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DR. GLORIA D. LACSON FOUNDATION COLLEGES, INC.

QUANTITY VS. QUALITY


(Research study about Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc. - College
of Accountancy Standardization for the New Generation)

Presented to the Faculty of the College of Accountancy


Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc.
Castellano, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the


Diploma in Bachelor of Science in Accountancy

By:

Daryl Mae S. Grospe


Sandra Shayne T. Iglesia
Glydel R. Lazaro
Jan Nicole C. Magno
Mariella C. Manalo
Precious Yvette L. Mariano
Jerome R. Mateo
Jan Aldrin A. Matining
Jasmin V. Mendoza

(March 2, 2019)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Background of the Study……………………………………………………………………………
Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………………………..
Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………………………..
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………………….......
Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Scope and Limitations………………………………………………………………………………
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………………………...
Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………………………………

Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature…………………………………………………………………………………...

Chapter III. METHODOLOGY

Method of Research…………………………………………………………………………………
Population and Sample Size………………………………………………………………………...
Research Instrument………………………………………………………………………………...
Data Gathering Procedure…………………………………………………………………………..
Statistical Treatment of Data………………………………………………………………………..

Chapter IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Chapter V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………..................

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………

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Chapter I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Things change, people come and go, but one thing is for sure, “change” is the only permanent

in this world. There’s a lot of various perspective of different people about “change”, but the change

that you’re searching for your whole life is actually the seeds that must grow on you. Change is a

progress that needs a lot of time, effort, and perseverance to really alter the things you want to align it

the way you wanted to be.

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values,

beliefs, and habits. Education, being in the basic needs, is important as it can lead you to a brighter

future. Changes in education are needed for the betterment not only of the institution but of the student’s

performance in the future. The researchers, as Accountancy Students, are an example. As we all know,

it is one of the most difficult courses in college and if not well taught, there is a possibility that the

Certified Public Accountant Licensure Examination will be twice difficult to pass or for worst scenario,

there is a possibility to fail the exam.

As to this matter, the researchers conducted a research about the changes in quality necessary

for the development of this institution and how it will affect the quantity of the graduates. The Students

in DR. GLORIA D. LACSON FOUNDATION COLLEGES, INC. must see the silver linings within

the system so the knowledge and the passion will foster to every mind that will lead to a successful

path.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study entitled “Quantity Vs. Quality” is designed to determine the changes needed for the

development of the institution. It is intended to answer the following questions:

1. Is/are change/s needed?

2. What are the changes needed?

3. How to apply the changes needed?

4. What can be done to maintain these changes?

5. How will it affect the institution?

HYPOTHESIS

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This research study emphasized the importance of quality of an education to empower the

system on how the environment can lift one another as they climb. That every human being can dream

without hesitation through the mandatory change and improvement that will foster as the years goes by.

This will be possible if each and every individual in the community of DR. GLORIA D. LACSON

FOUNDATION COLLEGES, INC. – COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY department will standardize

the education to reach the dream to be a Certified Public Accountant or another field which can fulfill

the passion within every individual.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This will be valuable to the following:

1. Department – this study will help the department to develop and for its betterment.

2. Professors – this study will help the professors to have an idea and gain inspiration to what

changes needed.

3. Students- this study will help the students to have a better future.

4. Guardians – this study will help the guardians to not waste their money as the changes are

for the students.

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5. Future researchers- This study will add to the list of reading materials which could help

them in their research.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

ABSTRACT

This chapter examines the literature surrounding quality assurance in education. Quality

education can ensure security, welfare and prosperity of a nation. The key factors influencing the quality

of education is the quality of faculty, curriculum standards, technological infrastructure available,

research environment, accreditation regime, administrative policies, financing, evaluation and good

governance. The main objective of this literature review is to enhance the researchers for the knowledge

of quality education in private schools. In this study, knowledge will be complemented and

supplemented through different theories related to quality education. The literature review from various

areas may support in developing the theoretical framework for stepping towards the objectives of the

research.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to Leo Tolstoy, “What is important in knowledge is not quantity, but quality. It is

important to know what is significant, what is less so, and what is trivial.”

