KINEMATIC TRADING &CO PRIVATE LIMITED AT CHENNAI

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Organizational functioning is an important factor for any organization to achieve the desired
goals and objectives. This requires coordination at all levels to smooth functioning. This report
aims to understand the functions of KINEMATIC TRADING &CO PRIVATE LIMITED AT
CHENNAI relation to different departments. Organizational study is “the examination of how
individuals construct organizational structures, processes, and practices and how these, in turn,
shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influences people”. Organizational
studies comprise different areas that deal with the different aspects of the organizations, many of
the approaches are functionalist but critical research also provide alternative frame for
understanding in the field. An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective
goals, which control its own performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its
environment. Organization is the association formed by a group of people who see that there are
benefits available from working together towards some common goal. Organization studies are
the study of individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting, as well as the nature of
organization themselves. Whenever people interact in organizations, many factors come into
play. Organizational studies attempt to understand and model these factors. Organizational study
is very essential for MBA graduates as it help us to connect theory with practice. Organizational
study refers to the study of organization as a whole and getting adequate knowledge with various
departments in the organization. The study was carried out at KINEMATIC TRADING &CO
PRIVATE LIMITED AT CHENNAI this study is based on the different aspects and
dimensions of different departments of the company.

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY:

I have conducted a descriptive type study by personally visiting the firm. The main sources of
information were primary data and secondary data.

Primary data:
It was collected by personally interviewing and interacting with the managers, officers, staff and
workers of various departments of the company.

SECONDARY DATA:

It was collected from various records like the annual reports of the company, company brochure,
company documents, company journal and the website of the company.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

Organization study provides an opportunity to the management trainees to have practical

knowledge about the organizational activities in a company by conducting a study there. He gets
wide range of knowledge about the organizational structure, functions of various department and
officials. It enables him to do the SWOT analysis of the company. Finally he can put forward
suggestions for the improvement of the company.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

 Finding the problems and limitations of the organization, if any and giving appropriate
suggestions to overcome the difficulties.
 Understand how information is used in organization for decision making at various
levels. Understanding the Organizational Work culture.
 To enable and understand how the key business process are carried out in organizations.
 To study different departments in the organization and their functioning
 To familiarize with overall performance of KINEMATIC TRADING &CO PRIVATE
LIMITED AT CHENNAI
 To identify opportunities, threats, strengths, and weakness of the departments.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

 The study was only for limited days (30 days).

 It was difficult for me to grasp the technical operations of the company
 The data collected from different personnel in the company contain biased statements.
 Information obtained is incomplete and inaccurate since the financial and some other
confidential information were not provided by the company.
  The study has limited scope, as it aims an overall organizational study and not an in-
depth.

CHAPTER II

INDUSTRY PROFILE AND COMPANY PROFILE

INTRODUCTION TO THE ORGANIZATION

KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED is the world leader in mechanical

couplings. From the introduction of the Fast's gear coupling in 1918 to more recent design
advances in high-performance couplings, KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE
LIMITED is at the forefront of mechanical coupling design and manufacturing. Engineering
advancements such as our coupling-to requirement system or patented ground gearing
technology has helped Kinematic Trading and co maintain its technological leadership in the
coupling industry.

The use of polyethylene piping material has steadily increased over the past half century
and today it’s the material of choice for natural gas piping systems up to 12” size. Mechanical
couplings and fittings played a vital part in this evolution, especially in the earlier years, when
distribution service line installations were the most common application. Many of these
mechanical fittings were metallic and connected to steel or cast iron main piping with a PE outlet
connection for the service line. Both plastic and metallic mechanical fittings have provided the
industry with fast and easy pipe joining, and repair and transition techniques. Their nearly 50
years of performance history is testimonial to the safe and reliable service these fittings provide.
This document will provide a historical time line to assist material engineers, when assessing
older PE systems, and to determine what the governing requirements were for mechanical
fittings at the time of their installations. It will also review the specified regulatory requirements
for mechanical pipe joints, both in general terms and how they should be interpreted for
mechanical joints for PE piping.
 An outline of recommended mechanical fitting performance capabilities will be provided
to assist material engineers in product selection. It includes any ASTM Test Methods or Standard
Specifications available to provide guidance in how to evaluate the performance capability of
mechanical fittings.
Some of the most common types of mechanical fittings will generically be described.
Some mechanical fitting designs are proprietary to a specific manufacturer. Use
recommendations and compliance to regulations should be reviewed with the fitting
manufacturer prior to installation. Mechanical fittings do not require highly skilled laborers and
typically do not require special equipment to be installed. With each design, it is essential that
the manufacturer’s installation instructions are followed to obtain optimum performance.

Definition/Designs
There are primarily five different mechanical coupling designs or technologies for joining
PE currently in use in North America. All require the use of an internal stiffener when used with
PE pipe to prevent long-term creep of the pipe away from the compression forces. These designs
can be classified by the method used for completion. These are:
Tightening of bolts and nuts
 Tightening of compression nut (also referred to as “nut follower”).
 Stab or insertion style
 Hydraulic pressure
 Use of an external compression or “completion” ring
Tightening of Bolts
This design is characterized by the use of multiple bolts and nuts being tightened to grip
and seal on the polyethylene .These types of mechanical couplings can also be used to join
polyethylene to steel or cast iron gas piping, or ductile iron water piping.
The tightening of the bolts brings together internal gripping rings and a sealing element. As the
bolts are tightened, the outer ring, commonly called the retaining ring, forces the gripping
mechanism or ring and sealing gasket into a state of compression onto the polyethylene, thus
creating restraint and a gas tight seal. The tightening of nuts and bolts is to a specified torque
value prescribed by the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
Steel body, bolt together coupling

Tightening of Compression Nut (Nut Follower)

With this design, the operator is required to tighten a nut to a stop or prescribed torque
value. As with the “bolt” design fitting, as the operator tightens the nut down, the internal
gripping ring and sealing gasket are brought down onto the polyethylene pipe to restrain and
seal. In some designs, there is a prescribed torque value, however in others; the operator is
required to tighten the fitting to a stop point located on the coupling body. The gas seal and
restraint (grip) are dependent upon the amount of tightness the operator applies to the
compression nut.
Plastic body, bolt together coupling

Tightening of Compression Nut (Nut Follower)

With this design, the operator is required to tighten a nut to a stop or prescribed torque
value. As with the “bolt” design fitting, as the operator tightens the nut down, the internal
gripping ring and sealing gasket are brought down onto the polyethylene pipe to restrain and
seal. In some designs, there is a prescribed torque value, however in others; the operator is
required to tighten the fitting to a stop point located on the coupling body. The gas seal and
restraint (grip) are dependent upon the amount of tightness the operator applies to the
compression nut.

Cast body compression coupling

Nylon body compression coupling

Stab or Insertion

The “stab” or insertion style coupling requires no tightening of bolts or compression nut.
With the stab type, the seal and restraint are accomplished through independent components. The
coupling contains either single or multiple rubber orings that provide a seal on the outside
diameter, inside diameter or both diameters of the polyethylene tubing which has been inserted
into the fitting. In the case of an outside diameter seal fitting, the inside diameter of oring is
smaller than that of the outside diameter of the polyethylene tubing, thus compressing the rubber
oring onto the PE tubing surface and coupling body surface creating a gas tight seal. Likewise,
for the inside diameter sealing coupling version, the sealing oring would have a larger diameter
than the inside diameter of the tubing, again, compressing the tubing wall to the oring creating a
gas seal.

Hydraulic Pressure
This type of joining method is no longer commonly used on polyethylene, however
because there may exist product in the operator’s system we review the technology here. This
type of coupling involves a steel body product with two hydraulic port holes. Internally, there are
gripping plates and seals that are forced onto the piping via hydraulic fluid pressure. Use of this
fitting requires that the operator use and maintain a hydraulic pump. The hydraulic hose is
attached to the fitting body and hydraulic fluid is pumped into the fitting body thus forcing the
gripper and sealing mechanisms onto the pipe. Fluid pressure is measured on a pressure gauge
attached to the pump. Installation pressure is predetermined by the manufacturer and detailed in
the installation instructions.

Polyethylene stab type coupling

Hydraulic Pressure
 This type of joining method is no longer commonly used on polyethylene, however
because there may exist product in the operator’s system we review the technology here. This
type of coupling involves a steel body product with two hydraulic port holes. Internally, there are
gripping plates and seals that are forced onto the piping via hydraulic fluid pressure. Use of this
fitting requires that the operator use and maintain a hydraulic pump. The hydraulic hose is
attached to the fitting body and hydraulic fluid is pumped into the fitting body thus forcing the
gripper and sealing mechanisms onto the pipe. Fluid pressure is measured on a pressure gauge
attached to the pump. Installation pressure is predetermined by the manufacturer and detailed in
the installation instructions.

Hydraulic style coupling

External Compression Ring

For the mechanical coupling using an external compression or “completion” ring, the
operator inserts the polyethylene over an insert stiffener. The insert stiffener may or may not be
integral to the fitting body and can be smooth or serrated. Prior to this step, the operator slides
the compression ring over the outside of the polyethylene tubing. After the polyethylene has
been inserted, the compression ring is brought over the coupling body and/or polyethylene. This
interference fit creates a compressive force between the polyethylene and the insert stiffener. The
assembly typically requires the use of a special tool to bring the compression ring onto the fitting
body. This design may or may not contain an elastomeric sealing element, in some designs the
compression of the PE onto the griping element and/or internal stiffener also creates the seal.
Assembly is complete when the compression ring has been brought into contact with a stop on
the coupling.

External Compression Ring style coupling

Compression Couplings Background

When plastic pipe was first designed and developed for the natural gas distribution
industry in the 1960’s, the dimensions were called IPS and CTS or Iron Pipe Size and Copper
Tubing Size. The outside diameter (OD) of IPS pipe was based on the corresponding iron pipe
outside diameter so that the same fittings that were used for metal pipe could also be used for
plastic pipe.
When mechanical compression couplings were first used for plastic gas pipe in the early
1960’s they provided a leak-tight seal only, and this seal was based on the OD dimensions. These
first compression couplings, which were originally designed for metal pipe, provided the
necessary gas-tight seal, but did not provide resistance (restraint) to pull out. As the use of plastic
pipe and particularly PE pipe, increased, the compression coupling manufacturers began to
design their couplings specifically for plastic pipe. In the case of PE pipe, this included an insert
stiffener to provide the needed rigidity to the PE to improve the required seal. By the late 1960’s,
some compression coupling manufacturers also began to design their fittings with pullout
resistance in addition to leak-tight seals. By 1980, there were several manufacturers that sold
compression couplings that provided both a leak-tight seal and gripping mechanisms that
provided pullout restraint.

