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1 Introduction page 4
In a broad view, sustainable development cannot This paper summarizes some of the main issues
be conceived without global communications concerned here, and calls for greater dialogue and
and knowledge exchange. The closer we consider interaction between sustainable development
today’s communications channels, the more and ICT/Internet public policy-makers and
aware we become of the paramount importance activists, based upon a greater understanding of
of the Internet to the flow of information and
these different domains and of their complexities.
knowledge around the world. The Internet
governance debate, which includes issues of
access, multistakeholder participation, openness
and security, among others, is essential for global
communication and knowledge exchange, in that The ICT and Internet sector also needs to reflect
its outcomes will affect our ability to manage the on the importance of sustainability within its own
social, environmental and economic aspects of development. ICTs are increasingly fundamental
sustainable development. (MacLean, Andjelkovich to the organization of economic production and
& Vetter, 2007, p. 1). exchange, to social dynamics and to the exchange
of information and other resources. The ways in
The term “Internet governance” has been widely used since the World Summit on the
Information Society to describe not just the technical management and coordination of
the Internet itself (which is sometimes called “narrow Internet governance”), but also the
relationship between the Internet and mainstream public policy issues that are affected by it
(sometimes called “broad Internet governance”). Both of these types of issues are discussed,
for example, in the Internet Governance Forum.
IISD believes that the use of the term “Internet governance” for this wide range of issues
is increasingly inappropriate, particularly where issues fall primarily in other public policy
arenas. IISD therefore prefers to use the term “Internet public policy” for this wider range of
issues.
n economic development – reducing and Diagram adapted from Barbier, E. (1987). The
seeking to eradicate income poverty, concept of sustainable economic development.
achieving higher levels of prosperity and Environmental Conservation, 14(2): 101–110.
enabling continued gains in economic
welfare; Development, in this context, is not a matter merely
for developing countries, as the term is sometimes
n social development – reducing and used. It is about development at all levels, from the
seeking to eradicate other dimensions of family, through local communities, regions and
poverty, improving the quality of education, nations, to the planet as a whole. Sustainability needs
health, housing and other aspects of the to be a priority in all countries—post-industrial and
welfare of individuals and communities, and industrial as well as developing countries—and in
enhancing the quality of social interaction, the international system that links them.
engagement and empowerment;
The 2005 UN World Summit, which reviewed the
n environmental protection – reducing Millennium Development Goals, described the
the impact of economic, social and environmental These perceptions of the relationship among
trends, and the interactions between them, is only technology, economy and society are not
possible from a basis of thorough, researched deterministic. They do not imply that technological
understanding both of present circumstances and change necessarily leads to certain outcomes.
of likely changes in those circumstances. However, it is clear that the state of technology
offers possibilities and creates limitations that shape
Technology has long played a crucial part in the choices available to societies—and the actors
economic and social development. The level of within them—for creating and distributing the
technology has always limited what is technically various forms of wealth that are enabled by them
possible or economically viable, while the evolution and by the other economic sectors they affect.
of technology has continually raised those
thresholds of possibility and viability. It is also widely accepted that at each stage in their
evolution and of consequential social and economic
One of the principal concepts contained in the change, technological developments have had both
Brundtland Commission’s 1987 definition of positive and negative impacts on the economy,
sustainable development is “the idea of limitations society and environment. In particular, they have
imposed by the state of technology and social had both positive and negative impacts on the
organisation on the environment’s ability to meet foundation of sustainability, that is, the environ-
present and future needs.” (WCED, 1987, part 1, ment’s ability to meet present and future needs. In
Sec. 2, para. 1). It is widely accepted that there is the case of industrial technology and the forms of
a strong linkage between technology and social economic and social organization that developed
organization, and that development has taken place around it, it is clear that many of these impacts on
through stages in which technological innovation sustainability have been negative on balance and
has led to economic and social transformation; that the current outcomes of industrialization as it
this is sometimes described as a succession of has evolved are not sustainable.
transitions from hunter/gatherer, to agricultural, to
industrial, to information/knowledge societies. For the past four decades, much discussion about
sustainable development has centred on the
Refinements of this perception have called question of what new forms of economic and
attention to the role throughout history of general social organization are needed to ensure that the
purpose technologies (GPTs)—technologies environment is able to meet present and future
that affect all aspects of economies, such as the needs of a world population that is expected to reach
steam engine, electricity and the automobile—in nine to ten billion by 2050, a substantial portion
transforming economic and social organization. of which will live in poverty. Over the past two
ICTs—telecommunications, computing and the decades, there has been particular interest in new
Internet—are clearly recognizable as general technologies that may have the potential to enable
purpose technologies within this definition. Some environmentally sustainable forms of economic and
analysts have also focused on the specific role social organization, in the context of a growing world
of communication technologies in shaping social population, without requiring an end to growth.
The data centres, which enable content on the Internet, consume large amounts of electricity.
Because much of this is generated by burning fossil fuels, they also produce significant quantities of
greenhouse gas. A study for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated that, in 2006, U.S.
data centres consumed 61 B kwh of electricity—1.5 per cent of all the electricity used in the country
(EPA, 2007). A 2008 study of the environmental impacts of ICTs written for the Global e-Sustainability
Initiative estimated that in 2002 the global footprint of data centres was 76 megatonnes of CO2
equivalent, and that this amount would more than triple to 259 megatonnes by 2020, the fastest
rate of emissions growth in the ICT sector as a whole (GeSI, 2008, p. 02/20).
Two main strategies have been employed to reduce the carbon footprint of data centres: a shift
to the use of renewable energy sources and a shift away from individually owned and operated
centres toward shared facilities where information processing and storage are provided virtually by
“cloud computing” operators—which, it is hoped, will achieve greater efficiency and reduced cost
to the environment. Recently, there has been growing interest in a third approach that combines
these two strategies in the concept of “green clouds.” This interest has been particularly strong in
countries that have abundant sources of renewable energy and cold climates that help cool data
centres at relatively low cost.