The quality education has been a corner stone of the development of the country. Education is

a basic and primary condition to cultivate knowledge and civilize people for their all-round

development. The issues of education in Nepal seem to be debatable and researchable as well. So, the

major purpose of this research study is to analyze the status of private education in terms of quality

education.

The quality education may prevail in schools with active role of teachers, enthusiastic

participation of students and active dynamic role of management committee and other stakeholders.

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MoE, has dealt that the quality of education depends upon the teaching learning skill of teacher,

students’ learning capacity and their staying hour at school.

The role of parents may have significant value to establish the quality education in schools.

Parents choose and may send their children to schools if they believe whether it is institutional or

community schools. MoE, has its belief that the quality education in schools is the major strategy to

give assurance to parents and that can win the heart of people. It has been envisaged that quality

education can be increased in presence of institutional and human ability.

Most of the educationists claim that curricular, resources, text books, social linguistics and

social values of the local communities and encouragement of the ethnic minorities may be focused to

improving the quality education in schools. When the quality of teachers is maintained the quality

education can be expected in schools. The quality of teacher with indicators may reflect the quality of

schools. Addition to this, some factors of quality education are required like curriculum, planning,

transformation of curriculum, infrastructural development, learning resources, student participation and

organization and management. However, it may need to address the role of parents and stakeholders.

When it is discussed about the quality education in the private schools, infrastructural

development may also be considered. However, it may require other instruments to measure the quality

in the private sectors. Regarding this, Imran, in his thesis of Doctor of Philosophy, explains that the

quality education is the most vital and important instrument to bring the changes as in the society as a

whole. He analyzes the quality education of private secondary with comparing the education of public

secondary schools in Pakistan. Again, he says mostly public schools have their own school buildings

where majority of private schools have no school buildings. Principals, teachers and students are better

in the private schools rather than public schools even though the head teachers and teachers in the public

schools are more trained, experienced and qualified. However, it may require some indicators to

measure the quality of education in the private sectors. Mushtaq, in his article, the author explains that

the private sector has played very important role in delivering quality education. The author has

analyzed that the private sector has the innovative and different type of management structures whereas

the public sector has homogenous and traditional type of management structure at secondary level

especially in the private sector. MC Millan, in his dissertation, puts focus on the public school

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performance analyzing the role of parents. He has analyzed the theory on the basis of competition on

productivity of public schools. He further explains that public schools are not providing quality

education as it is quite inefficient though use excessive monopoly power.

Thapa, in his doctoral thesis, the topic ‘Does Private School Competition improves public

school performance? The Case of Nepal mentions that enrollment of students in Private Boarding

schools is interrelated with the performance of government schools. However, it may need to mention

the meaning of quality, quality of education, quality management, benchmark of quality and total

quality management. Human Development Unit, indicates that the modern education system followed

by Nepal is not as old as countries in the world which means it is the youngest in the world to operate

the education system. It further indicates that there have been considerable quantitative achievements

with a lot of changes but qualitative achievements point of view it still seems low at all levels. There is

less than fifty percent SLC appearing students pass the SLC exam from community schools and there

is high rate of class repetition which is the wasting of time and valuable resources. Shrestha, says that

the result of SLC exam is better in private schools than community schools. The pass percent of

community school is thirty-seven percent whereas the private schools rate is eighty-four percent.

The EFA has focused on the provision of supporting disadvantaged children as they are

reasonably weak as compared to mainstream group in the class performances. It again may have the

debates of quality education and SLC result.

The quality of product and service may influence the customers which they demand. If the

service and products are qualitative, people may demand the products. Ree, in his doctoral thesis named

‘Service Quality indicators for Business Support Service’ mentions that a product or service which

stands on its capability to increase the demand for manufactured goods or service at a particular price

can be measured by influencing customer perception. However, the business quality and products may

apply in quality education too. The term quality may be used in every aspect of life. The quality can be

discoursed through the language which is one of the most important elements to influence the customers

and maintain the standard of institution. The English language teaching as compulsory and non-

compulsory subject in the schools may give the clear example of quality education. He has focused on

quality concepts, quality assurance and quality management. However, the concepts may be connected

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with the total quality management in the education. Hansson in his doctoral thesis ‘Total Quality

Management: Aspects of Implementation and Performance. It has been focused on the investigation

with a Focus on small Organization on Swedish model TQM and TQM in small organization. However,

it needs to focus on TQM in education.