In their 1972 report, “Comparison of Long-Term Sealing Characteristics of Compression

Type Couplings on Steel & Polyethylene Pipe” Dresser Manufacturing stated, “A new
mechanical design was initiated to develop a mechanical joint for PE. Requirements were
obviously long-term reliable sealing ability and a joint locking strength equal to the longitudinal
strength of the plastic pipe being joined, as required by (our interpretation) the DOT regulations
Volume 35, number 61”. This statement indicates that Dresser Manufacturing interpreted the
code as meaning that a compression coupling needed to have restraint to pullout and they were
manufacturing couplings to meet that requirement. The mechanical couplings manufactured by
Dresser in sizes 2” IPS and below had a locking feature to prevent pullout. This had been the
industry standard since the late 1960’s.

In the late 1970’s as a result of two compression fitting pullout failures in Fremont,
Nebraska and Lawrence, Kansas, the DuPont Company published an article, “Pull Out Forces on
Joints in PE (Polyethylene) Pipe Systems”, in which the joint strength for compression fittings
½” to 1” was deemed “equal or greater” than pipe strength. DuPont deemed compression fittings
larger than 1” to have joint strength “less” than pipe strength.

As a result of several more industry gas pipeline failures due to PE pipe pulling out of a
non-restraint compression coupling, some manufacturers now include caution statements in their
literature, such as, “When pipe pullout could occur as a result of forces other than that caused by
internal line pressure of 150 psig maximum, pipe joint MUST be anchored. Failure to anchor
pipe joint could result in escaping line content and cause property damage, serious injury or
death”.

MECHANICAL JOINT CONNECTION (FOR PPR-C & HDPE PIPES)

MECHANICALCOUPLING

(Strong Plastic Housing with SS Teeth)

 Fusion Mechanical Join HDPE / PPR

 Simple, Fast, easy bolted connection.

 Eliminates Butt Wedding.
 Eliminate socket fusion welding.
 Fast installation.
 Economical- A Union at every joint, hence reduce the cost of flange assembly.
 Easy to remove and rotate pipe for increase pipe life.
 No special tool required (Jack, Mirror, Electricity)
 Pressure: 4 Kgf to 16 Kgf.

Fusion Industries Limited proud to introduce mechanical coupling system for HDPE and PPR
pipe jointing system.

Economy:

Fusion Mechanical Coupling design and developed to reduce the cost and time for
installation. It avoid flange assembly as itself is a union at every joint.

Housing:

Made of durable plastic for rugged service condition.

SS Teeth:
 Integral gripping teeth made of stainless steel inserts and molded, provide direct
connection to the pipe.

Rubber Gasket:

Elastomer gasket with triple seal design provides a leak free seal.

1. EPDM : Recommended for hot water service

Temperature-30ºCto+85ºC
Temperature Rating -34ºC to +110ºC

2. Nitrile:

Recommended for petroleum products, hydrocarbon, air with oil vapors, vegetables and
mineral oil.
Temperature -29ºC to +82ºC

Always check gasket supplied before application.

HISTORY OF COUPLING

A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of
transmitting power. Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation,
however there are torque limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit
is exceeded.

The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while
permitting some degree of misalignment or end movement or both. By careful selection,
installation and maintenance of couplings, substantial savings can be made in reduced
maintenance costs and downtime.

Couplings are used to connect two shafts for torque transmission in varied applications. It
may be to connect two units such as a motor and a generator or it may be to form a long line
shaft by connecting shafts of standard lengths say 6-8m by couplings. Coupling may be rigid or
they may provide flexibility and compensate for misalignment. They may also reduce shock
loading and vibration. A wide variety of commercial shaft couplings are available ranging from a
simple keyed coupling to one which requires a complex design procedure using gears or fluid
drives etc.

However there are two main types of couplings:

a. Rigid couplings

b. Flexible couplings

a) Rigid Coupling

Rigid Couplings are mainly used in areas where the two shafts are coaxial to each other. There
are many types of couplings that fall under the rigid couplings category. They are

Rigid Sleeve or Muff Couplings-

This is the basic type of coupling. This consists of a pipe whose bore is finished to the
required tolerance based on the shaft size. Based on the usage of the coupling a keyway in made
in the bore in order to transmit the torque by means of the key. Two threaded holes are provided
in order to lock the coupling in position. The photo shows a type of the rigid sleeve or muff
coupling.

MUFF COUPLING

FLEXIBLE COUPLING

Flexible couplings are used to transmit torque from one shaft to another when the two
shafts are slightly misaligned. Flexible couplings can accommodate varying degrees of
misalignment up to 3° and some parallel misalignment. In addition, they can also be used for
vibration damping or noise reduction. The material used to manufacture the beam coupling also
affects its performance and suitability for specific applications such as food, medical and
aerospace. Materials are typically aluminum alloy and stainless steel, but they can also be made
in acetal, maraging steeland titanium. The most common applications are attaching encoders to
shafts and motion control for robotics.

A typical flange coupling

APPLICATION
 1. Designed for heavy load & industrial equipment.

2. In various machines.

3. Can be used in a driveshaft of a car or truck.

( A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan
shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation )

Application of Flanged Coupling

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In 1545, Italian mathematician Girolamo Cardano theorized that the principal of gimbals
could be used to transmit rotary motion through an angled connection, which was developed into
the Cardan Shaft, which was said to deliver a smoother ride, along with being more efficient and
less prone to breakdowns because the shaft was always at a 90 degree angle to the axle. This new
concept was actually first seen in 1548 on the carriage of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles the
5th.

Then in 1676, Robert Hooke revisited Cardano’s idea and used it to make an instrument
that would allow for a safer way to study the sun. This new instrument used a new type of joint
that allowed for twisting motion in one shaft to be passed on to another, no matter how the two
shafts were oriented. It would take another 240 years for Clarence W. Spicer to come along and
apply this idea to the automotive and industrial industries. Spicer received a patent for the
universal joint in 1903 and demonstrated his new patent in a self-designed car, which did not
have a troublesome chain & sprocket nor did it have chain and geared adaptions. Spicer would
then begin manufacturing in 1904.

Human invented the transformation of energy. Soon they learnt to transfer it using shaft.
But in many cases they were unable to transfer power by shafts due to misalignment, length of
the shaft & its bending property. So they tried hard & invented the way of transmitting power by
shafts in all possible situations. The mechanical joint they invented was named coupling.

FUNCTION

The main parts are:

1) Key

2) Key Hole

3) Bolts & Nuts

The Function of these parts are described below-

1) Key is a device used to connect a rotating machine element to a shaft. The key prevents
relative rotation between the two parts and may enable torque transmission.

2) For a key to function, the shaft and rotating machine element must have a keyway and
a keyseat, which is a slot and pocket in which the key fits.

3) Bolts&nuts holds firmly the two flanges.

Design of machine components from first principles requires to be able to discriminate

between critical and non-critical stress (or strains).
 Critical stresses (or strains) are those that essentially determine the required dimensions
of a feature or component. These stresses or strains need to be calculated. For example, in
coupling design, the key and keyway involve critical stress and the dimensions of the keyway are
based on the allowable stress in the key and keyway.

Non-critical stresses (or strains) are those that have a low value and do not influence
dimensions. The dimensions in this case are determined by appearance or some other functional
requirement other than stress or strain. For example, in a coupling, the width of the outer flange
is a non-critical dimension and is usually determined by appearance/safety considerations (giving
adequate protection from the protruding bolts and nuts).

Where critical stresses are involved, the analysis can be done by calculation using
formulas. This is the approach adopted here. It is important to realise that this approach involves
some "guesstimation" because certain assumptions and approximations are usually necessary.
This is where experience and skill of a mechanical design engineer is required, to know what
assumptions to make and to have a feel for the types of stresses involved and to be able to
discriminate between those that are critical and those that are not.

Another method of stress and strain analysis is using finite element method (FEA) using a
computer. This is a more accurate method but involves study in its own right.

The vast majority of cases, when a coupling is needed, it is more cost effective to
purchase an off-the-shelf coupling than to design and manufacture a custom coupling. However,
from the point of view of mechanical design, the design of a rigid coupling from first principles
is a good exercise to familiarise with the process of machine element design.

The project work is an outcome of a flanged coupling. At first it was designed & then
Constructed.

Solidwork Design of Flanged Coupling

Machines & Apparatus Required

The following machines were required in performing the machining processes-

1. Lathe Machine

2. Drilling Machine

3. Die & Taps

i. Grinding Machine Turning Boring Chamfering Drilling

Machining Processes:

i. Facing:

Facing is the process of removing metal from the end of a workpiece to produce a
flat surface. Most often, the workpiece is cylindrical.

When a lathe cutting tool removes metal it applies considerable tangential (i.e.
lateral or sideways) force to the workpiece. To safely perform a facing operation the end
of the workpiece must be positioned close to the jaws of the chuck. The workpiece should
not extend more than 2-3 times its diameter from the chuck jaws unless a steady rest is
used to support the free end.
FACING
TURNING

Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit,
describes a helical toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates. The
tool's axes of movement may be literally a straight line, or they may be along some set of curves
or angles, but they are essentially linear. Usually the term "turning" is reserved for the generation
of external surfaces by this cutting action, whereas this same essential cutting action when
applied to internal surfaces (that is, holes, of one kind or another) is called "boring". Thus the
phrase "turning and boring" categorizes the larger family of (essentially similar) processes. The
cutting of faces on the workpiece (that is, surfaces perpendicular to its rotating axis), whether
with a turning or boring tool, is called "facing", and may be lumped into either category as a
subset.

BORING

Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit,
describes a helical toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the workpiece rotates. The
tool's axes of movement may be literally a straight line, or they may be along some set of curves
or angles, but they are essentially linear. Usually the term "turning" is reserved for the generation
of external surfaces by this cutting action, whereas this same essential cutting action when
applied to internal surfaces (that is, holes, of one kind or another) is called "boring". Thus the
phrase "turning and boring" categorizes the larger family of (essentially similar) processes. The
cutting of faces on the workpiece (that is, surfaces perpendicular to its rotating axis), whether
with a turning or boring tool, is called "facing", and may be lumped into either category as a
subset.
CHAMFERING

Chamfering is the operation of beveling the extreme end of a workpiece. This is done to
remove the burrs, to protect the end of the workpiece from being damaged and to have a better
look. The operation may be performed after knurling, rough turning, boring, drilling. Chamfering
is an essential operation before thread cutting so that the nut may pass freely on the threaded
workpiece.
DRILLING

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross-
section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit
is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions
per minute.

