Proceedings of the 7th

World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation

June 25 - 27, 2008, Chongqing, China

Study the Gibbs phenomenon in the De-noising by

wavelet
Gu xiaohong Cai jinhui
College of Electrical and Machanical Engineering College of Metrological Technology and Engineering
China Jiliang University China Jiliang University
Hangzhou 310018, China Hangzhou 310018, China
[KJX@cjlu.edu.cn caijinhui@cjlu.edu.cn
Abstract: De-noising based on wavelet may bring artifacts Suppose the signal function as follow:
(Gibbs) on the discontinuity points of signals..Because of great
­ f1 ( x ) 0≤ x <
x1

f (x ) = ®
translation work of the method- translation invariance that 2
x1 (1)
¯ f 2 (x)
can eliminate Gibbs, the partial translation invariance is < x ≤ x1
2
presented. Haar wavelet that can eliminate Gibbs if the
discontinuity is in the middle of the signals is analyzed firstly, x1
There is a jump discontinuity at . The dyadic
then the method detecting the location of discontinuity points 2
is produced, finally the method of partial translation
sum of f (x ) is defined by
invariance is descried in detail. Experiment of simulation
indicates that partial translation invariance can also eliminate
Gibbs while reducing translation work.
∏ f (x ) = ³ f ( y ) q(x, y )dy
m
(2)

1 INTRODUCTION
Where q (x, y ) = ¦ n∈zφ m,n ( x )φ m,n ( y ) , and φ is
When a Fourier series is used to approximate a function
with a jump discontinuity, an overshoot at the discontinuity the scaling function
points occurs. This phenomenon was noticed by Michelson, x1

∏ f (x ) = ³ f1 ( y ) q( x, y )dy + ³x1 f 2 ( y ) q ( x, y )dy

x1
2
and explained by Gibbs in 1899. This phenomenon is
0
m 2
known as the Gibbs effect Now there is Gibbs in the
discontinuity points of the signals during the De-noising by x1

wavelet. The effective method to eliminate the Gibbs is the =³

0
2m
2 ( ) ( ) 2 m x1
(
f1 2− m t q 2m x, t dt + ³ m x1 f 2 2− m t q 2 m x, t dt
2
) ( )
translation invariance. But the disadvantage of the 2

translation invariance is the great translation. Aimed at the (3)

situation, we can take advantage of the Haar wavelet that if Since what is of most interest is the discontinuity situation
the discontinuity points are in the middle of the signals, x1
of f (x ) , x will be set to x = 2 − m a + , t will be set
there is no Gibbs. So the partial translation invariance is 2
presented, firstly, the number and the position of the x1
to t = 2 m + u , then
discontinuity points are detected by wavelet transform, then 2
only the discontinuity points that are not in the middle of
§ x1 ·
the signal are moved to the middle of the signal, and the ∏ f ¨© 2
m
−m
a+
2¹
¸=
signals are moved the original direction after De-noising by
Haar wavelet, so the phase of the signals are same to the x1
2m §x · § x x ·
phase of the original signals. The advantages of the partial ³0
2 f 1 ¨ 1 − 2 − m u ¸ q¨ 2 m 1 + a, 2 m 1 − u ¸du +
© 2 ¹ © 2 2 ¹
translation invariance that it only deals with the
discontinuity points (translation invariance need deal with x1
2m § x · § x x ·
all the points) , and can reduce the translation compared to ³ 0
2
f 2 ¨ 2 − m u + 1 ¸ q¨ 2 m 1 + a ,2 m 1 + u ¸ du ( 4) Wh
© 2¹ © 2 2 ¹
the translation invariance.
II STUDY THE GIBBS PHENOMENON IN HAAR WAVELET en m → ∞ , then 2 − m a → 0 , 2 − m u → 0 .