The results of the study (IISD, 2010) suggest that the “green cloud” option provides the strongest
business case. However, it also raised the most complex set of policy issues for university
administrators, researchers, funding agencies and public policy-makers. In Canada, as in other
countries with advanced digital economies, there is a well-defined legal and regulatory framework
for providing access to information, protecting the privacy of individuals, ensuring information and
security, and protecting intellectual property rights that will need to be extended and applied to
cloud computing. Even when these challenges are fully addressed, relocating data centres may
not be the best way of reducing emissions. Building new facilities in remote areas is itself carbon-
intensive, while surplus heat in urban areas can be reused, for example to heat classrooms and office
buildings. The IISD/CANARIE study suggests that all of these factors will need to be examined and
that new issues will need to be considered, as the Internet moves into the age of cloud computing.
This illustrates the complexity of sustainability where ICTs are concerned, and the importance of
subjecting assumptions and expectations to full impact analysis.
Although their emergence on the international n Major shifts have taken place in
agenda was triggered by the financial and understanding the relationship bet-ween
economic crises of 2008–2009, the concepts of economic and social policy. The traditional
green growth and the green economy are products view that saw economic and social policy
of paradigm shifts that have taken place in recent as essentially different domains—the
decades as economic, social and environmental one concerned with creating wealth, the
issues have begun to converge in the contexts other with its distribution—is giving way
to one that sees them as two sides of
of globalization and the growing understanding
the same human development agenda.
of the challenge posed by sustainability, and in
For example, as well as addressing basic
particular by climate change.
human needs, education and health
care policies are increasingly regarded as
At present, however, the adoption of this n It will help to identify areas where
kind of environmental impact assessment detrimental outcomes are certain or
is underdeveloped within ICT and Internet highly likely, in which steps to mitigate
standards development. those outcomes are required either
within the ICT sector or from wider
agencies.
Understanding the impact of ICTs on sustainable The World Summit on the Information Society
development, both today and in the future, requires included the declaration of the second Earth
an analytical framework. Section 3 of this paper Summit—alongside the UN Charter, the Universal
described one such framework, which was set out Declaration of Human Rights and the Millennium
in the Forum for the Future’s 2002 report for the Development Goals—among those international
European Information Technology Observatory on agreements that should underpin thinking about
The impact of ICT on sustainable development. the development of an Information Society.
Similar frameworks, and matrices like that in Section So far, that integration of ICTs and sustainable
3, have been used in other sustainability analysis. development has been largely absent from
international discourse. As mentioned earlier, the
The matrix illustrated in Section 3 is built around two third Earth Summit will be held in Brazil in 2012.
crucial distinctions: This presents an opportunity for the international
community to rectify that omission, and for
n that between the three main pillars
sustainable development and ICT specialists to
of sustainability (economic, social and
take stock: to assess the impact that ICTs already
environmental);
have on sustainability, the impact that they are
n and that between first order (direct), second likely to have, or the impact they might have,
order (indirect) and third order (societal) with suitable policy approaches over the next ten
effects. years.
By juxtaposing these, it provides a flexible The 2012 Earth Summit can therefore help to
From 2005 to 2009, in conjunction with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and the International
Development Research Centre (IDRC), IISD conducted a multi-phase research project aimed at
identifying the tools and processes needed to design and implement successful policies in the
conditions of uncertainty that characterize the complex, dynamic and interconnected human and
natural systems of sustainable development.
The Adaptive Policy Project (ADP) did not invent new policy tools, but rather used a case study and
interview approach to find tools that had worked well in diverse circumstances. The contribution of
the project is to bring these tools together in the context of policy-making under uncertainty, and to
highlight the need for policy designers to take these issues into account as policies are amended or
designed anew.
Creating adaptive policies: A guide for policy-makers in an uncertain world (Swanson & Bhadwal, 2009),
the final report of the project, is available at http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=1180. As
discussed in the report, research for the project suggested that there are four types of activities that
policy designers should undertake, and seven tools that are available to assist them. To create adaptive
policies, policy-makers should:
n Understand the policy environment. They should clearly understand the intended goals
of the policy, key factors affecting performance, and the expected future development of
those factors. The tools of Integrated and Forward Looking Analysis and Multi-Stakeholder
Deliberation are intended to help in understanding the policy environment.
n Enable innovation. Innovative policy instruments can provide useful inputs to policy design
and development, both through the new approaches they excite and through the evidence
they provide about factors facilitating success or failure. This can be facilitated through tools
such as Decentralization of Decision Making, Self Organization and Social Networking, and
Variation.
n Monitor the context. Policy developers must also monitor and assess the results of
implementation, for two reasons: to ensure that the policies are doing what they were
designed to do, and to be aware when circumstances (such as technology and markets)
have changed so much that policies themselves need to be changed if they are to meet
their goals. The tools for Automatic Adjustment and Formal Policy Review and Continuous
Learning, address this challenge.
n Improve outcomes. As both the policy environment and knowledge of a policy’s operation
evolve over time, policy developers and program managers must use the warnings and
opportunities provided to make necessary adjustments to ensure performance.
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efficiency. Retrieved August 2010 from: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/
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Green Growth Strategy: Implementing our commitment to a sustainable future. Meeting of the OECD Council
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pdf.
Swanson, D.A., Bhadwal, S. (2009) Creating adaptive policies: A guide for policy-makers in an uncertain
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August 2010 from: http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=1180.
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Retrieved August 2010 from: http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/AboutGEI/tabid/1370/Default.aspx.
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August 2010 from: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan021752.pdf.
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