METHODOLOGY

Various Machines were used for several machining processes:-

I. Lathe machine was used for facing, turning, boring, chamfering

II. Drilling machine was used for drilling & boring

III. Grinding machine was used for surface finishing

IV. Internal die & External die was used for internal thread cutting of nuts & external thread
cutting of bolts

Mechanically Generated Friction Fits in Power Transmission Couplings

In the world of electric motors and power transmission coupling products, torque is
increasingly being transferred between directly coupled shafts by means of purely mechanically
generated friction rather than by positive drive connections like keys and keyways or
splines. Mechanical friction fits evolved into modern standardized dimensions during the
twentieth century as machine tools and cutting tooling evolved into their present states of
precision and accuracy. For many decades power transmission component design lagged behind
the machining world when it came to the use of mechanically generated frictional clamping, with
a large portion of connecting elements still relying on keyways and interference fits to guarantee
transmission.
 Interference fits, wherein the diameter of the male component is actually slightly larger
than the diameter of the mating female component, do have their merits when it comes to
ensuring reliable backlash free transmission. But they can be difficult to assemble, as the shaft
must be cooled with a cryogenic such as liquid nitrogen, or the bore needs to be expanded with
heat. If either high heat or extreme cold are used, safety is a key concern during the assembly
process. Heating a metal component will also often change its mechanical properties such as
temper, so cooling the male fitting part is preferred when maintaining the material properties is a
concern. Due to the inconveniences associated with interference fits, most newly designed
frictional clamping coupling hubs are made using compression by means of screw thread
fasteners instead.

This type of mechanical connection is very predictable and can be made by applying a set
amount of torque to radial or axial screws. For easy assembly the fit between the male and
female part typically should not have overlapping diametrical tolerances, but should also not
allow for excessive clearance. When the fits can be made by hand, proper tightening of the
fasteners is all that is necessary to create a friction fit which will reliably and predictably transmit
torque for the life of the machine.

A shrink disk style fit on a female member of a coupling will maintain concentricity and
will compensate for tolerances on a male shaft while maintaining the ability to transmit torque
across a range of diameter dimensions and torque values. This type of conical clamping hub can
be manufactured in different styles to promote modularity, ease of assembly and concentricity
between shafts, often allowing for easier balancing for high speed applications.

The fastener assisted friction fit has streamlined design of couplings as it allows for the
use of smooth shafts which are not subject the imbalance and complications shaft key or spline
tolerances can cause. The next time you are sizing and selecting rotating components, consider
going with keyless frictional fits and reap the benefits of modern machine construction.

So you understand that a flexible coupling is a connection between two pieces of

equipment used to transmit torque and compensate for misalignment... and would like to know
what are the key criteria for narrowing down the near countless coupling options to just a few
really great ones for further consideration? Perfect, we've got you covered.

Unless you are simply replacing an old coupling that worked well (and simply need to
identify it to reorder it)... the 5 fundamental pieces of information that you need to size just about
any coupling are:

 Horsepower of the motor

 RPM (at the point of the coupling)
 Shaft and keyway sizes
 Shaft separation or BSE (distance between shaft ends)
 Type of driven equipment (i.e. - pump mixer, conveyor, etc.)
 In addition to these 5 fundamentals sizing factors, the following 5 fundamental
application factors should also be reviewed and considered against the needs of the application:

 Operating temperature
 Chemical exposure
 Run cycle (continuous or start/stop)
 Amount of space available for the couplings
 Misalignment handling requirements (angular, parallel, & axial)
While these 10 baseline selection factors are far from exhaustive (many other system
specific considerations such as fail-safe, maintenance-free, or backlash requirements may and
should be considered), these 10 criteria will quickly narrow down your basket of options from
dozens of coupling solutions to a select few for further review.

In engineering applications there arise several cases where two shafts have to be
connected so that power from driving shaft is transmitted to driven shaft without any change of
speed. Such shafts are normally coaxial with slight or no misalignment and can be connected
through devices known as couplings. Permanent couplings, often referred to as couplings, are the
connectors of coaxial shafts and cannot be disengaged when shafts are running. On the other
hand, those couplings which can be readily engaged or disengaged when driving shaft is running
are termed as clutches. The power is transmitted when a clutch is engaged and not transmitted
when clutch is disengaged. In this unit only permanent couplings will be considered. Figure 6.10
shows one such coupling connecting the shaft of an electric motor with the shaft of
a worm and worm wheel reducer.
Several types of couplings are used in practice. A few are described here.

Muff or sleeve coupling

It is the simplest form of a permanent coupling, consisting of a steel or cast iron sleeve
fitted on the ends of shaft to be connected. The Keys and Couplings sleeve is connected to the
shaft by means of keys. The length of sleeve can be taken as (3.5 to 4) diameter of the shaft
while the outer diameter of the muff or sleeve, D, is given by
D = 2 d + 13mm
L = 3.5 d

where d is the diameter of shaft in mm, , the thickness of the muff . However, the shear
stress in the muss must bechecked by treating it as a hollow shat of internal diameter d and
external diameter D. The muff or sleeve coupling has the advantage of simple design and easy
manufacture. However, need of perfect alignment of shafts is apparent and if not present the
connection through a sleeve will induce bending stresses in the shafts. Yet another disadvantage
is that while removing the sleeve must move on one of the shafts at least over a distance equal to
half its length. This requires the shaft to be longer by this much amount.

Muff Coupling

Muff Coupling

The outer diameter of the muff, D, the length of the muff, L, and the bolt diameter db are
the dimensions required to be determined for split muff coupling.
The dimensions of the key can be calculated by strength consideration or selected from
standards. Such standards will be described later in this unit. it will be worthwhile to check
compression force and consequent frictional torque which results from tightening of these bolts.
Flange Coupling

Flange coupling, as was mentioned earlier is used to connect two strictly coaxial shafts.
One such coupling is shown in Figure. The two flanges are usually made in cast iron. These
flanges are separately keyed to driving and driven shafts.

Flange Coupling
Protected Type Flange Coupling
Unprotected Type Flange Coupling

The two flanges are identical in all respects except that one has a circular projection and
other has a correspondingrecess to make a register. When the two faces of flanges are brought in
contact the projection fits into recess ensuring condition of coaxiality. The flanges are further
connected through bolts placed near the periphery of the flanges. The faces of flanges are
machine finished true right angled to the axis of shafts. The power may be transmitted by friction
between the flange faces or by bolts in which case bolts will be subjected to shearing stress.
Flange couplings are often employed to transmit great torque and are largely dependable
connections for shafts ranging in diameter between 18 mm to 200 mm. They are easily designed
and manufactured.

Flange coupling normally refers to unprotected types as shown in Figure. The bolt head
and nut, in this case are fully exposed and may present risk to operators. The bolt heads and nuts
are often protected by providing cover in the flange on them as shown in Figure . This coupling
is known as protected flange coupling.

COMPANY PROFILE

As a professional researcher and manufacturer of plastic pipe, fittings and water storage
tank, Kinematic trading& co private limited established in 1999. The company Founder- K.
Muthuraman, Managing Director – M. Mukesh with Head Quarters in Chennai Starting from
manual injection molding machines with a production capacity of 30 kilograms per day, today
Fusion Industries Limited has a production capacity of more than 10,000 metric tons annually,
produce with state of art plants. Fusion stands tall as the most trusted and reputed brands for
plastic pipes in India. Fusion is involved in manufacturing of almost all kinds of popular
plumbing pipes and fittings. Its comprehensive range includes PPR piping, CPVC piping, PVC
pressure plumbing, HDPE piping, SWR (Soil Waste and Rain water) piping, water storage tank.
All the products are made as per various applicable Indian and world standards.

VISION

“The department will be a centre of repute providing in-depth knowledge in Industrial

and Production engineering and imbibe professional ethics through dedicated faculty, facilities
and infrastructure.”

MISSION

 Equip students with enhanced abilities to apply knowledge with proven abilities to
theorize and develop emerging systems of learning coupled with value systems to be able
to manage and lead contemporary and emerging business globally with specific
excellence in the areas of manufacturing.

 Strengthening and expanding collaborations and partnerships across a spectrum of

industries and Centers of Excellence for offering sustained and scalable world-class
training research and higher education.

 Imbibing professional ethics and to encouraging entrepreneurship for inclusive growth

and global business.
PLANT AND FACILITY:

The success of Kinematic trading& co private limited is in the manufacture of most critical and
most sophisticated sheet metal components, assemblies and machined components has led to a
sustained effort to enhance production capacity over the years.

With a built-up area of over 22,000 square meters, the plant is equipped with state-of-the-art
production, assembly, painting, metrology and testing facilities.

Advanced machines of exceptional precision standards, made by some of the most renowned
manufacturers in the Method study for reducing Lead time

 Increased employee morale

 Effective utilization of resources
 Capacity building
 Technology up gradation
 Effective utilization of Man power
 Business ethics and transparency.

CORPORATE STRATEGIES:

 Empowering people
 Passionately ensuring Quality
 Cost –effective working
 Customer Delight
 Company will exceed customer expectations through reliable products, on time delivery,
cost-effective solutions with the added assurance of prompt service.

VALUE STATEMENT:

 Company recognizes the responsibilities as corporate citizens to foster progress and to

promote the general welfare of the society.
 World, have been installed for the production of critical components.
  These include high-tech CNC machines for various operations calling for close
tolerances, and welding robots.

Thereby Kinematic trading& co private limited has the infrastructure to ensure the high quality of
machines bearing its name

INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITY

Our complete range of products is manufactured at our in house manufacturing facility which is
fully loaded with advanced machinery and technology. We are backed by the team of highly
competent technicians who use graded raw material while manufacturing our products. We
manufacture our range as per prescribed industry standards. That’s why, our quality maintenance
cell tests our products during production.

NATURE OF BUSINESS

We are well known industrial fasteners manufacturers, suppliers and exporters based in
tamilnadu. India offer wide range of industrial bolts, screws, washer and Hex nut. Our clientele
comprise of wholesalers, distributors, retailers and industry. Every product is available in bulk
and at a competitive rate.