978-1-4244-2114-5/08/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE. 7564

 § x1 · §x · inflection points of f ∗ θ s (x)
Remark: when a > 0 , if ∏f ¨ + 0+ ¸ > f2 ¨ 1 ¸
m→∞ ©2 ¹ ©2¹
IV WAVELET DE-NOISING BASED ON PARTIAL
TRANSLATION INVARIANCE
And when a < 0 , if § x1 · §x ·
∏ f ¨© 2
m→∞
+ 0 − ¸ > f 1 ¨ 1 ¸ this is
¹ ©2¹
During the wavelet De-noising, there is Gibbs because of
the discontinuity points of the signals. After analysis of the
the Gibbs phenomenon shown in the discontinuity point. Gibbs phenomenon of the Haar wavelet, it is known that if
discontinuity points is in the middle of the signals, the
But if Haar wavelet , then φ (x ) = χ [0,1] ( x ) ,
Gibbs phenomenon can be eliminated by using Haar
wavelet. Based on above character of Haar wavelet, the
§ x1 · §x ·
Remark: when a > 0 ∏f
m→∞
¨ + 0 + ¸ = f 2 ¨ 1 ¸ , this is
©2 ¹ ©2¹
method of partial translation invariance is presented in this
paper. Firstly wavelet function is selected as the one order
shown that there is no Gibbs phenomenon at the right of of the smooth function, and the discontinuity points and
discontinuity signal. their position can be detected the local extrema of

§x · §x · W 1 f ( s , x) or the zero-crossings of W 2 f ( s, x ) , then

When a < 0 ∏ f ¨ 1 + 0 − ¸ = f 1 ¨ 1 ¸ , this is
m →∞ © 2 ¹ ©2¹
moving the first discontinuity point to the middle of the
shown that there is no Gibbs phenomenon at the left of signal, De-noising by Haar wavelet Soft-Thresholding, this
discontinuity signal. can eliminate the Gibbs phenomenon caused by
There is no Gibbs phenomenon by using Haar wavelet when discontinuity points. But the new signal has phase different
the discontinuity point is in the middle of the signals. compared to the original signal, the new signal needed to
III SINGULARITY DETECTION BASED ON WAVELET move to the original phase. Other discontinuity points are
TRANSFORMS delt with by using the above method. So the new signal can
eliminate all the Gibbs of discontinuity points.
Let ψ 1 ( x) and ψ 2 ( x) be the two wavelets defined by
V EXPERIMENTS AND RESULT
dθ ( x ) d θ ( x) 2
The effect of the partial translation invariance can be
ψ 1 ( x) = and ψ 2 ( x) =
dx dx 2 explained as follows: figure 1 is the noisy time series.
The wavelet transforms defined with respect to each of
these wavelets are given by

W 1 f ( s, x) = f ∗ψ s1 ( x) and W 2 f ( s , x) = f ∗ψ s2 ( x)

(5)
dθ s d
W 1 f ( s, x ) = f ∗ ( s )( x) = s ( f ∗ θ s )( x) (6)
dx dx
d θs
2
d2
W 2 f ( s, x ) = f ∗ ( s 2 2
)( x) = s 2 2 ( f ∗ θ s )( x)
dx dx
(7)
Fig 1 noisy time series
The wavelet transforms W 1 f ( s , x) and W 2 f ( s, x ) are
Figure 2 and figure 3 are De-noising time series based
proportional respectively to the first and second derivative on ’heursure’ rule and ’sqtwolog’ rule, from figure 2 and
figure 3, it is can be seen that there are Gibbs phenomenon
of f (x) smoothed by θ s (x) . For a fixed scale s , the
in the discontinuity points of the signal

local extrema of W 1 f ( s , x) along the x variable,

correspond to the zero-crossings of W 2 f ( s, x ) and to the

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 Fig 2 De-noising based on “heursure” rule Fig 5 De-noising based on partial translation invariance

VI CONCLUSIONS
A new De-noising method-partial translation invariance is
presented. The method can eliminate the Gibbs
phenomenon appearing in the wavelet De-noising.
Compared to the method of translation invariance, the
partial translation invariance reduces translation work.

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Fig 4 Detecting the discontinuity points

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