Total quality management is the long term management policy rather than the short term. It is

the overall quality management as service delivery to product management. Andrea in her doctoral

thesis named ‘Quality Assurance in Transition towards Global concern’ explained the quality assurance

about the higher Secondary schools. However, it needs to explain much about the quality assurance of

private secondary schools. Theodre, in his discussion paper ‘The Theory of Totally Integrated

Education (TIE)’ explains that mental structures formed by learners are expected to know the things

properly and way of learning and integrate the things taught. According to the theory, students feel

uninterested in class if learning materials are not motivating and not demanding. Students may fall

asleep because the classes are not really attentive. Students may drop out of the school if they detest

their schools and teachers.

In this aspect, leadership role in school may be required for the quality education. People have

become increasingly hypnotized by the idea of leadership for a long time. People believe that leadership

is a way to improve their personal, social and professional lives. Corporations seek those with leadership

ability as they believe that they bring special assets and improve their organization. As cited in Bush,

asserts that managerial leadership focuses on functioning tasks and behavior. Managerial leaders,

carryout the tasks competently in the organization by facilitating subordinates for the betterment of

organization. In this managerial leadership what is assumed that the behaviors of workers in the

organization are rational. The subordinates and staff may be highly influenced by the authorities as they

possess the hierarchical position.

The requirement may be examined in connection to the expectation of the customer. But all

customers have no similar expectation. Thus, accomplishment of requirements done by one may not

mean that all customers are satisfied. The quality is a fit of goodness. People are in the opinion of

varying degrees of goodness. The author says that the goodness that people refer to higher quality goods

and lower quality products. The author further adds that in reality it is a freedom for people who wish

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to have quality come about happen must know the meaning and definition so that it is coped and

determined. To accomplish this purpose, the author explains that quality is dealt as convenience to

necessities.

Regarding the quality education, parents may have the various options to choose the schools

for their children now a day. Parents may choose private schools paying fees rather than free education

in public schools. He explains the effectiveness of management in private and public schools in Lebanon

taking two schools from public and two from private schools. The factors effecting the academic

environment may hinder or facilitate the quality assurances practice for students’ improvement in

learning. In this connection, Kahsay, has critically examined the quantity and quality assurances in the

Ethiopian Higher education context explores.

The learning ability may also improve the quality of students. Learning abilities of students

may be enhanced by student centered process and preparation for lifelong learning.

Regarding the quality education, the service delivery may be the most concerned subject. Kapri,

in his exploratory doctoral thesis has focused on effective delivery of services in educational

management system. He has analyzed the reality and experiences of service providers and service

receivers in the service delivery system with reference to educational management. His theory has been

based on the system theory, power theory and school based management theory. He has focused on the

community, teachers ‘accountability, resource utilization and equalizing the pedagogy in the schools.

As community mobilizes the resources and own the responsibility with accountability to run the schools

taking the ownership of the schools, it could be significant for the community ownership and better

accountability and efficiency of community management. It may be an effective way to maintain quality

education in community schools when management is transferred to the community. However, it

requires mentioning the quality education focusing on the secondary schools of Nepal in private sector.

It may be discussed with school managing point of view as the discussion of who especially

involves in managing schools. In US, management of schools is done by the state government not by

the federal government. To establish and operate the higher education, state government is independent.

For this Private Higher Education Institutions are licensed by the state government. However, this

research report may require explaining the quality education in secondary schools of private sector.

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There are several components of quality mentioned as quality learners, learning environment, content

and process.