CHAPTER III

FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT

FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT

 Production Department
 Hr Department
 Finance Department
 Marketing Department
 Sales Department
 Purchasing Department
PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

To date, the Coupling Answers blog posts coupling failures (including Jaw Coupling
Failure Analysis , Gear Coupling Failure Analysis, and Grid Coupling Failure Analysis) have
been extremely well-received and appreciated by our amazing customer base. One of the reasons
these posts have been so well received is that so few people like to talk about failures.
Fortunately, we at Lovejoy, are confident enough in our products, design capabilities, and
general understanding of power transmission that troubleshooting isn't something we shy away
from. (In fact, for Hannover Fair 2015, we actually hosted a Coupling Solutions Learning
Lab that was loaded with actual failed couplings. This caught countless German engineers
completely off-guard.) Moving on...

Misalignment Failures

Misalignment Failure

Like many other coupling types, disc couplings often fail in with telling or "signature"
ways that point to a likely culprit. As pictured at right, when a disc coupling is subject to
excessive misalignment it is likely to experience disc pack cracking near the bushings, with the
outer layers fracturing first.

Misalignment Failure

If misalignment is the likely source of a disc pack failure, it is important to realign the
coupling prior to restarting the system, less the issue repeat itself. (Two options to consider when
realigning a coupling are laser alignment and dial indicators.) An additional step you can take if
you are not using a scalloped disc pack by Lovejoy (which offers increased misalignment
handling over legacy designs), you can source a replacement coupling from us!

Misalignment Failure
Torque Overload Failures

Disc Pack Torque Overload Failure

Torque overload failures in disc packs look different from misalignment failures in that
the fatigue cracks tend to form in the center of the disc pack rather than up against the bushings
(as pictured at right).
A second thing to look for when suspecting torque overload on this disc pack is any
evidence that the disc pack layers (or laminates) are separating or ballooning away from each
other in the center sections between bushings.

Bent Disc Pack Bolts

 In addition to the disc packs themselves, the bolts used to connect the disc pack to the
flanges may be bent or distorted. Such distortions are another excellent indication that the
coupling is seeing torque in excess of what it was designed to handle.

Disc Coupling Hub Burst

A third and final common way that torque overload reveals itself in a disc coupling is if a
coupling hub actually bursts over the corner of the keyway. This is a failure mode common
across many coupling types, and the reason the coupling fails at this point is because, due to the
cut keyway, this is the weakest point in the hub.

Installation & Fastener Failures

One of the fastest way to damage a disc coupling during installation is to use impact
wrenches. (Do not do this!) Not only does using an impact wrench raise the potential of twisting
the disc pack (pictured at right) in a destructive manner, but it also raises the possibility of
friction welding the fastener bolts to either the disc pack and or the connected flange. Fasteners
should be lubricated prior to installation and torqued with care.
 On the other end of the spectrum, improper torque of the fasteners may cause them to
loosen. This loosening can then lead to damage and wear to the fasteners as well as hole
elongation and cracking of the disc packs. To avoid either over or under torquing the fasteners,
be sure to read and follow the disc coupling's installation instructions. (Lovejoy's disc coupling
installation instructions and videos can be found here.)
Environmental Failures

While disc couplings generally hold up very well to many environmental conditions, they
are certainly not impervious to everything. As such, it is critical that coupling users understand
what corrosive agents may be present for a given application, and that the disc coupling is
designed to operate under those conditions. (Pictured at right is a circular, non-scalloped, disc
pack layer that has been corroded.)

Application of coupling
 To provide for misalignment of the shafts or to introduction mechanical flexibility.
 To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another.
 To introduce protection of against overloads.
 To connect driving the driven part.
 To alter the vibration characteristics of rotating units.
Types of coupling
1. Rigid coupling
2. Heavy- duty coupling
3. Barrels coupling
4. Metaflex coupling
5. Gear coupling
6. Bellows coupling
7. Old ham coupling
 8. Universal coupling

1. Rigid coupling

RIGID COUPLINGS
Which do not allow for any shaft misalignment? Top: The coupling on the left uses
square keys to transmit torque, the one on the right depends on compressing rubber sleeves and
may therefore allow slip to occur if the machine becomes overloaded. Lower: Couplings in the
lower group are in two halves and are able to be slipped over the two shafts after the machines
have been placed in position, whereas those in the top group have to be slid onto their shafts
before the machines are positioned.

Rigid coupling
 RIGID COUPLINGS
Which do not allow for any shaft misalignment? Top: The coupling on the left uses
square keys to transmit torque, the one on the right depends on compressing rubber sleeves
and may therefore allow slip to occur if the machine becomes overloaded. Lower: Couplings
in the lower group are in two halves and are able to be slipped over the two shafts after the
machines have been placed in position, whereas those in the top group have to belied onto
their shafts before the machines are positioned.

2. Heavy-duty coupling
Couplings which use rubber in shear to transmit torque while possessing some flexibility and
catering mainly for angular misalignment. The heavy duty coupling on the right caters for
parallel and axial misalignment as well as angular.

3. Barrels coupling

Another variation of coupling using a rubber or polymer ‘barrels’ to cope with axial and angular
misalignment.

4. Met flex coupling

 Couplings using metal elements for torque transmission. One particular version of this
design is known as a Met flex coupling. The example shown uses the thin blue coloured
“springs”, to connect the two halves of the coupling. Each set of “springs” allows angular
misalignment and, if two spring elements are combined in series, as in the assembly on the right,
some parallel misalignment can be allowed for.
5. Gear coupling

A gear coupling and a roller chain coupling, each allowing angular 1and axial misalignment.
Gear coupling
 Used in marine applications, this coupling is a variation of the gear coupling

6. Bellows coupling

Bellows couplings, with the bellows made from spring steel and capable of allowing for axial,
parallel and angular misalignment.
7. Oldham coupling

The Oldham coupling was one of the pioneers in shaft coupling. The central block is able to
move in two mutually perpendicular directions and therefore caters for angular and parallel
misalignment.

8. Universal joint
For completeness, this driveshaft, using two universal joints, is included with this section. It
copes with large parallel, angular and axial misalignments in combination. Its most common
application is as the driveshaft between the rear of the gearbox and the differential on a rear
wheel drive vehicle
BELT COUPLING FAILURE

Common Causes of Belt Failure

1. Improper Belt Installation Tension

2. Negative Effects of Environmental Conditions abrasive atmosphere, heat degradation,
chemical degradation, and foreign objects
3. Improper shaft alignment.
4. Depending on a belt material.
Disadvantage of belt drive

1. Noise produce.
2. Create the vibration.
3. Bearing failure.
4. Shaft miss alignment.
5. Power loss.
6. Efficiency will be decries.

Possible solutions

1. By using the different types of coupling.

2. By using the different types of joints.

Finalization of possible solution

Tyre coupling is placed instead of belt.

After trying out the solution like belt hardware, we decided to change belt with a
coupling for the purpose. So we used a tyre coupling & the operation can easily be performed
and also be done in both directions. As the tyre is used as coupling, though it may breakdown it
can easily be replaced. So we used Tyre-Coupling.

Reasons for selection of a tyre coupling

1. Easily replace
2. Low cost
3. Easily available
Advantages

 Compensation of very large shaft misalignment.

 Independent of direction of rotation (suitable for reversing operation)
 The rubber tyre can be easily replaced without the need to move the coupled machines.
 Easy mounting on the shafts possible with taper bushes.
 Nominal torque range between 24 nm and 14.500 nm
 Low maintenance cost.
 Very low noise pollutions.
 Easy maintenance.
 No power lost.
DISC COUPLING
Disc couplings are a popular coupling design that continues to pick up steam within the
power transmission industry in large part because they can transmit a significant amount of
torque, while also being minimal maintenance. Unlike lubricated gear and grid couplings, disc
pack couplings require no lubrication and periodic re-lubrication. This makes them ideal for
applications that are hard to reach or get to... which, given increased maintenance department
budget constraints... is broadly appealing across countless high torque applications and
industries.
 Disc packs can be visually inspected without taking apart the coupling (a major time
savings not true with gear or grid couplings) and have "theoretical infinite life" in that they have
no wearing metal-on-metal misalignment handling flex points (as is the case with lubricated gear
and grid couplings). Rather, misalignment handling occurs through the flexing of unitized disc
packs connecting two flanges together. Should a disc pack wear out (generally due to fatigue
brought on by excessive misalignment), bolts and the unitized disc pack can be generally
removed and replaced without having to move the installed coupling hubs.

Furthermore (yes.. there are a lot of positives with this coupling type), generally being all
metal (with no seals or gaskets) gives disc couplings the ability to withstand harsh
environments.. And, lastly, to give one more potential major benefit (based on the application)
over their lubricated brethren, disc couplings have torsional rigidity with no backlash.
 Limitations of disc couplings include no vibration dampening capability (a strength of
elastomeric & grid couplings), and limited misalignment handling capability... particularly in
regards to parallel misalignment. (For a disc coupling to handle parallel misalignment, two disc
packs must be used.) Additional considerations include speed limitations if not balanced (though
these can be overcome as evidence by widespread disc coupling usage in API 610 and API 671
applications), and possible anti-flail concerns (though, again, anti-flail safety features can be
added to many designs).
In the case of Lovejoy's DI Type disc coupling, "Guard Rings" are included and hubs are
piloted to ensure proper centering of the drop in spacer assembly. This piloting serves as an anti-
flail feature and aids in the couplings ability to meet API 610 requirements.

SX Type Disc Coupling with SLD

While disc couplings commonly use interference fit hub-to-shaft connections,

another hub-to-shaft connection feature available for disc couplings are shaft locking devices
("SLDs"). As shown in the photograph at right and the installed photograph below, shaft locking
devices allow pressure to be exerted on a hub to connect the hub firmly to a shaft for torque
transmission. The advantage of using shaft locking devices is that users can avoid interference
fits that require significant maintenance time to remove. The disadvantage of shaft locking
devices is the initial upfront cost. Additionally, watching tolerances and understanding the
ratings of a shaft locking device are also critical as the shaft locking device may have ratings
below the coupling and or system requirements.
 To learn more about disc couplings, please check out Part 1 of this blog series...
or Lovejoy's disc coupling product pages & catalogs, the non-lubricated section of The Coupling
Handbook, and/or subscribe to this blog as there will be several more blog posts on disc
couplings in the immediate future.

HR DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION

The management of man is a very important and challenging job; important because it is
job not of managing „men‟, but of administering a social system. No two persons are similar in
mental abilities, tradition, sentiments and behavior. They differ widely also as group and are
subject to many and varied influences.

According to Edward Flippo:

“Human resource Management is the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of

procurement, development, compensation, integration, maintenance and separation of human
resources to the end that individual, organization and societal objectives are accomplished.”

