Unit Step Signal A unit step signal is a signal where for all values of t > 0 we will get value

et value of x(t)
or u (t) as one. In all other places we will get the values of x (t) or u (t) as zero. Mathematically:

1, 𝑡 > 0
𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 (𝑡) = {
0, <0

𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 (𝑡)

t
-2 -1 1 2 3 4

When t= 2, x (t) or u (t)= u (2)=1

When t= 3, x (t) or u (t)= u (3)=1
When t= 4, x (t) or u (t)= u (4)=1
When t= 0, x (t) or u (t)= u (0)=0
When t= -1, x (t) or u (t)= u (-1)=0
When t= 2, x (t) or u (t)= u (-2)=0

Unit Ramp Signal A unit ramp signal is a signal where for t ≥ 0 value of x (t) or r (t) will be equal to
t. For all other values of t will get values of x (t) or r (t) as zero. Mathematically we can write:

1, 𝑡 ≥ 0
𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 (𝑡)
𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 (𝑡) = {
0, <0

t
-2 -1 1 2 3 4

MUSTAFIZ/EECE
 When t= 2, x (t) or r (t)= r (2)=2
When t= 3, x (t) or r (t)= r (3)=3
When t= 4, x (t) or r (t)= r (4)=4
When t= 0, x (t) or r (t)= r (0)=0
When t= -1, x (t) or r (t)= r (-1)=0
When t= -2, x (t) or r (t)= r (-2)=0
When t= a, x (t) or r (t)= r (a)=a
When t= 2a, x (t) or r (t)= r (2a)=2a
When t= 2a-c, x (t) or r (t)= r (2a-c)=2a-c

Question-1

Write down equation of given wave shape

X (t)

0 1 2 3 4 5 t

Answer

x(t) =u(t) – r(t-1) + r(t–2) + r(t–2) – r(t–3) + u(t–4) – 2 u(t –5)

=u(t) – r(t-1) +2 r(t–2) – r(t–3) + u(t–4) – 2 u(t –5)

Check

Above equation is correct or not we can check it. See carefully the sketch. When t=2, the signal x (t)=0.
So in the equation if we put t=0 then we should get x(t)=0.

x (t)=u(t) – r(t-1) +2 r(t–2) – r(t–3) + u(t–4) – 2 u(t –5)

x (2)=u(2) – r(2-1) +2 r(2–2) – r(2–3) + u(2–4) – 2 u(2 –5)
=u(2)– r(1) + 2 r(0) – r(-1) + u(-2) - 2 u(-3)
= 1-1+2 x 0 – 0 + 0 – 2 x 0 = 1-1+0-0+0-0=0
So our equation is correct. Similarly if you put t=5 in the eqn then x(t) will be equal to 2

MUSTAFIZ/EECE
Question-2

Write down the equation of the given signal

x (t)
𝛼
a
𝛽

𝛼 𝛽 a 2a-c 2a t
0
c 𝛽

-a
Solution:

1. Signal is travelling from minus infinity. Once t=0 it changes its direction and makes ramp signal.

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑦 𝑎−0 𝑎 0−𝑎 0−𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎

m = tan 𝛼 = = = = or = = =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑐−0 𝑐 0−𝑐 0−𝑐 −𝑐 𝑐
𝑎
So the equation of this line or ramp signal is x (t) = r (t)
𝑐

2. Signal is changing its direction when t=c. At first it becomes flat (step signal) with same angle as
both the angles equals to . As the signal is going down so for down slope we put minus. So up to now
the signal can be written as:
𝑎 𝑎
x (t) = r (t) - r (t-c)
𝑐 𝑐

3. The signal is going further down with angle 𝛽 when t=c

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑦 𝑎−0 𝑎 0−𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎

m = tan 𝛽 = = = = or = =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎−𝑐

Up to now the total signal can be written as

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (t) = r (t) - r (t-c) - r (t-c)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐

MUSTAFIZ/EECE
4. Now signal becomes flat (or zero) when t=a. So signal was going downwards but it changes its
𝑎
direction by going up. For up slope we put plus. So with same slop we add same signal when t=a.
𝑎−𝑐
So the total signal can be written as
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (t) = r (t) - r (t-c) - r (t-c) + r (t-a)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐

Proof/check

Check-1. We can check back whether the above equation is correct or not. By observing carefully
the given we see that at t=a the signal becomes zero. So if we put in t = a in the above equation then
x(t) will be zero. Let us see.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (a) = r (a) - r (a-c) - r (a-c) + r (a-a)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐

here (a-c) is positive value so we will get value for this in case of ramp signal. If it was negative the
value of ramp signal would have zero.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (a) = x a - x (a-c) - x (a-c) + r (0)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
=( x a) - x (a - c) - x (a-c) + x0
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐

𝑎2 𝑎2
= - + a -a = 0 (Proved)
𝑐 𝑐

Check-2. When t = c then the value of signal x (t) = a. So let’s check it. Let us put t = c in the eqn.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (c) = r (c) - r (c-c) - r (c-c) + r (c-a)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐

here (c - a) is negative so r(c-a) =0. For negative value ramp signal will be zero
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (c) = x c - r (0) - r (0) + x0
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
x (c) = a - x0- x 0+ 0
𝑐 𝑎−𝑐

x (c) = a - 0 - 0+ 0

x (c) = a (Proved)

MUSTAFIZ/EECE
Question-3

Write down the equation of the given signal

x (t)
a

0 a 2a-c 2 𝜃 t
∅ 𝜃
c a

𝜃
-a
∅

Preliminary idea about ramp signal in the given problem

x (t) x (t)
a

a t t
0 a 2a-c
c 2a-c

-a -a

𝑎−0 0−(−𝑎)
X (t)= r (t-a) X (t)= r (t-a)
2𝑎−𝑐−𝑎 𝑎−2𝑎+𝑐

𝑎 𝑎
X (t)= r (t-a) X (t)= r (t-a)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎
𝑎
X (t)= −( ) r (t-a)
𝑎−𝑐

MUSTAFIZ/EECE
Solution

1. Signal is travelling from minus infinity. Once t = a it changes its direction and makes downward
ramp signal.

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑦 0−(−𝑎) 𝑎 𝑎
m = tan ∅ = = = = = −( )
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎−2𝑎+𝑐 𝑐−𝑎 𝑎−𝑐

or
−𝑎−0 −𝑎
=
2𝑎−𝑐−𝑎 𝑎−𝑐
−𝑎
So the equation of this line or ramp signal is x (t) = r (t-a)
𝑎−𝑐

2. Signal is changing its direction when t=2a - c. At first it becomes flat (step signal) with same
angle as both the angles equals to ∅. As the signal is going up, so for up slope we put plus. So we add
same single with same slope but at t = 2a - c. So up to now the signal can be written as:
−𝑎 𝑎
x (t) = r (t-a) + r (t-2a+c)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐

3. The signal is going further up with angle 𝜃 when t = 2a - c

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑦 0−(−𝑎) 𝑎 −𝑎−0 −𝑎 𝑎

m = tan 𝜃 = = = = or = =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 2𝑎−2𝑎+𝑐 𝑐 2𝑎−𝑐−2𝑎 −𝑐 𝑐

Up to now the total signal can be written as

−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (t) = r (t-a) + r (t-2a+c) + r (t-2a+c)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐

4. Now signal becomes flat (or zero) when t = 2a. So signal was going upwards but it changes its
direction and becomes flat (or zero). It was going up and to make it zero we need to subtract the same
𝑎
signal with same slope as angle 𝜃 is same. For down slope we put minus. So with same slop we
𝑐
subtract same signal when t = 2a. So the total signal can be written as
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (t) = r (t-a) + r (t-2a+c) + r (t-2a+c) - r (t-2a)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