Ghana people interpret the meaning of quality education, which categories of people get

disadvantaged, whether they have success history of quality education, what sorts of challenges they

faced and how they build the capacity strength in quality education. However, they may require

interpreting the status and quality education of private sectors in Ghana. International development

agencies have put their emphasis to improve the quality education of developing countries by adopting

the assessments as gains and losses in quality. Some research articles review the international and hybrid

assessments. It is however the quality is not achieved through international political commitments.

Instead, he suggests availing the stakeholders related information assessment of education.

It may be connected with the examples of other countries and Philippine higher education

system is world’s most extensive system where there are more private colleges and universities as

compared to government colleges and university. Higher education in Philippine is dominated by

private sector. The market itself may determine the quality of products and service. There are other

infrastructures that may influence the quality education in schools. Among them, school library may

come in consideration. Raman, says that private sector run library is better than public established and

run library in view of catering the services to users. However, it may need the further research study for

quality education.

The quality assurance may be observed in line of government policy of the individual countries

how they provide educational opportunity to people. A term globalization has frequently been used in

the world today but its precise meaning is not always clear. Globalization and internationalization are

generally transactional used. The scholar further explains that both private and public systems are in

existence under the rule of Ministry of Education in Malaysia. Growth, access and challenges are the

focus of Kenyan education system. Resources has stumbled the access to the secondary and higher

secondary in Kenya. However, it needs to explain the quality and the status of private education. People

perceive that private schools provide better quality education as compared to government schools.

Private schools may meet the aspiration of the parents even from low income group as compared to the

government schools. As they say that the parental participation is essential in imparting quality

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education to the children. It may need the strong relationship between parents and school which may

be felt by stakeholders.

Another important part of quality education is the quality assurance. The produced product may

qualitative for which there may be separate department to design and make the enduring and ensuring

quality. In this project the researchers are focused on the quality assurance. Furthermore, the project

has clarified that how quality assurance has grown around the concepts of accountability, quality

enhancement.

There are many indicators to measure the quality of education. Among them the API is taken

as one of the tools. The quantitative approach is used to measure the quality of teaching staff especially

their level of skill and proficiency. The API (Academic performance indicator) is the tool to link the

teacher selection and their promotion. If the teacher academic performance is better, then their

promotion and selection will be certain. Zhang in his study states that total quality management has

been used in Chinese firms and industries in view of improving the production of quality of staff.

Quality education may be regarded in each and every country whether it is developing or developed. It

may be essential to make efforts towards making education more qualitative in order to enrich the

human resource as an invaluable economy. The author has further adds that youth of 21st century must

be inculcated with skilled and abilities to fulfill the needs of the society. It may be linked with that of

Timia, has done research on the quality assurance from the perspective of higher imia, education in

Hungary. As researcher, he says social, economical, and political variables have influenced the quality

of higher education in Hungary. It has been a great challenge to meet the aspiration of students.

When discussing the quality of education, it may be cited the example of different countries.

Private education in UK has been a great potentiality for providing quality education. Private education

has played significant role in UK even though few number of private schools are in practice as compared

to government schools in UK. The private schools have achieved the goodwill for producing labor force

in the field of employment. Student’ prior knowledge, skill and quality of prior instruction and socio

economic level may establish a direct link between the quality and achievement outcomes of pupil.

The quality education in private education may be connected with the theory of management.

This management theory says that there will be the relationship among the elements like products,

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process, employs and the states for knowledge and understanding which has been compared with water

rock logic management system. The quality education the private education may link the investment

thinking system.

In this investment thinking system the resource is allocated to achieve high return. The quality

education in private education may be incorporated with the theory of quality control and quality

management. There are numerous benefits to use quality control in firms and business to achieve the

better result. However, there is manual on the quality measures and quality control which may be

beneficial to measure the quality of products.

There have been several ideas and themes to define the quality education in the private

education and for this, Westerheizden, has focused on the government policy through the organizational

theory especially resource dependency and new institutionalism. However, it may have to link quality

management measures and inputs in the school education.

The quality education may be explained with learning theory. In this theory, it has been focused

on the curriculum standard that customizes the teaching learning process to respond the teaching

learning environment. It may realize the learning outcomes. However, it requires covering the quality,

inputs and indicators to measure the quality of education.