Recruitment

It is the generation of applications for the specific positions through any source. It makes
possible to acquire the number of people necessary to ensure the continued operation of the
organization.
 It has been regarded as the most important function of personnel administration because
if the right type of people is not appointed even the best policies, organization charts and control
system would not do much good.

In KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED the recruitment is done by

using the following three sources:

1. Advertisement:

The company gives advertisement in the news paper about the vacancy with the
specification required.

2. Known Source:

In that the company uses the source which is known by the company’s employees that
may be friend, relative, or from any other reference group. Mainly this source is used for lower
level workers.

3. Placement:

In this type of source the company visits various colleges and takes the interview and
invites application from them.

Selection

Selection is the second step after recruitment in the process of procurement of people. It
is the process of choosing the individuals who possess the necessary skills, ability and
personality to successfully fill specific job in the organization.

The selection process is a number of specific steps taken to decide which recruits should
be hired. The process involves grouping the applications into unsuitable and appearing to be
suitable candidates, conducting tests on suitable candidates, if needed interviewing them,
contacting for references and eliciting their opinion, getting them medically examined and
making final hiring decision. The selection process begins with screening of applications and
ends with hiring decision and placement.
 The selection process of KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED for
employees and workers are as bellow:

For employee selection all of first the inquiry or information has been gathered whether
he or she as per the job specification eligible or not then after the candidates are being
interviewed and finally out of all, the best one is gone select for the particular job.

For worker’s selection criteria are as bellow:

 Basic knowledge of language ( i.e. read or write) either Hindi or English.

 He must be having Knowledge and ability to do the work in the production department.
 He must be obedient to follow the orders from supervisor or in charge.

Training & Development

Training is the important subsystem of human resource development. Training is a
specialized function and is one of the fundamental operative functions for known resource
management.
It is designed primarily for nonmanagers, it is for a short duration and it is for a specific
job related purpose.
According to Dale S Beach:
“Training is the organized procedure by which people learn knowledge and for skill for a
definite purpose.”
The KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED gives training when the
employee is selected about the procedures, how to fill the various forms and all.

Apart from that the company is providing regular training programmes like:

 Operation management
 Attitude development
 First aid
 Production planning and controlling
 Advance process quality plan
  ISO:TS:16949
 Statistical process control
 Six sigma
 Time management
 Document, data and control
 Leadership
 Motivation etc.

So, by all such training programmers are provided for updating and improvement of the
knowledge of the employees and workers to gate the desired level of output.
Salary & Wage Management
Wage and salary administration is the process by which wage and salary levels and
structures are determined in organizational settings.
Wages are payments for labor services rendered frequently, expressed in hourly rates,
while a salary in a similar payment, expressed in weekly, monthly or annual rates. Wage and
salary administration is one of the vital areas of HRM, for sound wage and salary policies and
programmes are essential to procure, maintain, develop, promote and transfer employees and to
get effective results from them.
In KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED the wage and salary
administration is done very effectively. The wages are paid on time based as per the government
rules and Act. Salary paid monthly basis as per the rules and regulation of lows.
Welfare Activities

The KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED provides the following

welfare facilities to the workers and employees, the basic purpose of employee welfare is to
improve the lot of working class and thereby make worker the good worker and happy citizen.
Provident fund to experienced workers

 Insurance Policies
 Bonus
 Transportation facilities
 Housing facilities
  Interest free loans to the employees
 Regular medical checkup camps

WORKERS & TIME SCHEDULE

WORKERS:-

In KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED . There are 300 workers

and employees (including non-technical staff).
As HR Manager you will be responsible for running the full spectrum for HR operations. Key
Areas of Responsibilities
Your role will be to;
 Handle the overall HR function in the assigned region while managing remote teams and
acting as a coach and adviser
 Manage all legal issues related to HR with the relevant authorities (Ministries, Tax
Authorities, and Social Security etc.) and ensure compliance with the local labor laws and
corporate guidelines
 Act as a change agent, and provide local line management with the relevant HR
interventions and recommendations, this includes the cascade of group core documents
and other Head Office initiatives related to Employee Relations and Internal
Communication
 Provide insights and feedback to local management and the HR Director on the HR pulse
in the respective operating countries
 Identify local HR talents as potential resources for future market requirements as well as
local talents to fill internal vacancies and moves
 Identify in coordination with local management the manpower requirements for the
respective operating country, and project relevant budgets
 Ensure the implementation of the recruitment and exit cycle
 Ensure full application of the Employee Handbook and the Corporate Expatriation Policy
Essential Duties
 Recruits, interviews, tests, and selects employees to fill vacant positions
 Develops and maintains a human resources system that meets top management
information needs
 Oversees the analysis, maintenance, and communication of records required by law or
local governing bodies, or other departments in the organization
 Analyzes wage and salary reports and data to determine competitive compensation plan
 Writes and delivers presentations to corporate officers or government officials regarding
human resources policies and practices
 Advises management in appropriate resolution of employee relations issues
  Administers benefits programs such as life, health, and dental insurance, pension plans,
vacation, sick leave, leave of absence, and employee assistance
 Prepares budget of human resources operations
 Prepares employee separation notices and related documentation, and conducts exit
interviews to determine reasons behind separations
 Prepares reports and recommends procedures to reduce absenteeism and turnover
 Represents organization at personnel-related hearings and investigations
 Contracts with outside suppliers to provide employee services, such as temporary
employees, search firms, or relocation services
Ways of Recruitment and Selection
Equal Opportunity Employment & Diverse Workforce

Kinematic trading adheres to the strictest principles of merit in recruiting, compensating

and promoting employees to ensure that all our employees, regardless of gender or ethnicity, feel
that the organization treats them fairly. We ensure that we recruit people from varying ethnicities
and religious backgrounds -- without bias on any such grounds. In particular, we place emphasis
on recruiting and retaining women, especially at higher levels of the organization.
Kinematic trading believes that women should never have to choose between work and
family, and they should be able to fulfill their personal and professional obligations .To help
women, Kinematic trading has introduced several initiatives like;
 Flexible hours,
 A day-care center
 Spouse employment policy amongst others.

Spouse Employment Policy

With regards to the spouse employment policy, spouse of an existing employee may be
given an opportunity to work with the company in the following temporary engagements;
 Project Assignment of varied duration depending of the assignment
 Part time work under the Part time work policy
 The division/functional head is the position owner and the decision on the employment of
spouse is made in agreement with the VP Human Resources. Whilst temporary employment
opportunities are available, spouse can also apply for full time employment as per the
Company’s recruitment policy although an additional waiver from the President and CEO is
required.
We also recognize that diversity comes in many forms. Kinematic trading deployed a policy that
encouraged affirmative action with regard to recruiting disabled people. As a parent company,
Kinematic trading strives to create a "one firm" culture to ensure that we leverage the most in
terms of synergies between our businesses. We have developed a combined talent management
model to ensure that the firm maximizes its ability to attract, retain and develop highly-skilled
employees across the board. In addition, wecreate a culture where employees feel a sense of
loyalty towards the company, so they think of Kinematic trading as more than just a place of
work. The firm actively seeks to measure the level of employee engagement and creates policies
to ensure that we retain their commitment.
Trainee Recruitment Drive
The recruitment and selection criteria for the MT's has been spread across a 4 pronged
approach which test the leadership competencies through screening and assessment centers of the
candidates across vigorous stages through the process.

CHART
Interview
The candidates who have successfully cleared the tests and have scored above than
relevant mark are then called for interview. The interview is conducted by four people, on
executive and three managers. All the four interviewers should preferably be from within the
department but often that is not the case.
The purpose of the interviews is to check the person’s subjective skills which are difficult
to measure such as attitude, communication skills, abilities and personality. During the interview
all four person mark the candidate individually and then put forward a cumulative mark. These
are the marks against which different candidates are differentiated.

Recommendation to human resource department

Following the interview the employee of the particular department goes to the HR and
gives recommendation to the HR manager regarding the interview of the candidate. The HR then
conducts an interview with the candidate where they decide the grade scale of the candidate, the
different benefits and the pay scale.

Training Needs and Training Methods

KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED success can be credited to one reason
above all others: we have consistently attracted, hired and retained some of the most talented
people in Pakistan. Our ability to create high performance teams in a culture of inclusiveness,
professionalism and excellence is what drives our success.
To this end, Kinematic trading has worked extensively to deploy a robust framework of
training to become the employer of choice.
Kinematic trading Internships Program
 6 months program is arranged to train the students
 Proper Orientations are managed
 Report writing skills are taught
 Internees are introduced with departments relevant to their programs of studies

Kinematic trading Management Trainee Program

o 1 year program is arranged to train the graduates
o Assistants are attached with each trainee
o Trainees are provided with certain stipend
o Trainees are announced under designation of Management Trainees
o Experience certificates are issued to trainee

HR Managers should do the following things to ensure success;

 Employ innovative reward plans that recognize employee contributions and grant
enhancements. Indulge in continuous quality improvement through TQM and HR
contributions like training, development and counseling.
 Utilize people with distinctive capabilities to create unsurpassed competence in an area.
 Decentralize operations and rely on self-managed teams to deliver goods in difficult
times.

HR Managers should bring about the change by thinking deeply about;

 Policies- HR policies based on trust, openness, equity and consensus.
 Motivation- Create conditions in which people are willing to work with zeal, initiative
and enthusiasm; make people feel like winners.
 Relations- Fair treatment of people and prompt redress of grievances would pave the way
for healthy work-place relations.
 Change agent- Prepare workers to accept technological changes by clarifying doubts.
  Quality Consciousness- Commitment to quality in all aspects of personnel administration
will ensure success.

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION

The finance department of a business takes responsibility for organising the financial and
accounting affairs including the preparation and presentation of appropriate accounts, and the
provision of financial information for managers.

Finance Department Like every manufacturing company, kinematic trading also has its
own separate finance department which deals with the different financial matters of the
company. The finance department of Kinematic Trading is sub-divided into various sections and
the work flow is divided among these sections which are consolidated and put together as a
whole at the end and the final accounts are prepared and then the decision making process begins
and targets are set for the next financial year.

The various sections into which the finance department is divided are:

NAME OF THE SECTION:

 Works Section
 Provident Fund Section
 Miscellaneous Bills Section
 Revenue Section
 Cash Planning Section 6. Books & Budget Section
 Sales Section
 Indigenous Purchase Section
 Foreign Purchase Section
 Cost Section
 Stores Section @ T. A Section
 Pay Section
 Time and Wages Section
  Assets Section

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF Kinematic Trading Working Capital Management

Working capital is the capital required for maintenance of day-to-day business operations.