MUSTAFIZ/EECE
Proof/check

Check-1. We can check back whether the above equation is correct or not. By observing carefully
the given signal we see that at t = 2a - c the signal x(t)= - a . So if we put in t = 2a - c in the above
equation then x(t) will be equal to - a. Let us see.
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (t) = r (t-a) + r (t-2a+c) + r (t-2a+c) - r (t-2a)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (2a - c) = r (2a - c -a) + r (2a - c -2a+c) + r (2a - c -2a+c)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐
𝑎
- r (2a - c -2a)
𝑐
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (2a - c) = r (a - c) + r (0) + r (0) - r (- c)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

here r (- c) and r (0) will be zero as per definition of ramp signal

−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (2a - c) = r (a - c) + x0+ x0- x0
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
−𝑎
= x (a - c) + 0 + 0 - 0
𝑎−𝑐

= - a (Proved)
Check-2. When t = 2a then the value of signal x (t) = 0. So lets check it. Let us put t = 2a in the eqn.
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (t) = r (t-a) + r (t-2a+c) + r (t-2a+c) - r (t-2a)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= r (2a - a) + r (2a -2a+c) + r (2a -2a+c) - r (2a -2a)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
=( x a) +( x c) +( x c) - x0
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
−𝑎 𝑎
=( x a) + ( x c) + a - 0
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
𝑎
= [ -a + c ] + a
𝑎−𝑐
𝑎
= x [ - (a – c) ] + a
𝑎−𝑐

= -a + a = 0 (Proved)

MUSTAFIZ/EECE
 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Question-4 Given X1(t)= r (t) - r (t-c) - r (t-c) + r (t-a) and
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
X2(t)= r (t-a) + r (t-2a+c) + r (t-2a+c) - r (t-2a)
𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

Find X(t)= X1(t)+ X2(t) and draw it

X1
𝛼 X2 (t)
a(t)
𝛽 a

𝜃
𝛽 a 2a-c 2 t 0 a 2a-c 2a t
𝛼
0
a ∅ 𝜃
𝛽 c

𝜃
-a -a ∅
X(t)= X1(t)+ X2(t)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎
= r (t) - r (t-c) - r (t-c) + r (t-a) + ( )r (t-a) + r (t-2a+c)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
+ r (t-2a+c) - r (t-2a)
𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= r (t) - r (t-c) - r(t-c) + r(t-2a+c) + r (t-2a+c) - r (t-2a)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

x (t)
𝛼

a 𝛽

𝛼 𝛽 𝜃
0 a 2a-c 2a t
∅ 𝜃
c

𝜃
-a
∅
MUSTAFIZ/EECE
Question-5 Write down equation of the given signal

x (t)
𝛼

a 𝛽

𝛼 𝛽 𝜃
0 a 2a-c 2a t
∅ 𝜃
c

𝜃
-a
∅

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
X(t)= r (t) - r (t-c) - r(t-c) + r(t-2a+c) + r (t-2a+c) - r (t-2a)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

Check-1. We can check back whether the above equation is correct or not. By observing carefully
the given signal we see that at t = 2a - c the signal x(t)= - a . So if we put in t = 2a - c in the above
equation then x(t) will be equal to - a. Let us see.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (t) = )= 𝑐
r (t) - r (t-c) -
𝑐 𝑎−𝑐
r(t-c) +
𝑎−𝑐
r(t-2a+c) +
𝑐
r (t-2a+c) -
𝑐
r (t-2a)

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (2a - c) = r (2a - c) - r (2a - c -c) - r(2a - c -c) + r (2a - c -2a+c) + r
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐
𝑎
(2a - c -2a+c) - r (2a - c -2a)
𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
x (2a - c) = r (2a - c) - r (2a - 2c ) - r(2a - 2c) + r (0) + r (0) - r(- c)
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑐 x (2a - c) - 𝑐 x (2a - 2c ) - 𝑎−𝑐 x (2a - 2c) + x0+ x0 - x0
𝑎−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑐 x (2a - c) - 𝑐 x (2a - 2c ) - 𝑎−𝑐 x (2a - 2c) + 0 + 0 - 0
𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑐 [2a – c -2a + 2c ) - 𝑎−𝑐 x 2(a -c)
𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑐 x c - 𝑎−𝑐 x 2(a -c) = a - 2a = - a (Proved)

MUSTAFIZ/EECE