In many respects, the quality has been defined from different aspects like UNICEF, has defined

and discussed new innovative ideas and case studies. It has presented the quality from the perspective

of right based approach only like learning environment, learners’ development, learning content and

curriculum, learning process and learning outcome. There will be much more rooms for the quality

definition which gives the wider meaning. In these working papers, they could not capture the holistic

approach of quality education.

Quality of leadership may make the school and student difference by bringing the quality of

result. So, school may need pro institutional and effective leadership who provide the quality leadership

with quality of staff and subordinates.

Chapter III. METHODOLOGY

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METHOD OF RESEARCH

The research involves identifying the department’s least efficacious and most helpful way to

help the students. Through student’s evaluation, the researchers are able to collect enough information

about the departments current situation and performance. It also helped the researchers to understand

student’s needs, to analyze and form conclusion on how the department would retain their effective way

of producing competent students and how they would improve their weakest action into an opportunity

in able to increase the number of possible students.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE

This study aims to (OBJECTIVE)

The accountancy program of Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc. is one of the

courses with the biggest student population specially with transferees from different schools in Nueva

Ecija.

Random Sampling was used among the fourth year accounting students of Dr. Gloria D. Lacson

Foundation Colleges, Inc. They will serve as the responders for the research since students from the

program came from different schools which may help the researchers to gather data from different

perspectives.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In able to provide and gather informative and relevant evaluation, the researchers used survey

instrument as the main data gathering instrument for this study. The questions were divided and

contained different questions: Socio-Demo Characteristic, Educational Guidance, Studying

Arrangements, Studying (Organization), Student Assessment, Attitude Towards Students, Premises,

Library, Teaching and Learning (Content and Methods).

The survey instrument would determine the respondents specific evaluation to the school, Dr.

Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc., so it would be more easy to find out in what helps the

student the most and where the schools needs to focus for improvement in able to increase the quality

of education and produce more competent students. The survey instrument could be assessed and

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answered through google forms to be more efficient. In addition, it was less expensive way of gathering

information and would not pressure the responder for immediate answer, giving them time and

anonymity, so they would be more honest in answering the questions to obtain more accurate result.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

This following techniques used in data gathering in necessary procedure:

Surveys

An activity in which many people are asked a question or a series of questions in order to gather

data and information. A list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a particular group of

people. It may be conducted by phone, mail, via the internet, and sometimes face-to-face. Survey is one

of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research. The broad area of survey

research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents. This

method gives researchers to add more information or ideas given by the respondents. Through surveys,

respondents can definitely give comments about the research study that researchers can used as

guidelines in conducting this study.

Internet

An electronic communications network that connects computer networks. It connects millions

computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any

other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. It ca help to locate similar sites.

Internet is one of the sources when doing some research. It can help researchers to give more knowledge

and information about the topics that they want to know more. It also helps to give an effective and

efficient amount of information. This network can help researchers to dig more reliable information.

Observations

This method is used with the intention of observing respondents interactions with the research

study in their natural surroundings. Observational research tends to be less reliable but often more valid.

The main advantage of this method id flexibility. Researchers used all senses in observing. This method

helps researchers to observe the procedures and operations in establishing and improving the quality of

education. During the process of making the research study, the researchers need to observe the negative

and positive side of this. Observations also influence the decision making of the researchers, and can

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affect study after conducting experimentation. Observing respondents will also affect research study

through their behavior and impressions to the research study.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make use of the data in the right form. Raw

data collection is only one aspect of any experiment; the organization of data is equally important so

that appropriate conclusions can be drawn. This is what statistical treatment of data is all about.

The researchers selected the random sampling method during the distribution of the

questionnaire along the vicinity of the target place. They had the said method because in this technique,

each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as subject. The entire process of

sampling is done in a single step with each subject selected independently of the other members of the

population.

Chapter IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

Chapter V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2711/3/03_literature%20review.pdf
https://files.eric.ed.gov > fulltext

https://www.researchgate.net > publication

APPENDIX

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