The present day competitive market environment calls for an efficient management of working
capital.

WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS - CURRENT LIABILITIES

Current Assets:-

 Liquid Assets (cash and bank deposits)

 Inventory
 Debtors and Receivables.

Current Liabilities

 Bank Overdraft
 Creditors and Payables
 Other Short Term Liabilities

Two concepts of working capital

1. Gross working capital.

2. Net working capital.

Finance is an important function in any business as money is required to support its various
activities. Finance is defined as the provision of money at the time it is needed.

The term “Business Finance” is composed of two words :-

 Business,
 Finance,
 The word business literally means a state of being busy. All creative human activities
relating to the production and distribution of goods and services for satisfying human wants are
known as “Business”. Broadly, the term business includes industry, trade and commerce.

 The word Finance refers to the management of flows of money through an organization.
 It concerns with the application of skills in the Manipulation, use and control of money.
 Finance is considered as the life blood of any business.

“Business Finance may be said to deal with acquisition of funds, use of funds, and distribution of
profits by a business organization.”

- Charles W. Gerstenberg

Sources Of Finance

The business cannot run efficiently if it does not have adequate finance to meet its
requirements of business can be classified into two categories:-

Short Term Finance Requirement:-

This required meeting working capital needs. They are usually for a period up to one
year.

Long Term Finance Requirement :-

These funds are usually for meeting the fixed capital requirements of the business. They

are required for a period exceeding one year.

In KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED . The finance is usually generated

form:-

 Bank Loans,
 Term loans or long term Loans,
 Cash Credit,
 Retained Earnings.
 Generally, company is generating finance from the internal sources,
  Using depreciation as a source of finance.
 Plugging back of profits.
 From commercial banks etc.

Company cannot generate the finance by external sources like issue of debentures or preference
shares because it has not yet taken the initial public offering.

Inventory Management

Inventories are goods held for eventual sales by a firm. Generally, there are three kinds of
inventories:-

1) Raw-material:-

These are the goods which have not yet been committed to production in manufacturing
firm.

MARKETING DEPARTMENT

Marketing is one of the most important operative functions of management. Marketing

is a human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange process. It includes
all resources and selling activities necessary to direct and facilitate the flow of goods and
services from producers to consumers in the process of distribution. The success of a company
depends on the acceptability of its products in the market.

MARKETING DEPARTMENT ORGANIZATION CHART

MARKETING
MANAGER

SENIOR OFFICER SENIOR OFFICER

OBJECTIVES

 To fulfill customers needs

 To increase sales

4 P’S OF MARKETING MIX

As Marketing Department n of every other organization here also they focus on the
marketing mix i.e.; 4P’s which are this;

1. Product
2. Price
3. Place
4. Promotion

Product

The product of KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED is

thepcbs,arrays,power electronics. These are industrial oriented product which is component of
electronic goods like TV, Refrigerator, and Computers and defence etc.

Price
 The price of capacitors are fixed in such a way that is not too high, that customers
cannot afford it nor too low that they cannot incur the cost of production. Comparatively
the price of capacitors of KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED high but
even then they are able to withstand in the market because of the good quality. Price is
fixed on the basis of the cost, demand and competition.

Place

KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED carries out their sales through

 Authorized Dealers
 Direct Sales

All over India KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED have dealers
network. It has branches in cities namely; Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Calcutta, Delhi,
Chennai, Hyderabad, Trivandrum.

The company sells the product to authorized dealers who sell it to the retailers which
are sold by them to ultimate customers. Dealers are given discounts and the company
offers additional discounts in case of quick payment and to regular customers.

Company fixes target sales for the dealers and if they succeed in meeting the fixed
target they are offered commission at the end of the year. Some of their customers are
given discounts on the basis of the turnover which is termed as Turnover discount.

KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED is also engaged in direct sales to the
customers in case it’s a bulk order.

Promotion

The product of KINEMATIC TRADING & CO PRIVATE LIMITED is a

component which is an industrial product and therefore they need not use any form
of advertisement. But they do take part in exhibitions and conduct seminars to promote their
product. Thus they do not require huge investment for sales promotion.
 Financial success often depends on marketing ability. Finance operation, accounting and
other business function will not really matter if there is not sufficient demand for products and
services so, the company can make a profit.

Marketing also deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs. One of the
shortest definitions of marketing is

“Meeting needs profitably”

According to American Marketing Association:

“Marketing is an organizational function and a set of process for creating communicating

and delivering value to customer and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit
the organization and its stake holders.”

Marketing Management At Kinematic Trading

Kinematic Trading is not in a need to practice marketing activities by putting great

efforts. That because the company is not producing components by their own, but it
manufactures components those are demanded by the customers.

So, it is dealing with B to B market and need not do heavy advertisement and other
marketing activities.

The company’s marketing department is working for getting the orders from the
customers by giving them presentation if they are new to the company.

The Kinematic Trading is doing marketing in such a way that it is having a membership
of many forging associations.

As well as by participating in various events and fairs related to the industry at national
and international levels.

The starting point of each activity is the customer’s inquiry. The marketing department in
handles all the inquiries and check the feasibility of the orders and for that the department is
preparing APQP and PPC. The prim Moto of the marketing department is „customer
satisfaction‟.
Market

Traditionally, a „Market‟ was a physical place where buyers and sellers gathered to buy
and sell the goods.

But in today’s modern world there is no as such necessity of physical place due to the
highly technological development i.e. internet and all.

Market can be product market, demographic market, geographic market, labour market, donor
market etc.

The key consumer markets are:

1. Consumer Market

2. Business Market

3. Global Market

The Kinematic Trading is having business market that the finished components are sold
to the business houses of automobile, defense, earth movers etc. So, to deal with B to B market
will demand extra specifications of the quality, timely delivery, relation, price etc. aspects in
that.

Target Market

The following are the target markets of Kinematic Trading:

 Mahindra & Mahindra

 TATA Motors
 RSB
 John Dear tractor
 Eaton Truck

SALES DEPARTMENT
ORGANIZATION OF THE SALES DEPARTMENT

Inasmuch as the salesman comes into immediate contact with, and is an important part of,
the sales department, it is important that he possess a clear understanding of its organization and
functions. Since the ultimate purpose of the company is that of sales, the sales department is
rightly recognized as one of the ma j or departments of the business.

The organization of the sales department will depend, of course, upon the size of the
company and the nature of the business. The principles underlying its organization remain much
the same, however. The nature of the organization depends somewhat upon whether the
salesmen travel out of the home office or from divisional headquarters or branches. In the latter
case there will be a general sales manager at headquarters who exercises supervision over the
branch sales managers.

The salesman will then be under the direct supervision and control of the branch manager
who is in close touch with him and the conditions surrounding his work.

Naturally, in large concerns the organization is likely to be intricate. The salesman will
do well, if it be possible, to study carefully a diagram and description of the organization of
which he is a part so as to gain a clear idea, not only of the interrelation of its different divisions
and- subdivisions but, more important, the personal points of contact with himself.

He should know in detail the nature of his relation to the sales manager, the advertising
manager, the sales-promotion manager and the various sales correspondents, with special
reference to his duties and responsibilities in relation to each and how he may prepare himself to
cooperate.

General sales policies

Every concern which produces something to be marketed must determine upon certain
sales policies. The salesman must make himself thoroughly familiar with these. Chief among
them are:
  The selection of channels through which the goods are to be distributed—shall they go
through jobbers, through retailers, a combination of those, or possibly direct to the
consumer?
 The fixing of prices, including a consideration of standardized prices, quantity prices,
price maintenance, price control and competitive prices.
 What shall be the terms of sale going into time credits, trade discounts, cash discounts,
and exclusive sales?

In theory, at least, sales policies are determined by the board of directors or by the chief
executives. The relation of the sales department to general sales policies is simply that of
execution. However, this sharp line of demarcation is not always observed.

SUPERVISION OF SALES

Usually sales are under the control of the general manager, to whom the sales manager
reports. The sales manager is, of course, in direct charge of all activities of the sales department.
It is not unusual for one of the chief executives of a company to be in general charge of sales.
"Vice-President in Charge of Sales" is a title frequently met with. Very often the term "sales"
includes advertising, and both the sales and advertising managers, coordinate in rank, report to
the vice-president in charge of sales. Usually under this plan of organization, the vice-president
in turn reports to the president or other general manager.

In some instances the sales manager exercises the function of advertising manager; in
others the advertising manager is subordinate; in somewhat rarer instances the sales manager is
subordinate to the advertising manager; and in others there is a separate advertising department
whose manager is on an equal footing with the sales manager and reports only to the general
manager.

Irrespective of the particular type of organization, there is, or should be, close
cooperation between sales and advertising. On this page we shall confine ourselves to a
discussion of the functions of sales management and sales promotion, treating it from the
standpoint of the salesman.
Personnel of sales department

The personnel of the sales department usually consists of a general sales manager, an
assistant sales manager, branch sales manager, sales correspondents, statistical clerks and
stenographers. The various titles are explanatory of the positions.

An efficient sales manager should possess, among other characteristics : the art of
personal , contacts, the ability to make quick and easy adjustments to other personalities ;
executive ability, especially in handling men and in office management ; a reasonable amount of
selling experience; a knowledge of human nature and ability to size up men; and the ability to
organize, instruct and direct others in various sales activities. It is seldom that a sales manager
possesses all these qualities in a marked degree, but a reasonable combination of them is often
found.

FUNCTIONS OF SALES MANAGEMENT

The chief functions of sales management are :

 Recruiting and employing salesmen and fixing their compensation and respective
territories.
 Training the salesmen in a knowledge of the goods and in methods of selling them.
 Supervising and directing the sales activities of the men out in the field, sending them
letters and providing helpful information.
 Preparing and furnishing equipment for salesmen in the way of samples, sample cases,
price lists, kits, portfolios, or whatever else may be necessary, depending on the nature of
the business and the product or service sold.
 Supervising and checking the expense accounts, route lists, detailed reports and daily
letters of the salesmen.
 Determining sales quotas, providing bonuses and prizes, conducting sales contests and
special sales campaigns.
  Preparing, or directing the preparation of, sales manuals, or salesmen's handbooks, giving
detailed information about the company, the products, and the sales principles and
methods involved in selling.
 Cooperating with the advertising department by helping the salesmen utilize and sell the
company's advertising and aiding them to assist customers to make use of advertising
helps, and by obtaining reports from the field concerning the reaction to the company's
advertising and that of competitors.
 Cooperating with the production department in the matter of qualities, quantities,
containers, packages, sizes and seasonal goods, and reporting their reaction on dealers
and consumers.
 Making investigations of the products or offering to discover new uses and new appeals
to dealer or consumer.
 Conducting, or arranging for, special market surveys and analyses of territories with a
view to discovering new markets for the goods or new methods of developing old
markets.

