbs and the
-- 0.625 — 0.5) — 14.9 in., P„ = 221,000
lbs with S = 84 in. for interior string- calculated A z l.s from Eq. (9) is 0.01 in.
This is lower than the minimum value
ers, and B — 20 in., calculated A„/s for
required. Hence, A„Is equals 50 b,,lf„
strength requirements is 0.086 in. and
0.103 in. from Eqs. (6b) and (7b), re- (= 50 x 34/60,000) = 0.03 in., which will
control the design of stirrups for shear
spectively.
force in distance YZ. The final selection
P, equals 130,000 lbs and B + 3 a (= 20
of stirrups will be delayed until the
+ 3 x 9.5) = 48.5 in., which is less than S
check for shear plus torsion has been
= 84 in. Hence, A,/s required for ser-
done.
viceability considerations and calcu-
lated from Eq. (8h) is 0.134 in. The
largest value ofAx /s obtained from Eqs.
(6b), (7b), and (8b) is 0.134 in. and will Web Design for Combined
be used in design. Flexural Shear and Torsion
At exterior stringers, P. equals 143,000 The most critical section for torsion
lbs, PB = 90,000 lbs, and S (=2x21)= 42 design occurs at X, where 7. x zy = 85,650
in. The largest value of A r ls obtained in:”, x, = 29.4 in., y, = 59.4 in., and a t (=
from Eqs. (6h), (7b), and (8b) is again
0.66 + 0.33 x (59.4129.4)] — 1.33.
0.134 in. Hence, AV ls = 0.134 in. is The applied ultimate torque (T„) at
required over the length XZ of the beam
Section X[= (130,000 + 65,000)x(9.5+
for the design of hangers. The final se-
34/2)] = 5,168,000 lb-in.
lection of stirrups acting as hangers will
be delayed until the design for shear The applied ultimate shear force (V,,)
and that for shear plus torsion has been at Section X I= 785,000 — (130,000 +
65,000)) = 590,000 Ibs, and the flexural
completed.
shear capacity of the cross section (V0 ) at
X will at least equal the applied
Web Design for Maximum maximum ultimate shear force acting
alone which is 785,000 lbs.
Flexural Shear From Fig. 12, 13 is calculated as 0.56
The critical sections occur at X and Y which satisfies Eq. (13) and the cross
as indicated in Fig. 13a. Since d equals section need not be revised. The A,,/.s
(64 — 2 — 0.625 — 1.41 — 0.5 =) 59.5 in., required over distance XY for the
A, = 2670 in.', and the applied ultimate effect of flexural shear plus torsion
shear force (V„) at the face of the support is then computed from Eq. (14) as
or Section X [ = 2 x (221,000 + 143,000) 0.03 in.
plus (57 ,000 for the self weight of the Since the applied ultimate torque at
beam)] = 785,000 lbs, the required critical section Y is very small, only
value of A,; f„ d/s is calculated to be minimum reinforcement is required.
585,000 lbs from Eq. (9). Hence, A,Is equals 50 hl f, = 0.03 in.,
Because this value is less than 8 ^"T which will control the design of stirrups
b d (= 1,020,000 lbs), the stirrups can for the combined effect of flexural shear
be provided to resist the required force and torsion in distance YZ.
136