The sales-promotion department

In large, well-organized concerns many of the foregoing activities are taken over and
carried on in greater detail by a separate division of sales, called the sales-promotion department.
Supervision is in the hands of an executive or department head usually designated as the sales-
promotion manager.

Sometimes he reports to the sales manager, probably more often to the advertising
manager, and frequently he is coordinate with them, reporting directly to the president, general
manager or vice-president in charge of sales. There is such a strong tendency in this direction
that we discuss here in some detail sales promotion as a separate activity, despite the fact that to
do so involves some repetition.

The distinction between sales promotion and sales management is well indicated by the
terms. Sales management consists largely of managing the salesmen. That is, directing and
controlling the details of their sales activities. Sales promotion is chiefly concerned with devising
plans for stimulating sales and methods for putting these plans into operation. Management is
mostly occupied with people; promotion with plans and methods.

Naturally, it is only in the larger organization that this distinction can be observed and a
separate department of sales promotion set up. In smaller organizations the sales manager or
advertising manager usually performs or directs those functions of sales promotion which are in
operation. Regardless of whether or not there is a separate department, the present tendency is to
enlarge the scope of sales promotion activities.

The reason for this is the need for greater efficiency in sales activities. Most concerns to-
day are geared up to a high scale of production. During the past thirty years scientific
management has been applied to all departments of business and now is being applied in
distribution.

The latter has been comparatively neglected despite the fact that competition has been
growing keener than ever. It is now generally recognized that large losses are caused by wasteful
'and inefficient methods of distribution and that these can be eliminated by means of market
research, careful surveys and planning—all functions of sales promotion.

Furthermore, the tendency is away from price competition and toward competition in
quality and services. The idea is to do more to help the dealer move the goods and help the
consumer use them to the best advantage.

This makes desirable, if not absolutely necessary, various services to the dealer and
sometimes to the jobber, relating to methods of merchandising, including retail salesmanship,
stock display, mark-up, turnover, adjusting complaints, utilizing advertising material and helping
consumers understand the various advantages and uses of the product. All this requires constant
investigation and experiment which the sales manager cannot very well perform unaided.

Then, too, because of the stress of competition, it has become increasingly necessary to
supply salesmen with more assistance in the way of improved equipment, portfolios, kits, sales
manuals, bulletins, house organs and advertising booklets; and to provide the stimulus of special
sales campaigns and contests.
Main function and objective of a sales department:
The main function of a sales department is to effect sales. It is concerned with the transfer
of ownership or merchandize on terms satisfactory to both the buyer and seller. This has to be
done at the lowest possible cost.

The basic objective is obviously the achievement of profit through service. A sales
department consists of persons working together with a view to market the products
manufactured by the organization itself or products purchased for resale.

It is thus responsible for all that is necessary to market the product from the stage when
the product has left the manufacturing or purchasing department, as the case maybe.

The result of the sales effort would naturally depend also on the effort of the other
operations and departments such as research, advertising traffic, finance and credit.

Sales Lead Conversions

As mentioned before, salespeople bridge the gap between customer needs and the
product/service that fulfils that need. Often, salespeople are dealing with already warmed up
prospects who have an existing awareness of the company through marketing and advertising
efforts, and it’s the job of the salesperson to close the deal by introducing further information and
helping the customer make those connections.

Take for example, car sales. You typically go to a car dealership knowing you are
looking for a car. The car salesperson will typically ask you questions about your personal life
including size of your family, typical daily routine, etc. in order to gain insight into what you
would use the car for. They can then offer information about various cars in the dealer’s range
that would suit your needs and guide you in making an informed decision about which car is the
one for you.

Because salespeople interact directly with the potential customer, they have the
advantage of being able to glean personal knowledge that will aid them in delivering their sales
pitch and tailoring their offerings to their Kinematicence. This is often an attractive aspect for
customers, as they may view the salesperson as the expert, which builds credibility and therefore
trust.

Business Growth

Sales play a key role in the building of loyalty and trust between customer and business.
Trust and loyalty are the main reasons why a customer would choose to recommend your
company to a friend or family member, or write a great review of your product or service online.

Recommendations and reviews have always been valued by prospects and customers, as
they come from a third party and the perception is that the reviews and recommendations are
independent of the seller and therefore carry more credibility. In the digital age, they are
extremely influential, due to the reach and power of social media and online media. During sales
interactions, encouraging the customer to recommend a friend or give positive feedback can have
an impact on the growth of the business through increased brand awareness and sales.

Customer Retention

Selling is a personal interaction between one human and another, which is a powerful
thing. Never under estimate the personal connection between two people, and the potential effect
this can have on your brand’s reputation.

Excellent salespeople are those that not only make the sale, but create a long-lasting
impact on the customer. Long term customer relationships lead to repeat custom, referrals and
increase the brand’s reputation by word of mouth.

One of the keys to customer retention through sales is to perform sales follow-ups.
Setting up after-sales calls or meetings is a great way to maintain and build a positive
relationship and gives the customer an opportunity to feedback their experience of the product or
service. If the customer has a complaint or issue, it can be dealt with quickly and professionally.
Too often, unhappy customers will not complain, they will simply switch their custom to another
provider and won’t recommend your services or products to others. It’s more cost effective to
retain customers than to win new ones, so look after your existing customers well.
 In conclusion, the power of sales in the continued success of an organisation is not to be
underestimated or under-used. Take advantage of the impact sales can have, not only on revenue
but on brand reputation, long term customer retention and business growth.

If you are interested in learning more about the important role of sales in an organisation,
then you may be interested in ISMM courses. The Institute of Sales and Marketing Management
(ISMM) offer varying levels of sales and marketing qualifications for people at all stages of their
career to gain further knowledge and progress their career.

Bellows Couplings
Maintenance free zero-backlash bellows couplings are available with three construction
options: for highest accuracy, nickel bellows couplings; for torque transmission, stainless steel
bellows couplings; and where space is restricted, bronze bellows couplings are available down to
12 mm outer diameter. Shaft fixing options are both set screw and clamp for the stainless steel
and nickel bellows options, with the brass bellows couplings option available in clamp type only.
Flexible Disc Spring
A number of different options of flexible disc couplings are available, based on both
single and double disc spring construction. Please note that single disc spring couplings should
only be used where the misalignment between the shafts is restricted to angular and axial. Single
disc spring couplings cannot be used where radial misalignments are present. The RFSXK-2213
and 3019 type uses a novel design which places the clamps inboard of the disc springs to give the
shortest possible overall length. The RFSXK-3850 type has an extended centre piece which
allows high radial misalignment capability whilst maintaining good accuracy of transmission.
Spiral Beam Coupling
Available in stainless steel or aluminium and with a clamp or set screw style fixing,
spiral beam couplings are suitable for general applications. Manufactured in one piece, spiral
beam couplings are also maintenance-free.
Curved Jaw Coupling
Curved jaw couplings are available with both set screw and clamp hub type fixing
methods. They are an ideal solution for reducing system torque ripple with a choice of three
damping elements for high, medium and low torques.
Membrane Couplings
Light duty flexible shaft couplings with an insulating fibreglass reinforced centre. Zero
backlash.
Radial Tooth Couplings
Radial tooth couplings are self centering on assembly and can be used to transmit high
torques. These couplings must not be used where radial and axial misalignments are present and
may require light lubrication depending on the application conditions.
Solid Couplings
Stainless steel or aluminium solid couplings, in one or two piece construction, can be
used for connecting two accurately aligned shafts. Screws are prevented from loosening during
operation by precision honed bores and Nypatch anti-vibration hardware, providing superior
holding strength.
Double Loop Couplings - The Double Loop flexible shaft coupling has good resistance
to petrol, oil, benzene,toluene, aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, glycols,
solvents and many other chemicals. The design offers excellent vibration absorption and
compensation of radial, lateral and angular offsets. The connecting element is manufactured from
a polyurethane which gives the coupling thermal and electrical insulation. For more information,
please download the double loop coupling datasheet.
Bar Clutch Shaft Couplings - New to the catalogue coupling range is the bar clutch shaft
coupling. The connecting element is manufactured from 6-6 polyamide giving excellent damping
of vibrations and shock. The aluminium hubs are anodised to protect from corrision. This is a
rotary motion transfer solution for mechanical design engineers requiring a cost effective,
electically insulated and maintenance free coupling. For more information, please download
the bar clutch coupling datasheet, or contact our sales team.
PURCHASING DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION

The Purchasing Department is the office responsible for the acquisition of supplies,
services, and construction in support of the operations of the Municipality. The Department is the
entity within the Municipality authorized to issue Invitations to Bid and Requests for Proposal.
The Department issues purchase orders, develops term contracts, and acquires supplies and
services. The Department also disposes of all municipal surplus property and equipment.

The Purchasing Department is very conscious of its responsibility and accountability in

the expenditure of public funds. Therefore, the Purchasing Department maintains a competitive
bidding process in accordance with Federal and State laws, regulations, and Municipal
ordinances. It is the Purchasing Department's policy to encourage the participation of qualified
vendors in the bidding process, emphasizing opportunities for small businesses and
disadvantaged and women owned businesses. Preference may be given to local bidders when not
prohibited by the funding source.

Projects and requirements for the Municipality vary widely and as a result, rely heavily
upon the local business and contractor community to meet its needs. We encourage the business
and contractor community to participate in the various bidding processes offered. A local
bidder's preference is applied for these local businesses & contractors residing within the
corporate boundaries of the Municipality. The use of minority and women owned businesses are
highly encouraged, and participation goals for sub-contracting may be required depending on the
source of funding.

Supply Sourcing

One of the main roles of the purchasing department is to source supplies and parts, and
then purchase them. In large companies, this may also include deciding whether to make the item
in-house. Purchasing departments often work alongside product development teams to source
materials and determine cost of the finished product. Purchasing departments may use trade
publications to source suppliers, or go straight to the manufacturer. Finding the correct item at
the correct price can be difficult, and purchasing departments may also work to assist suppliers in
manufacturing the item needed. This can involve providing considerable assistance to the
supplier.

Bidding
For items needed in bulk, or specialist items, purchasing departments often use
competitive bidding to chose a supplier. The department will then be responsible for all aspects
of the bidding process. For example, when the purchasing department of the Port of Houston
chooses a supplier, it publishes a public notice, writes detailed instructions on the bidding
process, accepts companies onto the approved list of bidders, handles bid security money, opens
and reads the bids publicly and makes a recommendation on which bid to accept.

Supplier Management
In addition to finding supplies and negotiating contracts for the supplies, purchasing
departments are also responsible for monitoring the supplier's performance. Purchasing
departments must evaluate the supplier's performance and quality control. This can include
monitoring delivery times, quality, cost and performance. For suppliers in other countries, this
can also mean monitoring working conditions and workers rights. Large firms and public
organizations often certify suppliers once they are shown to meet performance targets. This may
involve a training and education program, and detailed inspection of suppliers.

Cost Control
Purchasing departments, especially in government agencies, may also be responsible for
maintaining strict cost control. For example, in a 2010 article on hotel purchasing specialist site
Food Buyers Network, John Schalow suggests that to get the best price, purchasing departments
need to ensure suppliers themselves get a lower cost from distributors and manufacturers. This
can be done by increasing delivery size, paying on time, ordering online and making sure
suppliers use the best practice.

Legal Controls
Purchasing departments must also be aware of the laws applying to purchasing. For
private companies, this is primarily contract law, but for government bodies, there may be state
and federal laws regulating purchasing.
OBJECTIVE OF PURCHASING

 To purchase the required material at minimum possible price by following the company
policies.
 To keep department expenses low.
 Development of good & new vendors (suppliers).
 Development of good relation with the existing suppliers.
 Training & development of personal employees in department.
 To maintain proper & up to date records of all transactions.
 Participating in development of new material and products.
 To contribute in product improvement.
 To take Economic "MAKE OR BUY" decisions.
 To avoid Stock- out situations.
 To develop policies & procedure.

PURCHASING PROCESS

Purchasing Process includes as usual 8 main stages as follows:

1. Market survey
2. Requisitioning
3. Approving
4. Studying Market
5. Making Purchase Decision
6. Placing Orders
7. Receipting Goods and Services Received
8. Accounting Goods and Services
9. Receiving Invoices and Making Payment
 10. Credit note in case of material defect

PURCHASING PLANNING

Purchasing Planning may include steps as follows:

 Creating purchasing projects and tasks

 Providing related information (files, links, notes etc.)
 Assigning purchasing tasks to the concern person
 Setting task priorities, start/finish dates etc.
 Assigning supervisors
 Setting reminders
 Control and evaluation

PURCHASING REPORTING

Purchasing Reporting includes:

 comparing actual and estimated values

 calculating purchasing task and project statistics
 sorting, grouping or filtering tasks by attributes
 creating charts to visualize key statistics and KPIs

THE IMPACT OF PURCHASING MANAGEMENT

A large study based on 175 company surveys with a respond rate of 22% performed by
Carr and Pearson (2002) shows that the factors strategic purchasing and Purchasing Management
have a positive impact on the firm’s financial performance in both small and large firms. Carr
and Pearson (2002) also write that Purchasing Management and supplier involvement does affect
the success of a new product introduction. This study also shows that a link exist between
implementation of strategic Purchasing Management and achievements of a firm’s
comprehensive goals. It is also stated in the report by Carr and Pearson (2002) that it is believed
that most firms recognize the importance of strategic purchasing, because they spend a large
percentage of their sales on purchased inputs. Carr and Pearson (2002) also finish their study
with the words “Based on this study, management should better understand the importance of
Purchasing Management, supplier involvement, strategic purchasing and its relationships with
firm’s financial performance.

Role Responsibilities:

 Responsible for the introduction of externally procured component parts and materials
via the selection and appraisal of Suppliers in accordance with Bosch procedures.
 Responsible for achievement of project goals (cost, quality, deadlines).
 To work on introduction of new projects with cross functional teams both internally and
internationally within Bosch.
 An excellent knowledge of mechanical components, system and manufacturing
 processes.
 Driver for Advanced Quality Planning and final release of purchased parts ensuring
process stability throughout.
 Play a key role in Supplier technical meetings.
 Simultaneous Engineering for new product development.
 Responsible for investigations of alternative materials, processes and technologies and
their implementation into the business.
 Provide technical support to the Commercial Buyers.
 Participate in the Continuous Improvement Process.
 Other general projects or Purchase Engineering duties as necessary.

The Person:

 Minimum HND or equivalent in Engineering / Manufacturing discipline.

 At least 3 years experience in a technical field – preferred experience in development,
manufacturing, technical purchasing or quality.
 Success Stories don’t just happen.

They are made.

  Working knowledge of Advanced Quality Planning tools.
 Excellent communication skills with all levels of the business.
 Must be highly self-motivated with the ability to work with minimum supervision.
 Ability and willingness to travel both nationally and internationally with overnight stops.
 Clean and Full UK driving licence.
 Extensive skills with Microsoft products and use of SAP preferable.
 Oil and Gas boiler product and supplier base knowledge is desirable.

We procure production plants, services and materials

The purchasing activities within the voestalpine Steel Division range from raw materials
and production plants to services and maintenance materials to freight management (both
inbound and outbound). We have divided purchasing into three different areas in order to
achieve sustainable cost leadership:
Production plants, services and maintenance materials

We are responsible for the procurement of production plants and systems, machines,
mechanical parts and components, vehicles, goods and services for the building sector, and for
the purchasing of IT hardware and software, chemicals, operating materials and human
resources. We are a central contact for the following areas:
 Procurement of materials, services and investment goods

 Vendor selection, invitations to tender, solicitation of quotations, evaluation of offers,

negotiations, contract awarding decisions in collaboration with the respective department

 Contract management, negotiation protocols, commercial conditions, order processing, order

confirmations

 Monitoring of deadlines, deadline reminders, payment control, claims and complaints

 Procurement marketing, procurement market research

Raw materials
 We procure and manage the logistics of raw materials such as iron ore, coal, energy and
refractory materials, alloys and scrap. We are responsible for the secure and economical site
supply of high-quality raw materials. Please find further information on voestalpine
Rohstoffbeschaffung GmbH at www.voestalpine.com/rohstoffbeschaffung.
Transportation

We are a modern purchasing department responsible for cost-optimized, high-quality and

on-time logistics services for outbound and inbound deliveries (excluding raw materials). We
guarantee our performance through transparent and uniform procurement processes that are
applicable throughout the entire Division. Our purchasing services form the basis for operative
implementation of daily logistics and transport requests.
We are responsible for the procurement of the following logistics services:
 Truck transports (including intermodal traffic)

 Railway

 Inland and ocean ships (conventional and container)

 Handling and stocking (including consignment warehouses)

 Air freight

 Courier, express and package deliveries

 Special transportation (extra wide, extra long, heavy-weight transports)

 Miscellaneous logistics services (packaging, surveying, etc.)

 Customs
 CHAPTER IV

SWOT ANALYSES

STRENGTHS

 Products of KINEMATIC TRADING &CO PRIVATE LIMITED are comparatively

better in quality
 Well established manufacturing bases
 Strong technological base.
 Unit accredited with ISO 9000 and 9001.
 Dedicated work force.
 Good strength in application engineering and tooling.
 Extensive marketing network.
 Widest range of machine tools.

WEAKNESS

 The company was not able to retain its skilled employees.

 Insufficient fund for the company’s expansion plan.
 KINEMATIC TRADING &CO PRIVATE LIMITED has to import a lot of valuable
machineries from outside.
 Old plant and machinery.
 Unhealthy direct or indirect ratio of employees.
 Lack of young blood in the execution level
 Red tapism
 Difficulty in mobilization of funds

OPPORTUNITY

 KINEMATIC TRADING &CO PRIVATE LIMITED can enter into CNC machine
manufacturing market which has a good potential.
 Diversification of products in the future.
  Growth in auto mobile sector.
 Growing trend of multinational outsourcing manufactured components from India.
 Adopt new technology for production and marketing.
 Expectation of increase in Export.

THREATS

 High quality products from technically advanced countries.

 Increasing price of steel which is a major raw material.
 Competition from second hand imported machinery.
 Increase in cost of production through material cost.
 Products are available at the lower price in the domestic and foreign markets.
 Increasing unhealthy competition.

CHAPTER V

FINDINGS

 All departments are computerized. Special training is provided to them.

 Limited opportunity for job rotation.
 Safety Measures are efficiently used.
 Welfare Measures are initiated for employees.
 Resources are not fully utilized.
 Promotion is based on the seniority and performance.
 Good working conditions and welfare facilities for the employees.
 Decision making is slow.
 Company is facing the problem of man power shortage.
 Presently company is not able to take bulk orders.

SUGGESTIONS
  Replacement of the existing outdated machinery with latest.
 Employees must be motivated by giving promotion and cash incentives.
 Avoid the use of costly machines by trainees and temporary laborers, this will help to
reduce scrap and increase the life span of machines.
 Recruit new technically skilled employees. It may be skilled trainees within the
organization or the engineers with experience from other reputed organization.
 Proper and regular maintenance of plant and machines should be done.
 Take effective measures to prevent labour turnover (skilled employees).
 Make appropriate changes in the products design and features on the basis of new market
trends.
 Maximum utilization of available resources

CONCLUSION

Globalization and Liberalization has brought us in a competitive environment, where only the
fittest can survive. The success depends upon how an organization can cope up with changes
taken place and how effectively they can use the organization’s resources so as to achieve an
effective output. Management of resources is a vital and central activity in any organization.
Management, whether it is in industry, civil service, defense or in any other discipline is growing
complex day by day. The study conducted at KINEMATIC TRADING &CO PRIVATE
LIMITED helps to understand complexity of management functions, apart from class room
studies. The study gave an idea about the performance of management functions which led to its
success. The management practices gave the real picture of functions like planning, organizing,
staffing, controlling, co coordinating etc. The social responsibility of management, business
ethics, strategy, decision making, organization development technique etc gave the image of
professional management. KINEMATIC TRADING &CO PRIVATE LIMITED is doing
great help to nation by providing very important and essential equipment to various industrial
concerns.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Pandey I M (2009), Financial Management, 9th edition, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing
House Pvt Ltd
  Lane Kevin Keller (2005), 12th Edition, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt, Ltd
 Marketing Management, Philip Kotler
 Human Resource and Personnel Management, Aswathappa K(2005), New Delhi: Tata
Mc Graw Hill.

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